Government Property Senior High

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General Biology 1
Quarter 2 - Module 1
Energy Transformation

Department of Education ● Republic of the Philippine

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2
PRE-ASSESSMENT
MULTIPLE CHOICE:
Directions: Read and understand each item and choose the letter of the correct
answer. Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.
B 1. Majority of the CO2 is released during
A. Glycolysis
B. Citric acid cycle
C. Electron transport chain
D. Oxidative phosphorylation
B 2. Cellular respiration processes that do not use O2 are called
A. Heterotrophic organism
B. Anaerobic organism
C. Aerobic organism
D. Anabolic
C 3. The positively charged hydrogen ions that are released from the glucose during
cellular respiration eventually combine with _________ ion to form _____________.
A. another hydrogen, a gas
B. a carbon, carbon dioxide
C. an oxygen, water
D. a pyruvic acid, lactic acid
D 4. The Krebs cycle (also known as citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid) and ETC
are biochemical pathways performed in which eukaryotic organelle?
A. Nucleus
B. Ribosome
C. Chloroplast
D. Mitochondrion
A 5. Anaerobic pathways that oxidize glucose to generate ATP energy by using an
organic molecule as the ultimate hydrogen acceptor are called
A. Fermentation
B. Reduction
C. Krebs cycle
D. Electron pumps
D 6. When skeletal muscle cells function anaerobically, they accumulate the
compound ________, which causes muscle soreness.
A. Pyruvic acid
B. Malic acid
C. Carbon dioxide
D. Lactic acid
C 7. Each molecule of fat can release _______ of ATP, compared with a molecule
of glucose.
A. smaller amounts
B. the same amount
C. larger amount
D. only twice the amount
A 8. In complete accounting of all ATPs produced in aerobic respiration, a total of
____ATPs: _____from the ETC, _____from glycolysis, and _____ from the Krebs
cycle.
A. 36, 32, 2, 2
B. 38, 34, 2, 2

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 C. 36, 30, 2, 4
D. 38, 30, 4, 4
B 9. The chemical activities that remove electrons from glucose result in the
glucose being
A. reduced
B. oxidized
C. phosphorylated
D. hydrolyzed
A 10. Which of the following is NOT true of the citric acid cycle? The citric acid
cycle
A. includes the preparatory reaction
B. produces ATP by substrate-level ATP synthesis
C. occurs in the mitochondria
D. is a metabolic pathway, as is glycolysis

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 Lesson
ATP-ADP Cycle
1
What I Know

Directions: Write the letter of the best answer on a separate sheet of paper.

B 1. A structure that composed of sugar ribose, nitrogen base adenine and a

chain of 3-phosphate groups.
a. ADP
b. ATP
c. NADH+
d. Nucleus

A 2. The process of breaking down bonds between the phosphate groups; this
happens when a water molecule breaks the terminal phosphate bond
a. Hydrolysis of ATP
b. Phosphorylation
c. Oxidation
d. Reduction

D 3. A separation technique used to identify various components of mixtures

based on the differences in their structure and/or composition.
a. Phosphorylation
b. Dephosphorylation
c. Hydrolysis
d. Chromatography

C 4. Are substances that absorb visible light; different pigments absorb light of
different wavelengths.
a. Chlorophyll
b. Photon
c. Pigments
d. Light energy

B 5. The greenish pigment found in the thylakoid membrane inside the chloroplast
of a plant cell.
a. Light energy
b. Chlorophyll
c. Photon
d. Pigments

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 • Q & A Activity:

1. What are the different forms of energy?

Kinetic, Thermal, Light, Potential, Chemical

2. What are the laws of energy transformation and cite examples?

Thermodynamics
1st Law: The energy of the universe is constant
2nd Law: Every energy transfers or transformation
increases the energy of the universe.

3. How does the cell go about the continuous release of heat during ATP hydrolysis?
The hydrolysis of ATP can be coupled to energy requiring
reactions within cells. The inorganic phosphate released during the
hydrolysis of ATP can be used to phosphorylate other compounds.

What’s More

• Q and A Activity:

1. How do plants cope with the change in season? Give a detailed description and
explanation.
Plants can respond to the change of season by losing their
leaves, flowering, or breaking dormancy. Plants go
through seasonal changes after detecting differences in day
length.

2. How do plants capture the sun’s energy?

By means of photosynthesis. Plants use photosynthesis to make
food. Within the thylakoid membranes of the chloroplast is a light-
absorbing pigment called chlorophyll.
3. What happens to light when it hits an object?
It is either transmitted, reflected or absorbed. 

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 What I Have Learned

• Learning Process Activity:

Provide the best answer in the blank.

