CHAPTER TWO

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.0 Introduction

The purpose of this chapter is to review, examine; organize and present relevant literature

relating to awareness and utilization of social media for information repackaging in libraries.

Structural framework for the presentation of materials reviewed is provided under the

following subheadings:

2. 1. Theoretical framework

2.1.1 Nonaka &Takeuchi`s Knowledge (information) Conversions Theory

2.2 Conceptual Framework

2.2.1 Concept of Social Media and Information Repackaging

2.2.2 Awareness of Social Media for Information Repackaging

2.2.3 Types of Social Media and Information Repackaging

2.2.4 Utilization of Social Media for Information Repackaging

2.2.5 Benefits of Social Media for Information Repackaging

2.2.6 Challenges of Social Media for Information Repackaging

2.3 Appraisal of Reviewed Literature

2.4 Summary of Literature Review

2.1. Theoretical Framework

This study is guided by Nonaka &Takeuchi (1991) Knowledge (information) Conversions

Theory

2.1.1 Nonaka-Takeuchi`s Knowledge (information) Conversions Theory

The Knowledge (information) Conversions theory was propounded by Nonaka &

Takeuchi (1991). This theory postulated the phenomenon of organizational knowledge

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creation that when individuals initially create knowledge, it becomes organizational

knowledge through conversion processes of socialization, externalization, combination and

internalization. Hence, Nonaka &Takeuchi depicted this theory in a model of knowledge

creation and conversion also known as Socialization-Externalization-Combination-

Internalization (SECI) process. The SECI process was propounded by Ikujiro & Nonaka

(1991) and modified and expanded for a broader audience by Nonaka &Takeuchi in 1995.

This implies that as knowledge is socialized and shared, it passes through four different

modes of knowledge conversion. The diagram below presents Nonaka-Takeuchi's model of

knowledge creation and conversion:

Fig.1: Nonaka-Takeuchi Model of Knowledge Creation/Conversion

Source: Ceptureanu, S & Ceptureanu Ed. (2010). Knowledge creation/ conversion process.

In Review of International Comparative Management 2(1), 150-157.

The above Nonaka-Takeuchi's model is about knowledge sharing and conversion

process that occur at all levels of organizations. The Model is based on interaction between

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two main types of knowledge namely explicit and tacit knowledge. Explicit knowledge refers

to knowledge that is transferred to others which can be codified, accessed and verbalized.

These can be found in prints and non-print resources such as books, articles, documents,

memos and databases. The use of Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) such as

social media can also facilitate the sharing of explicit knowledge. Tacit knowledge is the

opposite of explicit knowledge. Tacit knowledge is difficult to codify, accessed and

verbalized because it is based on experiences which includes values, skills and capabilities.

This also includes the ability to speak and write in a particular language. Nonaka-Takeuchi's

theory also contain two dimensions of knowledge creation namely epistemological and

ontological. The epistemological dimensions relates to tacit knowledge (experiences) while

ontological dimensions emphasizes transfer of knowledge from individuals to groups in

organizations. Thus, knowledge is created through the interaction between tacit and explicit

knowledge to bring about the four ways of how knowledge can be combined and transferred

or shared in organizations as arranged in fig. 1 above:

a) Socialization (Tacit-to-tacit): This is when knowledge is converted or transferred from

tacit to tacit knowledge through practice, guidance and observation. In libraries,

knowledge of adequacy and relevance of information resources are obtained through

dialogue with users. This process begins with library users who lack knowledge of

information resources but rely on the assistance of librarians. Therefore, the technical

skills of librarians are socialized by sharing knowledge of library resources through

interaction, observation for effective service delivery.

b) Externalization (Tacit-to-explicit): This is the articulation of knowledge into tangible

form through codifying of existing information resources into manuals and document

to be made accessible to library users,

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 c) Combination (Explicit-to-explicit): This is the conversion of various information

resources such as books, documents, articles, memos and databases using social

media platforms to repackage existing information resources to create new

knowledge.

