ISOMERISM

ISOMERS: ORGANIC COMPOUNDS THAT HAVE SAME MOLECULAR FORMULA BUT

ORGANIC COMPOUND – ONE THAT CARBON AS PRINCIPLE
ELEMENT.
HYDROCARBON – CONTAIN ONLY C & H
FUNCTIONAL GROUP- ATOMS, GROUP OF ATOMS OR BOND
THAT DETERMINE THE CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS.
HOMOLOGOUS SERIES - GROUP OF COMPOUNDS WITH THE
SAME FUNCTIONAL GROUPS.
DIFFERENT ARRANGEMENTS OF ATOMS.
ISOMERISM: THE EXISTENCE OF TWO OR MORE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS WITH THE
SAME MOLECULAR FORMULA BUT DIFFERENT ARRANGEMENTS OF ATOMS.
STRUCTURAL ISOMERISM: SAME MOLECULAR ISOMER BUT DIFFERENT STRUCTURAL
FORMULA.
STEREOISOMERISM: SAME STRUCTURAL FORMULA BUT THEY HAVE DIFFERENT
SPATIAL ARRANGEMENTS
REACTION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
· CARBOCATION IS A MOLECULE THAT
CARRY POSITIVE CHARGE ON CARBON
ATOM
· FREE RADICAL IS A REACTIVE ATOM OR
GROUP OF ATOMS THAT HAS ONE OR

INTRODUCTION TO MORE UNPAIRED ELECTRONS

· > R GROUP > STABILITY

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
ELECTROPHILES AND NUCLEOPHILES :
ELECTROPHILES
ELECTRON-LOVING
ACCEPT ELECTRON
+VE OR NEUTRAL CHARGE
BONDING HYBRIDIZATION THEORY STRUCTURAL FORMULA
LEWIS ACIDS
ATOM BOND TOGETHER TO BECOME MORE STABLE. EXPANDED
NEUTROPHILE
VALENCE BOND THEORY CONDENSED
NUCLEUS LOVING
COVALENT BONDS - ELECTRONS PAIRED IN THE OVERLAPPING ORBITALS SKELETAL
DONATE ELECTRON
SIGMA BOND (Σ) & PI BOND (Π) FISHER PROJECTION
-VE OR NEUTRAL CHARGE
HYBRIDIZATION: COMBINATION OF TWO OR MORE ATOMIC ORBITALS TO FORM THE
LEWIS BASE
SAME NUMBER OF HYBRID ORBITALS.
THREE TYPES OF HYBRIDIZATION
SP – TRIPLE BOND (1Σ AND 2Π BOND)
SP2 – DOUBLE BOND (1Σ AND 1Π BOND)
SP3 – SINGLE BOND (1Σ)