1. What wavelength of light is most important to life on earth?

 Visible light, the segment in the entire range of electromagnetic
spectrum that is most important to life on earth with a wavelength of
around 380–750nm. It can detected as various colors by the human eye.
2. What color/s of light does chlorophyll absorb? What color does it reflect?
 The chlorophyll absorbs the blue and red light while it transmits and
reflects in green light.
3. What composes a photosystem?
 The Photosystem are composed of light-harvesting complex and
Reaction-center complex.
4. In what part of the photosystem does the first step of light reaction take place?
 Photosystem II functions first in the light reaction. The chlorophyll a in
the reaction-center of Photosystem II effectively absorbs light with a
wavelength of 680nm and thus called P680. PSII comes first in the path of
electron flow, but it is named as second because it was discovered after PSI.
5. Differentiate the two types of photosystem.
 the photosystem I or PS 1 absorbs the longer wavelength of light which is 700
nm while photosystem II or PS 2 absorbs the shorter wavelength of light 680
nm.

Lesson

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 Photosynthesis

2
What I Know

Chemical reactions for photosynthesis:

 Which groups participate in the reaction?

Carbon dioxide and water
 Which groups are released?
Carbohydrates (glucose) and molecular oxygen

6 CO2 + 6 H2O + sunlight  C6H12O6+ 6 O2

What’s New

• Visual and Listening Activity:

1. You can draw pictures of photosynthesis in a long bond paper/newsprint. You can
also go to computer/printing shop by watching videos or sample pictures of Overview
of Photosynthesis, Overview of the Stages of the Calvin Cycle in Photosynthesis and
make these pictures into tarpaulin type for long use.

What Is It

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 • Q & A Activity:

1. What are the two kinds of reactions in photosynthesis?

Light reactions and Calvin Cycle

2. What are the basic stages of the Calvin cycle?

Carbon Fixation, Reduction and Regeneration of RuBP

3. What are the reactants and products of photosynthesis?

Water, carbon dioxide, ATP, and NADPH are reactants while RuBP
and oxygen are products

What’s More

Directions: Fill-in the table below for the major events and features of
photosynthesis. The option table is given for you to answer the needed materials and
end products of photosynthesis.
Major Events and Features of Photosynthesis
REACTION SERIES NEEDED MATERIALS END PRODUCTS
1. Light-dependent
reactions (take place in
the thylakoid membrane)

a. Photochemical a. Light-energy; pigment a. Electron

reactions (chlorophyll)

b. Electron transport b. Electrons, NADP+, H2O, b. NADPH, O2

electron acceptors

c. Proton gradient, ADP+

c. Chemiosmosis c. ATP
P, ATP synthase

2. Carbon fixation 2. Ribulose bisphosphate, 2. Carbohydrates,

reactions (take place in CO2, ATP, NADPH, ADP+ P, NADP+
stroma) Necessary enzymes

What I Have Learned

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 • Learning Process Activity:

Write T if the statement is true and F if the statement is false.

T 1. In photosynthesis, water is oxidized and oxygen is released.

F 2. Has electron transport chain located within the ribosomes, where ATP is
produced by chemiosmosis.
T 3. Has enzyme-catalyzed reactions within the semi-fluid interior
F 4. Water is reduced to a carbohydrate.
T 5. In photosynthesis, oxygen is reduced to water.

Lesson Cellular Respiration

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What I Know

Chemical reactions for cellular respiration:

 Which groups in the cellular respiration equation go in?

Carbohydrates (glucose) and molecular oxygen
 Which groups are released?
Carbon dioxide and water

C6H12O6 + 6 O2  6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energy

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 What’s New

Procedure: Refine your knowledge on cellular respiration by doing the sample

graphic organizer below. Fill-out the table and distinguish how the two types of
respiration are alike and different. Then write your conclusion based on the
similarities and differences you have listed.
What Is It
Comparing Graphic Organizer

AEROBIC RESPIRATION • ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

How alike?
 Both undergo glycolysis in the cytoplasm of the cell
 Both undergo substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation and
chemiosmosis in producing ATP molecules
 Both split the 6-carbon glucose into two molecules of pyruvate, the three-carbon molecule
 Both involve a series of enzyme-controlled reactions that take place in the cytoplasm
 Both use NAD+ (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide), a redox coenzyme that accepts two
electrons plus a hydrogen (H+) that becomes NADH
 Both performed by eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells

