________________________________________

ARC1421: BUILDING UTILITIES 3

Acoustics and Lighting Systems
MODULE 2 LIGHTING SYSTEMS
Lighting Control Systems
________________________________________
BUILDING UTILITIES CLUSTER
MODULE 2: LIGHTING SYSTEMS
ARC1421: BUILDING UTILITIES 3 (Acoustics and Lighting Systems)
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
LIGHTING CONTROL SYSTEMS BUILDING UTILITIES CLUSTER

Relay Systems

A low-voltage control system can be used

to remotely control lighting through relays.
Relays are devices that control lighting
power by mechanically opening or closing
according to signals sent from low-voltage
rocker switches, time clocks, or computer-
based energy management systems.

Relay systems are typically used in large

commercial and institutional buildings like
high-rise offices, convention centers, and
airports.

Source: http://www.ncwhomeinspections.com/low+voltage+lighting+and+remote+control+relay+systems
MODULE 2: LIGHTING SYSTEMS
ARC1421: BUILDING UTILITIES 3 (Acoustics and Lighting Systems)
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
LIGHTING CONTROL SYSTEMS BUILDING UTILITIES CLUSTER

Energy Management Systems

Energy management systems employ a

computer to control many relay panels as
well as mechanical motors, dampers, and
so on. The primary difference between a
relay system (above) and an energy
management system is that the latter
controls not just lighting but all energy use
in the building.

Source:https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263243964_Smart_Home_Energy_Management_System_
for_Monitoring_and_Scheduling_of_Home_Appliances_Using_Zigbee/figures?lo=1
MODULE 2: LIGHTING SYSTEMS
ARC1421: BUILDING UTILITIES 3 (Acoustics and Lighting Systems)
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
LIGHTING CONTROL SYSTEMS BUILDING UTILITIES CLUSTER

Preset Dimming Systems

Preset dimming systems have a number of

dimmers, usually in cabinets, that are
designed to work together to create scenes
of light.

These complex systems are used in hotel

function spaces, airports, convention
centers, casinos, and other facilities where a
number of rooms or spaces are controlled
from a central computer-based preset
controller.

Source: http://what-when-how.com/energy-engineering/lighting-controls-energy-engineering/
MODULE 2: LIGHTING SYSTEMS
ARC1421: BUILDING UTILITIES 3 (Acoustics and Lighting Systems)
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
LIGHTING CONTROL SYSTEMS BUILDING UTILITIES CLUSTER

Daylighting Control Systems

Automatic daylighting control systems

feature a photoelectric sensor that
generates a signal to dim interior lights
when adequate daylight enters the room
through windows and skylights.

Modern sensors are designed to connect

directly to fluorescent dimming ballasts,
enabling automatic dimming in almost any
office, school, health care facility, or other
building with small and medium-sized
spaces near windows.

Source: http://www.intelliblinds.com/daylightharvesting.html
MODULE 2: LIGHTING SYSTEMS
ARC1421: BUILDING UTILITIES 3 (Acoustics and Lighting Systems)
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
LIGHTING CONTROL SYSTEMS BUILDING UTILITIES CLUSTER

Control Devices

• Switches turn lights on and off.

• Dimmers are control devices that vary the light
level and power to lights.
• Motion Sensors are automatic switches that
turn lights on when motion is detected and
leave them on until some designated time after
the last motion occurs.
• A time Clock is an electromechanical clock
that opens and closes a circuit at specific times
each day.
• A timer is a switch that turns lights off
automatically after a certain period.
• Photo switches
• A lighting control console (also called
a lightboard, lighting board, or lighting desk) is
an electronic device used in theatrical lighting
design to control multiple stage lights at once.
Source: https://lightingcontrolsassociation.org/2017/07/21/introduction-to-lighting-controls/
MODULE 2: LIGHTING SYSTEMS
ARC1421: BUILDING UTILITIES 3 (Acoustics and Lighting Systems)
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
LIGHTING CONTROL SYSTEMS BUILDING UTILITIES CLUSTER

Lighting Control Systems for Auditorium Design

Lighting Control Principles

The first way of creating a light scene is to arrange individual luminaires in an installation to form groups that
can be switched separately. These groups may consist of lighting arrangements that are completely
independent of one another and designed to fulfil different lighting tasks, and individual components of an
overall installation, which may be operated separately or together.

