Doppler shifts:

Effect on Communication systems

Kartik Natarajan

Doppler Overview/Review
Apparent shifts in frequency of transmitted signal
due to motion of transmitter/receiver or both.
Shift depend on the relative velocity of the
transmitter and receiver.
Non-relativistic motion
Relativistic motion :

Cellular communication hampered by multipath

fading effects and receiver movement (nonrelativistic Doppler).

Small Scale Fading

Rapid fluctuations in receiving conditions due to
small movement of the receiver.
Fading is caused by phase differences between
waves reaching the receiver.
Some causes:
Multipath Fading (Rayleigh and Rician)
Frequency shift due to movement Doppler

Doppler Fading (1/3)

For a vehicle moving in a straight line at constant
velocity v , the Doppler frequency shift, fd is given
by :
Typical frequency range :
Most Cellular - 800 to 1500MHz
UHF 300 to 3000MHz (used by TV, PCS etc.)

Typical Doppler shifts :

5Hz to 300 Hz

For example, at for a carrier frequency of 2GHz

and a mobile speed of 68 mph, max fd = 200Hz

Doppler Fading (2/3)

Doppler Spread (BD) The difference between the
maximum and minimum values of fd.
Coherence Time (TC)
Statistical measure of the time duration over which the
channel is invariant.
Defined as 1/ BD.

Doppler spread and Coherence time characterizes

fading speed and its frequency selectiveness.

Doppler Fading (3/3)

Characterization of fading channels:
Fast fading TS > TC, and BS < BD
Higher the fading speed, more the distortion

Slow fading TS << TC, and BS >> BD

Flat fading BS << BD
Non-Flat of Frequency selective fading
BS >= BD

Received Power Spectrum with Doppler

(1/3)
Assumptions :
Isotropic antenna with unity gain and receiving average
power p (without Doppler).
PDF of the direction of waves reaching the receiver is
uniformly distributed between 0 and 2.
Waves coming in from different directions add up to
give a PSD S(f).
Received signal frequency, f = f0 + fd
The PSD for signals in the range f to f+df corresponds to
the waves coming in the direction given by +/- ( +d).
=>
S(f)df = 2* d*(p/2) = d*p/

Received Power Spectrum with Doppler

(2/3)
Also, df = -fm*sin

where fd = fm*cos

But sin =sqrt(1 cos^2())

=sqrt(fm^2 (f- f0)^2)/ fm
So, df = - sqrt(fm^2 (f- f0)^2)
Substituting back, we get
|S(f)| = p/(*sqrt(fm^2 (f- f0)^2))

Received Power Spectrum with Doppler

(3/3)

Doppler Power Spectrum :