d) Internalization (Explicit-to-tacit): This is the modification of existing knowledge to

meet the information needs of users. The librarians use feedback mechanism to know

whether library users internalize knowledge from repackaged information resources

Furthermore, the strengths of Nonaka-Takeuchi's model of knowledge creation and

conversion in SECI model at different levels of organizations is a continuous process

(Nonaka, 1994). It is a popular conceptual framework for understanding knowledge

generation processes in organizations. It promotes knowledge sharing to improve

organizational performance through management of knowledge resources. Knowledge

creation centers on building both tacit and explicit knowledge that rely on interaction

between knowledge internalization and externalization. These advantages made this model

attractive to several scholars including librarians. It also enhances human communication,

'information theory and lead to further theories and researches. The model considers

knowledge creation as a dynamic process, in which continuous dialog between tacit and

explicit knowledge generates and transfer new knowledge which is extended to different

ontological levels from individuals to groups in organizations and inter-organizations such as

library users. The epistemological dimensions relates to tacit knowledge (experiences).

Therefore, knowledge is created through the interaction between tacit and explicit knowledge

to bring about the four ways of knowledge combination and transferred or shared in

organizations. Nonaka & Takeuchi's model of knowledge creation and conversion stands out

because it not only formalizes a theory of knowledge creation based on the epistemological

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distinction between tacit and explicit knowledge but also offers practical tool for accessing

knowledge creation in organizations. (Nonaka, 1994; Nonaka & Takeuchi, 1995).

Despite, the popularity and influence of this model, it has many criticisms. The model

is a prototypical of Ikujiro Nonaka (1991) Socialization-Externalization-Combination-

Internalization (SECI) process. Several scholars criticized the model as an abstract that is

based on unscientific observations with no empirical evidence (Glisby and Holden, 2003;

Gourlay, 2006; Bratianu, 2010). Although, time is not considered in this model, but it is

implied indirectly that knowledge creation is a continuous process. Furthermore, the tacit

component of the model is elusive and difficult to test. Besides, only few scholars have

attempted to apply the model as reflected in the four modes but results have been

inconclusive (Becerra- Fernandez & Sabherwal, 2001; Lee & Choi, 2003).

Nonaka &Takeuchi's theory is a model of knowledge creation and conversion theory is

relevant to this study as it relates to the utilization of social media for information repacking

because it explains the processes of knowledge creation and conversion, which occur in

university libraries University librarians are involved in learning and managing skills and

competencies. The SECI model focuses on the conversion processes of tacit and explicit

knowledge in a social context. At this stage, Knowledge is largely disjointed, uncoordinated

and un-harvested as they use their skills and competencies to process information resources

available to library users. However, the SECI model theorizes that knowledge keeps on

changing from one form to another, and this necessitates the creation of new knowledge

using modern interactive technologies such as Facebook, Whatsapp, Instagram, Telegram etc.

Micro Blogging/Micro Blogs such as twitter, webchat etc. Photo/video sharing sites such as

snapchat, flickr, tiktok etc. Therefore, social media platforms are used for knowledge shared

during meetings, brainstorming sessions, workshops, and conferences are which embraces

tacit knowledge (Mutula & Mooka, 2008). This knowledge is then converted to minutes of

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meeting and conference proceedings which are referred to as explicit knowledge. Such

knowledge can be used to improve organizational performance, secure and sustain a

competitive advantage or visibility. The tacit knowledge is continuously converted to explicit

knowledge of the organization due to interactions in the conversion processes that enhances

improvement in library product and services.

This theory will assist librarians to use this models for information repackaging,

which requires critical thinking for combining information from different sources,

considering the accuracy, completeness, and consistency of information resources. This

theory will assist librarians in decision making in the use of social media platforms to

repackage library resources. It will also enhance librarians’ level of awareness on knowledge

creation and conversion through information sharing using social media platforms.