AEROBIC RESPIRATION ANAEROBIC RESPIRATION

How different?
How di
 Maximum yield of 36 to 38 ATP molecules per glucose
 i
Complete breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide
and water with the use of oxygen
 Multiple metabolic pathways
 Pyruvate proceeds to acetyl formation in the
mitochondrion
 The presence of enough oxygen in the cell makes the
cell perform its job smoothly without burning
sensation
 More efficient in harvesting energy from glucose with
estimated 39% energy efficiency (36-38 ATP) in
eukaryotic organisms but much higher ATP
production (38 to 40 ATP) in prokaryotic organisms
 Outputs are carbon dioxide, water and ATP
 Products produce are for biochemical cycling and for
the cellular processes that require energy
 Slow glucose breakdown
fferent?
 Maximum yield of 2 ATP molecules per glucose for
obligate anaerobes
 Partial degradation of glucose without the use of
oxygen (obligate anaerobes)
 Single metabolic pathway (in fermentation)
 Pyruvate is broken down to ethanol and carbon
dioxide or lactate (in fermentation)
 Cause burning sensation in the muscle during
strenuous exercise (in fermentation)
 Less efficient in harvesting energy from glucose
with 2% energy efficiency (for obligate anaerobes)
 Outputs are lactate, alcohol and carbon dioxide (in
fermentation); but reduced inorganic compound in
anaerobic respiration
 Produce numerous products with economic and
industrial importance through fermentation
 Rapid breakdown of glucose

Summary and Conclusion

Aerobic respiration Directions:
requires molecular oxygen to happen in Accomplish
the cells of most eukaryotes andthe table Here,
prokaryotes. below by
nutrients are split into a series of enzyme-controlled reactionscomparing aerobic
producing an and
estimated anaerobic
36 to respiration.
38 ATP per glucose
complete breakdown. Molecular oxygen is the final acceptor of the low-energy level electron at the end of the electron
transport system that results in the production of water. In anaerobic respiration on the other hand does not require
Factors
oxygen in splitting nutrients. Some prokaryotes that Aerobic Respiration
live in oxygen-free Anaerobic
environments such as water Respiration
logged soil, in
ponds where water does not flow, and in the intestines of animals transfer glucose to NADH and then pass the electrons
down theMain function
electron Production
transport chain that is joined of ATP
to ATP synthesis from
by chemiosmosis. Production of ATP
Nitrate and sulfate without
are the final
acceptors of electrons. The end products are carbon dioxide, reduced inorganic substances and ATP. In fermentation (as
food such as the use of oxygen
type of anaerobic respiration) there is no electron acceptor because it has no electron transport chain. Its products are
either alcohol (and carbon dioxide) or lactate. carbohydrate, lipid and
protein.

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Site of Reaction Cytoplasm and Cytoplasm
mitochondria
Production of ATP 36 to 38 ATP per glucose 2 ATP per glucose
molecule molecule
Sustainability Long-term Short-term
Production of lactic acid Does not produce Produces
Oxygen requirement Yes No
Recycling of NADH Through the electron In lactic fermentation
transport system
Participating cells Most cells Yeast, other fungi,
prokaryotes, muscle cells

Directions: Compare aerobic and anaerobic respiration by accomplishing the Venn

diagram below.

Venn Diagram of Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration

Aerobic Anaerobic
Similarity
 Use oxygen  Both undergo glycolysis in
 It produces 36 to 38 ATP the cytoplasm of the cell
molecules per glucose  Produce energy
 More efficient in  Carbon dioxide is considered
harvesting energy from as a waste product
glucose  ATP is produced in both
 Multiple metabolic cellular respiration
pathway  Electrons are transferred
from glucose to NADH
 Do not use oxygen
 It produces 2 ATP
molecules per glucose
 Less efficient in harvesting
energy from glucose
 Single metabolic pathway
(in fermentation)

What’s More

Directions: Compare fermentation with anaerobic and aerobic respiration by

analyzing the diagram below.

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1. What are the three kinds of enzyme-controlled reactions so that the chemical-
bond energy from a certain nutrient is released to the cell in the form of ATP?
 Aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and fermentation
2. What are the hydrogen electron acceptors for aerobic and anaerobic respiration
as well as in fermentation?
 aerobic respiration — molecular oxygen, anaerobic respiration —
nitrate or sulfate, fermentation – pyruvate
3. These are the by-products of aerobic respiration that are considered low-energy
molecules.
 Water and carbon dioxide
4. What are the outputs produced by anaerobic respiration? What about in
fermentation?
 Anaerobic respiration—ATP, water reduced acceptor (nitrate or sulfate),
fermentation, ATP, carbon dioxide, alcohol or lactate
5. What are two general metabolic mechanisms by which certain cells can oxidize
organic fuel and generate ATP without the use of oxygen?
 Anaerobic respiration and fermentation
Directions: Fill-in the table below for the major events and features of cellular
respiration. The option table is given for you to answer the needed materials and end
products of cellular respiration.
Major Events and Features of Cellular Respiration

STAGE STARTING MATERIALS END PRODUCTS

1. Glycolysis (in
Glucose, ATP, NAD+, ADP Pi Pyruvate, ATP, NADH
cytosol)

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2. Preparatory
Pyruvate, Coenzyme A, NAD+ Acetyl CoA, CO2, NADH
reaction