As a rule, the definition of a light scene does not simply cover the simple switching of groups of luminaires,
but also involves varying the levels of brightness. Besides the switching of separate circuits, dimming
equipment is required for the separate groups of luminaires.

Once the required level of brightness has been identified, it is then possible to plan differentiated lighting to
meet specific requirements. The potential range of light scenes increases considerably even if the number
of luminaires and the switching remains the same. The distribution and level of brightness of the lighting can
be accurately controlled in individual areas within the space and the overall level of a light scene adjusted to
the changing requirements–e.g., to the time of day or the daylight available.
`
MODULE 2: LIGHTING SYSTEMS
ARC1421: BUILDING UTILITIES 3 (Acoustics and Lighting Systems)
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
LIGHTING CONTROL SYSTEMS BUILDING UTILITIES CLUSTER

Lighting Control Systems for Auditorium Design

Lighting Control Principles

The switching and dimming of individual groups of luminaires can be controlled manually, either using
conventional switches and controllers or by infrared remote control, which allows groups of luminaires to be
controlled even if there are only a minimal number of circuits.

It is advisable to use an electronic control system. This allows precisely defined light scenes to be
recalled at the touch of a button, or a change of light scene to be programmed to take place over a given
period of time.

It is also possible to control the light in accordance with daylight or the use of the spaces using sensors;
other functions apart from lighting can also be operated by coupling the lighting control system with the
building management system.

Further developments in lighting control can also be used to create theatrical effects in architectural lighting.
Besides controlling brightness, this may include changing luminous colour, beam spread or even the
direction of the luminaires.
MODULE 2: LIGHTING SYSTEMS
ARC1421: BUILDING UTILITIES 3 (Acoustics and Lighting Systems)
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
LIGHTING CONTROL SYSTEMS BUILDING UTILITIES CLUSTER

Lighting Control Systems for Auditorium Design

Lighting Control Principles

Figure 42. Switching and lighting control 1 of 2 (Boyce & Raynham, 2009)
MODULE 2: LIGHTING SYSTEMS
ARC1421: BUILDING UTILITIES 3 (Acoustics and Lighting Systems)
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
LIGHTING CONTROL SYSTEMS BUILDING UTILITIES CLUSTER

Lighting Control Systems for Auditorium Design

Lighting Control Principles

Figure 43. Switching and lighting control 2 of 2 (Boyce & Raynham, 2009)
MODULE 2: LIGHTING SYSTEMS
ARC1421: BUILDING UTILITIES 3 (Acoustics and Lighting Systems)
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
LIGHTING CONTROL SYSTEMS BUILDING UTILITIES CLUSTER

Lighting Control Systems for Auditorium Design

Auditorium Lighting Sample

Figure 44. Ground floor lighting circuiting plan of Thomas R. Proctor High School, NY
MODULE 2: LIGHTING SYSTEMS
ARC1421: BUILDING UTILITIES 3 (Acoustics and Lighting Systems)
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
LIGHTING CONTROL SYSTEMS BUILDING UTILITIES CLUSTER

Lighting Control Systems for Auditorium Design

Auditorium Lighting Sample

Figure 44. Balcony lighting circuiting plan of Thomas R. Proctor High School, NY
MODULE 2: LIGHTING SYSTEMS
ARC1421: BUILDING UTILITIES 3 (Acoustics and Lighting Systems)
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
LIGHTING CONTROL SYSTEMS BUILDING UTILITIES CLUSTER

Lighting Control Systems for Auditorium Design

Auditorium Lighting Sample

Figure 46. Auditorium new work plan (McGiniis & Fleming Engineering, Inc., 2017)
MODULE 2: LIGHTING SYSTEMS
ARC1421: BUILDING UTILITIES 3 (Acoustics and Lighting Systems)
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
LIGHTING CONTROL SYSTEMS BUILDING UTILITIES CLUSTER