Furthermore, librarians will be abreast of appropriate measures that would improve

information repackaging. Besides, librarians would also collaborate with other experts

through networking and advocacy campaigns to disseminate information on the creation and

conversion of information resources through social media platforms in university libraries in

Edo state, Nigeria.

2.2 Conceptual Framework

There are lots of relevant and useful literature on conceptual definitions and

descriptions of the concepts involved in this study. These concepts have either been treated in

isolation or in relation to other concepts in the topic. This section reviews these studies with a

view to establishing the conceptual framework of the present study.

2.2.1 Concept of Social Media and Information Repackaging

Social Media and Information Repackaging are intervening concepts which are complex.

Thus, Social Media is a term that encompasses interactive technologies which include

Facebook, WhatsApp, Instagram, Telegram etc. Micro Blogging/Micro Blogs such as twitter,

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webchat etc. Photo/video sharing sites such as snapchat, flickr, tiktok etc. It involves the use

of information communication technology as the medium to explore knowledge of

repackaging information. Social Media is a platform used for instant messaging purposes to

replace the normal phone short messages (SMS) because of its capacity to send large volume

of messages and media files unlike the SMS (Eberechukwu & Queendarline, 2018). Social

media is also a shift in how people discover, read, and share news and information content.

Hence social media is the fusion of sociology and technology that transforms monologue

(one-to-many) into dialogue (many-to-many), and is the democratization of information that

transforms people from content readers into publishers (Ganiyu & Oluwafemi, 2016). This

implies that Social Media is a modern interactive communication channels through which

people connect to one another, share ideas, experiences, pictures, messages and information

of common interest. It is a map of specified ties techniques aimed at reinforcing the basic

values of libraries in a changing information landscape that satisfy users’ needs.

Consequently, Social media not only increases usage but increases library value, educate

users and changed negative attitudes about library resources and services. Social media is a

new type of media that is shared and participatory in nature, involving others in the

information of creation, organization, sharing, finding, discussion, interacting, and use. Since

the first appearance of social media, it has grown rapidly and become part of an important

application for people today because it consists of thousands of social media platforms that

exist today (Shawarudin & Baba, 2015).

Accordingly, Social Media is used by librarians on a regular basis for information service

delivery such as repackaging for transforming users from content readers into publishers of

relevant resources.

There are plethora of definitions of Information Repackaging as a systematic

approach to design and provide information services to cope with the environment (Agada,

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1995). Saracevic & Wood (1981) and Bunch (1984) also view repackaging as how

information service selects appropriate materials, reprocess, arrange and repackage the

information to meet the needs of library users.

However, Iwhiswhu (2006) stated that Information Repackaging is the bundling of

products and services to address specific needs. This implies that repackaging is organizing

or processing of information in a form that can be understood by different categories of users.

It is interpreting and converting information into a form that different target users can easily

understand (Iwhiswhu, 2006). Therefore, repackaging is a systematic approach to designing

and improving of information services. Social media as a new technology has change the

landscape of information services delivery through repackaging of resources. The process of

repackaging begins with the selection of information and the evaluation of content. There are

three requirements for information repackaging; the material should be collected and

organized efficiently, there should be the capacity to analyze their content and create new

information packages from them, the new package should be disseminate freely. Library

services, including the packaging and repackaging of information have been provided in

libraries and information centers for many decade. Technological advancements have posed

challenges which call for changes in library services. Information is a driving force in

contemporary society. Libraries disseminate information, preserve and contribute to

intellectual, social and cultural life of the society.

2.2.2 Awareness of Social Media for Information Repackaging

A plethora of studies have been carried out on awareness and use of Social media tools for

information repackaging. Awareness is the act of being knowledgeable or familiar about

item(s) or facilities in an environment. Akpojotor (2016) asserts that awareness is the

knowledge about the existence of an item or the understanding of situation based on

information or experience. Awareness also implied perception of a situation, fact,

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consciousness, recognition, realization, interest or familiarity of particular development (Ani

& Ahiauzu, 2018).Similarly, Awareness is the act of being knowledgeable or familiar about

item(s) or facilities in an environment at a given period of time (Makinde, 2017). The

awareness of Social media platforms for information repackaging will not be fully realized if

librarians are not aware of the usefulness of tools and services rendered. To effectively

repackage resources, the use of Social media platforms will depend on awareness for

information repackaging, otherwise, library resources and services will become old and

irrelevant with time. Ademodi (2015) emphasized that the expectations of the library will be

realized if the resources provided are properly structured to facilitate its use and librarians

will provide services that enhance students’ knowledge of available library resources.