Acetyl CoA, H2O, NAD+, FAD, CO2, NADH, FADH2,

3. Citric acid cycle
ADP Pi, ATP

4. Electron
transport and NADH, FADH2, O2, ADP, Pi ATP, H2O, NAD+, FAD
chemiosmosis

Available Choices

a. Electrons b. NADPH, O2 c. Light energy; d. ATP

pigments
(chlorophyll)
e. Electrons, f. Proton gradient, g. Carbohydrates, h. Ribulose
NADP+, H2O, ADP + P, ATP ADP + P, NADP+ bisphosphate,
electron acceptors synthase CO2, ATP,
NADPH,
necessary
enzymes

What I Have Learned

• A. Learning Process Activity:

Directions: This is a modified TRUE or FALSE activity. Write the word TRUE if the
underlined word/phrase being referred to is correct. If it is FALSE, change the

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word/phrase to make the whole statement correct based on the concept of cellular
respiration. Write your answer on a separate sheet of paper.

True1. Fermentation and anaerobic respiration enable the cells to produce ATP
without the use of oxygen.

True2. The term cellular respiration includes both aerobic and anaerobic processes.
Incomplete3. Fermentation is a complete degradation of sugars or other fuel that
occurs without the use of oxygen.
Cristae or Folds4. An electron transport system consists of a number of molecules,
majority are proteins, located in the matrix of the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells and
the plasma membrane of aerobic prokaryotes.

True5. Pyruvate oxidation and the citric acid cycle, oxidative phosphorylation:
electron transport chain and chemiosmosis are the metabolic stages reserved for
cellular respiration.

Krebs Cycle6. The breakdown of glucose to carbon dioxide is completed in the

electron transport chain.

True7. ATP synthase is the enzyme that makes the bulk of the ATP from ADP and
Pi by chemiosmosis.

True8. ATP synthase uses the energy of an existing hydrogen ion gradient to power
ATP synthesis.

7.3 kcal9. Phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP stores at least 14.6 kcal per
molecule of ATP.

Glycoysis10. Citric acid cycle generates 2 ATP whether oxygen is present or not,
whether the conditions are aerobic or anaerobic.

• B. Learning Process Activity:

Directions: Arrange the following to get the right energy flow sequence in aerobic
respiration.

NADH Electron Transport Chain Glucose ATP

Glucose NADH Electron

Transport Chain
ATP

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 • C. Learning Process Activity:

Directions: Identify the following statements as photosynthesis or cellular

respiration.

Cellular Respiration1. Energy-releasing pathways

Photosynthesis2. Energy-acquiring pathways

Post-Assessment

MULTIPLE CHOICE:
Directions: Read and understand each item and choose the letter of the correct answer.
Write your answers on a separate sheet of paper.

B 1. Majority of the CO2 is released during

A. Glycolysis
B. Citric acid cycle
C. Electron transport chain
D. Oxidative phosphorylation
F 2. Cellular respiration processes that do not use O2 are called
E. Heterotrophic organism
F. Anaerobic organism
G. Aerobic organism
H. Anabolic
G 3. The positively charged hydrogen ions that are released from the glucose during cellular
respiration eventually combine with _________ ion to form _____________.
E. another hydrogen, a gas
F. a carbon, carbon dioxide
G. an oxygen, water
H. a pyruvic acid, lactic acid
H 4. The Krebs cycle (also known as citric acid cycle or tricarboxylic acid) and ETC are
biochemical pathways performed in which eukaryotic organelle?
E. Nucleus
F. Ribosome
G. Chloroplast
H. Mitochondrion
E 5. Anaerobic pathways that oxidize glucose to generate ATP energy by using an organic
molecule as the ultimate hydrogen acceptor are called
E. Fermentation
F. Reduction
G. Krebs cycle

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 H. Electron pumps
D 6. When skeletal muscle cells function anaerobically, they accumulate the compound
________, which causes muscle soreness.
B. Pyruvic acid
B. Malic acid
C. Carbon dioxide
D. Lactic acid
G 7. Each molecule of fat can release _______ of ATP, compared with a molecule of
glucose.
E. smaller amounts
F. the same amount
G. larger amount
H. only twice the amount
A 8. In complete accounting of all ATPs produced in aerobic respiration, a total of
____ATPs: _____from the ETC, _____from glycolysis, and _____ from the Krebs cycle.
A. 36, 32, 2, 2
B. 38, 34, 2, 2
C. 36, 30, 2, 4
D. 38, 30, 4, 4
B 9. The chemical activities that remove electrons from glucose result in the glucose being
A. reduced
B. oxidized
C phosphorylated
D. hydrolyzed
A 10. Which of the following is NOT true of the citric acid cycle? The citric acid cycle
A. includes the preparatory reaction
B. produces ATP by substrate-level ATP synthesis
C. occurs in the mitochondria
D. is a metabolic pathway, as is glycolysis

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