Fading –Small scale fading

and Multipath
Small scale fading/Fading
• Caused by interference between two or more versions of the transmitted signal
which arrive at the receiver
• Delayed signals are due to reflections, scattering from terrain features or objects
such as people, vehicles
• temporary event and more frequent as opposed to large scale pathloss

Effects of fading:
Rapid fluctuations of amplitudes, phases, or multipath delays of radio signal over a
short period of time or travel distances
Random frequency modulation due to varying Doppler shifts on different multipath
signals
Time dispersion(echoes) caused by multipath propagation delays
Fading
• At receiver radio waves generated from same transmitted signal may
come from
 from different directions
With different propagation delays
With different amplitudes
With different phases
With different angles of arrival
Factors influencing small-scale fading:

• Multipath propagation
• Speed of the mobile
• Speed of the surrounding object
• The transmission bandwidth of the signal

Multipath propagation:
• Due to the presence of reflecting objects and scatterers in the channel
Speed of the mobile:
• The relative motion between the BS and mobile results in random frequency
modulation
• Random FM is due to different Doppler shits on each of multipath components
• Doppler shift will be positive or negative
Speed of surrounding object:
• If Objects in the radio channel moving, they induce time varying Doppler shift on
MP components
• Dominates only if the objects move at a rate greater than the speed of the mobile
Transmission BW of the signal
• If the transmitted radio signal BW is greater than the BW of the multipath
channel Distorted radio signal
Doppler Shift
• When a wave source (Tx) and/or a Receiver(Rx) is/are moving, the frequency
of the received signal will not be the same as that of the transmitted signal
• When they are moving towards each other, the frequency of the received
signal is higher than that of the source
Doppler shift is positive
Apparent received frequency is increased
• when they are opposing each other, the frequency decreases(when the
mobile is moving away from the direction of arrival of the wave)
 Doppler shift is negative
 Apparent received frequency is decreased)
Doppler Shift •• Consider
 
Mobile moving at a constant speed V
Length of the path segment d
Remote source S
• The difference in the path lengths travelled
by the wave from source S to the mobile at
points X and Y is

time required for the mobile to move from

x to Y
assumed to be same at points X and Y, since
the source S is assumed to be very far away
Doppler Shift
•  The phase difference in the received signal due to the difference in
path lengths is therefore,
---- (1)
• The apparent change in frequency, or Doppler shift, is given , where
---- (2)

Eqn.2 relates the Doppler shift to

 The mobile velocity
 Spatial angle between the direction of motion of mobile and the
direction of arrival of the wave
Modeling of wireless systems
x(t) Wireless y(t)
Input signal channel h(t) output signal

 •
Develop a model for h(t) in order to find the relation between x(t)
and y(t)
• Each multipath is characterized by two aspects
Delay due to propagation
Attenuation due to scattering
• Let us say there are L paths,
• path of wireless environment is characterized by
Delay
Attenuation
Modeling of wireless systems
•  Response of a system that delays the signal by is modelled as,
)
• System that attenuates signal by and delays signal by can be given as,
)
• Suppose we have L multipath components
0-------, ---------- )
1-------, ---------- )

L-1-------, ---------- )
Modeling of wireless systems
•  Multipath channel response h(t)=sum of individual responses
)+ )+………. )

Where is the impulse response of the channel

Transmitted Signal

pass band transmitted signal

complex baseband signal which is up-converted to carrier frequency
Modeling of wireless systems
•  When this signal is transmitted across multipath communication
channel, we have different multipath components
• Passband signal corresponding to path is given by,

Similarly for path,

Similarly for path

Modeling of wireless systems
•Received
  passband signal

=
=

Sum of attenuated, delayed baseband signal which is Complex received

baseband signal

Complex
Complex baseband received signal
phase factor