Awareness of Social media platforms for information repackaging will facilitates interest for

use, while unawareness of relevant resources could lead to lack of use which might result in

non-existence. Thus, if there is no proper awareness of information repackaging, resources

will automatically become old and irrelevant with time and considered as underutilized and

waste of resources. Jonathan & Udoh (2015) affirmed that information sources which users

are not aware of would be underutilized. Therefore, awareness of Social media platforms for

information repackaging would determine the extent of providing timely and relevant

resources to users.

Atilomau & Onuoha (2011) stated that most librarians are aware of Social media tools

namely: Facebook than the LinkedIn, microblogging tools, and twitter, instant messaging and

media sharing sites, blogs and wikis. Uche and Udo-Anyanwu (2019) affirmed that librarians

are aware of the use of social media tools in providing library services. Although, Okenedo,

Azubuike & Adeyoyin (2013) stated that there was high level of awareness of web 2.0

technologies among librarians but this contradicts Gupta & Khare (2014) assertion that

awareness and knowledge among library staff of social media application is very poor as

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most library staff are not using social media applications in their libraries due to lack of

technological skills. Therefore, the potentials of social media platforms for information

repackaging in libraries can only be useful to librarians if they are aware of its existence. This

implies that the awareness of social media platforms for information repacking will enhance

effective and efficient library service delivery in providing current and relevant resources to

satisfy users’ information appetite and needs.

2.2.3 Types of Social Media and Information Repackaging

Social media is a group of internet based application that builds on the ideological foundation

of web 2.0 that allows the creation and exchange of users-generated content (Andreas &

Michael, 2010). Therefore, social media comprise online applications for social networking

sites, social bookmarking and sharing tools, social citation tools, blogging and microblogging

tools, virtual worlds, e-conference presentation sharing tools, audio and video tools, e-project

management tools, research and writing collaboration tools developed to foster user-centered

social interaction. Social media enhances the relationships that exist between network of

library users (Qingya, Wei & Yu, 2011). Social media is used to describe different types of

electronic communication platforms which involve high speed internet broadband connection

with massive use of desktop computers, laptops, e-readers, tablets and smart phones to enable

librarians to actively engage in social networking, text messaging, blogging, content sharing,

online learning, and information repackaging. Social media are technologies that facilitate

social interaction, collaboration and encourage deliberation across stakeholders. These

technologies now include blogs, wikis, media (audio, photo, video, text) sharing tools,

networking platforms, and virtual worlds (Bryer and Zavatarro, 2011). Consequently, there is

a direct relationship between Social media and information repackaging in libraries. Kyoshaba

(2009) stated that academic institutions are established with the aim of imparting knowledge

and skills in the use of social media. Therefore, social media will enable libraries to provide

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current and relevant resources for teaching, learning and research for community

development.

Furthermore, various Social media tools can be used to enhance information repackaging

namely:

 Social Bookmarking: this enable librarians to tag website and search website through

bookmarking (Blink List, Simple); Anjugu (2013)

 Social News: this enables librarians to encourage library users assessment through

voting for articles and commenting on them (Digg, Propello).

 Social Networking: this is used for adding library users, friends, comments on photo

and profiles, sharing groups for discussions (Facebook, Imo, Whatsapp, Snapshat,

Instagram, Messenger chat);

 Social Photo and Video Sharing: librarians interact with users by sharing photos or

videos and commenting on user`s submission (YouTube and Flicker, Instagram); and

 Wikis: librarians also interact with users by repackaging new articles and editing

existing articles (Wikipedia).