Lighting Control Systems for Auditorium Design

Auditorium Lighting Sample

Figure 47. An example of an auditorium lighting system using ITC led lighting system with conference lighting, adjustable system, conference mode switch and short response time
MODULE 2: LIGHTING SYSTEMS
ARC1421: BUILDING UTILITIES 3 (Acoustics and Lighting Systems)
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
LIGHTING CONTROL SYSTEMS BUILDING UTILITIES CLUSTER

Lighting Control Systems for Auditorium Design

Auditorium Lighting Sample

Figure 48. A graphical representation of the lighting concept for the auditorium of a theatre.
MODULE 2: LIGHTING SYSTEMS
ARC1421: BUILDING UTILITIES 3 (Acoustics and Lighting Systems)
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
LIGHTING CONTROL SYSTEMS BUILDING UTILITIES CLUSTER

Luminaires

A luminaire is any device that includes a lamp holder and

the means of electrification and support for that device.
Lighting fixtures are luminaires that are permanently
attached to a building. In other words, a table lamp is a
luminaire but not a fixture.

Figure 49. Components of a luminaire (Jukanovic, 2018)

MODULE 2: LIGHTING SYSTEMS
ARC1421: BUILDING UTILITIES 3 (Acoustics and Lighting Systems)
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
LIGHTING CONTROL SYSTEMS BUILDING UTILITIES CLUSTER

Luminaires
Luminaires are characterized by the manner in which light is distributed:
o Direct luminaires emit light downward. These include most types of recessed lighting, including downlights
and troffers.
o Indirect luminaires emit light upward, bouncing light from the ceiling into a space. These include many
styles of suspended luminaires, sconces, and some portable lamps.
o Diffuse luminaires emit light in all directions uniformly. These include most types of bare lamps, globes,
chandeliers, and some table and floor lamps.
o Direct/indirect luminaires emit light upward and downward but not to the side. These include many types
of suspended luminaires as well as some table and floor lamps. Note that direct/indirect luminaires can be
semi direct or semi-indirect according to the proportions of up and down light.
o Asymmetric luminaires are usually designed for special applications. Asymmetric uplights, for instance,
are indirect luminaires with a stronger distribution in one direction, such as away from a wall. Wallwashers
are a form of direct luminaire with stronger distribution to one side so as to illuminate a wall.
o Adjustable luminaires are generally direct luminaires that can be adjusted to throw light in directions other
than down. These include track lights, floodlights, and accent lights.
MODULE 2: LIGHTING SYSTEMS
ARC1421: BUILDING UTILITIES 3 (Acoustics and Lighting Systems)
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
LIGHTING CONTROL SYSTEMS BUILDING UTILITIES CLUSTER

Luminaires
How to choose basic luminaire types
The choice of luminaire type is fundamental to the overall appearance and psychology of a room and its
ambience. Here are reasons for choosing particular luminaires:
o Direct luminaires tend to be more efficient by distributing light directly onto the task area. They generally
create dark ceilings and upper walls that can be dramatic but also uncomfortable due to high contrast.
o Indirect luminaires tend to create comfortable, low-contrast soft light that psychologically enlarges space.
Most types of indirect lighting illuminate the ceiling, but without additional direct light, many people
experience totally indirect lighting as bland and feeling like a cloudy day.
o Diffuse luminaires tend to create broad general light that often is considered glaring due to lack of side
shielding. Most chandeliers and sconces are diffuse luminaires, and they are typically chosen for
ornamental reasons or for utilitarian applications.
o Direct/indirect luminaires are often a good compromise between the efficiency of direct lighting and the
comfort of indirect lighting. The indirect component creates a comfortable, balancing light, while the direct
component creates a dramatic light, resulting in comfortable, interesting space.
o Asymmetric luminaires are chosen when accent lighting of objects or surfaces is desired. For example,
choose a wallwasher to illuminate a wall, an accent light to illuminate a painting or sculpture.
MODULE 2: LIGHTING SYSTEMS
ARC1421: BUILDING UTILITIES 3 (Acoustics and Lighting Systems)
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
LIGHTING CONTROL SYSTEMS BUILDING UTILITIES CLUSTER