Moreover, librarians depend on the above listed social media platforms such as Facebook,

blogs, microblogging, YouTube, twitter, Wikis, Mash Up, Digg, Delicious Second Life,

Flickr, Picasa, for information repackaging to address users’ needs. Uche & Udo-Anyanwu

(2019) stated that tertiary institutions libraries primarily use four social media tools namely:

WhatsApp, Facebook, YouTube and Twitter to provide library services. Similarly, Gupta,

Gautam &Khare (2014) affirmed that only few social media applications such as Facebook,

Wikis, Blogging, ListServ, and Instant Messaging are used by Library staff for information

repackaging. Islam & Habiba (2015) also confirmed that Facebook, Twitter, YouTube,

Blogging, Wikis, LinkedIn, and Slide-share were frequently used social media platforms for

information repackaging. However, Facebook seems to be the most popular social media tool

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used by librarians than other platforms for information repackaging and dissemination.

Similarly, Amuda & Adeyinka (2017) stated that social media is very crucial in information

service delivery.

2.2.4 Utilization of Social Media for Information Repackaging

This implies the extent to which different social media platforms are utilized for

information repackaging to satisfy specific information needs of users (Makinde, 2017). The

term information repackaging refers to the way an information service selects appropriate

materials, reprocesses and packages the material according to user specifications.

Repackaging can be done through various forms for example, popular theatre, drama,

storytelling and the use of songs. The utilization of social media in libraries is a global

phenomenon and varies from one library to another depending on the extent of ICT

integration in library and information services for rapid dissemination of information

(Uche & Udo-Anyanwu, 2019). Social media in libraries makes repackaging of resources

easier through integration of text and graphics. Besides, Social Media assists in repackaging

information into oral form, for example, the use of podcasts in to record oral history and

songs, lectures, seminar presentations etc. The use of mobile phones can be used to record

and capture lectures, seminars and conferences using Social Media platforms. Repackaging

of information resources assist library users to locate, retrieve, evaluate, interpret and

repackage information in various subject areas. Thus, Social Media is beneficial for

repackaging information in libraries. Repackaging of information in digital form enhances

physical recording, arrangement and presentation of information. Consequently, Social Media

enable librarians to achieve the aim of information repackaging in the use, assimilation and

recall of information products by users (Dongardive, 2013).

Accordingly, Agbaji & Odumu (2017) affirmed that database as storage devices can

be used to repackaged and stored information for social media platforms. Similarly,
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Information can be repackaged using video disks, digital and computer disks which can be

retrieved and disseminated through social media platforms. Moreover, Compact Disk Read

Only Memory (CD ROM) can be used to store, retrieved and disseminated texts, graphics,

audio, animation and images to users through social media platforms for easy access. Thus,

information carriers such as books, encyclopedias, journals, dictionaries, directories, games,

videos can be stored in Compact Disk Read Only Memory (CD ROM) for future use through

social media platforms.

Besides, Internet connectivity is the vehicle that drives and glues social media

platforms for information repackaging and dissemination of library resources. Oketunji

(1999) confirms that the World Wide Web (WWW) allows documents containing texts, video

sound and dynamic graphics or pictures to be hyperlinked and stored in computer system

(called Websites) around the world. This implies that these documents can be repackaged and

disseminated using social media platforms. Similarly, Wide Area Information Service

(WAIS) that contains varieties of information database on varied subject areas such as

bibliographies, Online Public Access Library Catalogues (OPAC), journals, abstracts,

textbooks etc. can be repackaged and retrieved by users through social media platforms.

Bibliography on disks or libraries disks that contain information on numerous subjects can

also be used to repackaged and disseminated resources using social media platforms. In

addition, Kruger & Painter (2011) described social media as a virtual information sharing

space which promotes face-to-face interaction and relationships between individuals.