Luminaires
Stationary Luminaires
DOWNLIGHTS

Figure 53. Double-focus downlight section Figure 54. Washlight section

Figure 55. Directional spotlight section Figure 55. Air-handling downlight section
MODULE 2: LIGHTING SYSTEMS
ARC1421: BUILDING UTILITIES 3 (Acoustics and Lighting Systems)
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
LIGHTING CONTROL SYSTEMS BUILDING UTILITIES CLUSTER

Luminaires
Stationary Luminaires
UPLIGHTS

Figure 57. Uplights section

MODULE 2: LIGHTING SYSTEMS
ARC1421: BUILDING UTILITIES 3 (Acoustics and Lighting Systems)
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
LIGHTING CONTROL SYSTEMS BUILDING UTILITIES CLUSTER

Luminaires
Stationary Luminaires
LOUVERED

Figure 58. Louvered luminaires

MODULE 2: LIGHTING SYSTEMS
ARC1421: BUILDING UTILITIES 3 (Acoustics and Lighting Systems)
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
LIGHTING CONTROL SYSTEMS BUILDING UTILITIES CLUSTER

Luminaires
Stationary Luminaires
WASHLIGHTS

Figure 62. Wallwashers

MODULE 2: LIGHTING SYSTEMS
ARC1421: BUILDING UTILITIES 3 (Acoustics and Lighting Systems)
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
LIGHTING CONTROL SYSTEMS BUILDING UTILITIES CLUSTER

Luminaires
Movable Luminaires
SPOTLIGHTS

Figure 66. Spotlight

MODULE 2: LIGHTING SYSTEMS
ARC1421: BUILDING UTILITIES 3 (Acoustics and Lighting Systems)
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
LIGHTING CONTROL SYSTEMS BUILDING UTILITIES CLUSTER

Luminaires
Movable Luminaires
WALLWASHERS

Figure 67. Wallwasher

MODULE 2: LIGHTING SYSTEMS
ARC1421: BUILDING UTILITIES 3 (Acoustics and Lighting Systems)
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
LIGHTING CONTROL SYSTEMS BUILDING UTILITIES CLUSTER

Luminaires
Light Structure

Figure 68. Light structures

MODULE 2: LIGHTING SYSTEMS
ARC1421: BUILDING UTILITIES 3 (Acoustics and Lighting Systems)
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
LIGHTING CONTROL SYSTEMS BUILDING UTILITIES CLUSTER

Luminaires
Secondary Reflector Luminaires

Figure 70. Secondary reflector luminaire

MODULE 2: LIGHTING SYSTEMS
ARC1421: BUILDING UTILITIES 3 (Acoustics and Lighting Systems)
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
LIGHTING CONTROL SYSTEMS BUILDING UTILITIES CLUSTER

Luminaires
Fiber Optic Systems

Figure 71. Fiber optic system

MODULE 2: LIGHTING SYSTEMS
ARC1421: BUILDING UTILITIES 3 (Acoustics and Lighting Systems)
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________
REFERENCES BUILDING UTILITIES CLUSTER

• Boyce, P. & Raynham, P. (2009). The Society of Light and Lighting. The Society of Light and Lighting. London.
• Ganslandt, R., & Hoffman, H. (1992). Handbook of Lighting Design (ERCO 1st E). Germany: ERCO Leuchten
GmbH, Lüdenscheid Friedr. Vieweg & Sohn Verlagsgesellschaft mbH, Braunschweig/Wiesbaden.
• Karlen, M. & Benya, J. (2004). Lighting Design Basics. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. New Jersey.
• Zumtobel (n.d.) (2008). The Lighting Handbook. 6th edition. Zumbotal Lighting GmbH. Austria.