Information repackaging through Social Media can aid the systematic process of information

analysis, synthesis, editing, translating and transmitting its symbolic and media formats to

add value to information services. Social Media will ensure currency, accuracy, pertinence,

comprehensiveness, ease of comprehension and convenience of Information repackaging.

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Following are four major importance of using Social Media for information repackaging

namely:

1.) Social Media aid customized information services by creating personal profiles, to

connect with users of the sites.

2.) Social Media will facilitate dissemination, organization information to be communicated

to users.

3.) Social Media will simplify automated bibliography for easy accessibility of information.

4.) Social Media will facilitate interactivity between user, resources, and Information

Communication technology devices to offer social interactions and exchange of items, ideas,

products and services among users with common interests.

2.2.5 Benefits of Social Media for Information Repackaging

Social media platforms are beneficial to Information Repackaging in different forms to

satisfy needs of library users. The benefits of using Social Media for Information

Repackaging include information analysis, synthesis, editing, translating and transforming

symbolic and media formats. IR also ensures currency, accuracy, relevance,

comprehensiveness, ease of comprehension (e.g. technical level, presentation style); and

convenience of use such as timing, format of coding (Dongardive, 2013). Agbaji & Odumu

(2017) enumerated the following forms of Information Repackaging that Social media can be

applied namely:

1.) Reformatting and Synthesizing Raw Information: Social media can be used to

change the original form or state of information for easier and quick access for users to

comprehend.

2.) Combining expert or consulting on a subject with access to relevant information

sources: Social media will enable librarians to collaborate with experienced librarians,

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 information managers or subject specialists and reference librarians in packaging

information to satisfy the needs of users.

3.) Providing training or assistance to a user in accessing an information products:

Basically, Social media can be used to organize user education programs and library

orientation programs to enable users to locate, access and utilize library resources. Social

media platforms such as Facebook, Twitter, Flickr, YouTube, Wiki, etc. are used for

promoting library resources and services.

Furthermore, social media also enhance speedy collection of feedbacks from library patrons.

Lamanauskas et al (2013) stated that the primary function of social media include

communication, learning and exchanging information among users. Social media also operate

in dialogic transmission where there various sources to numerous information users. Social

media allows librarians create users profiles, through connection with various sites (Pempek,

Yermolayeva, & Calvert, 2008). Apparently, Social media promote repackaging of

information services through library advocacy that increase reliability of libraries and

enhances the building of brand loyalty of lasting relationships with internal and external

library users. Tamang, Hubilla, Ratnayake & Mahesar (2010) stated that Social media is a

process of relationship building among users with a common interest. The use of Social media

for information repackaging save the time of library staff hours by providing quick updates to

users and forum for quick and speedy feedback from library patrons. Similarly, social media

enable librarians provide current resources to large audience. Street (2013) asserts that the

major benefit of social media is the delivery of online content as cost effective and time-

effectiveness of the marketing mix. Villoldo (2012) also states that social media platforms is

cost effective because it attracts low cost. Hence, libraries use social media platforms such as

Facebook, blogs, twitter promote resources, products and services with minimal cost.

However, librarians would an account for library internal and external users to follow the

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library. This will also motivate friends and fans to join the library to increase library users.

According to Rogers (2012), social media is information content created by people using

highly accessible and scalable publishing technologies. Thus, social media tools can also be

used for communication, collecting data through user surveys, marketing, repackaging and

dissemination of resources and services.

Significantly, social media has become the catalyst for projecting repackaging of

information resources and services to users. As librarians are yearning to remain relevant in a

digital society, social media can be used as the tool to entice and retain library users through

repackaging of current and relevant resources speedily.

2.2.6 Challenges of Social Media for Information Repackaging

Despite the use and benefits of social media for information repackaging in libraries;

it is hampered by various factors such as poor funding, high cost of IT equipment, high rate

of foreign exchange, poor telecommunication infrastructures (Fatoki, 2004). Ezeani & Igwesi

(2012) found that apathy, lack of awareness and phobia, insufficient bandwidth and obsolete

Internet facilities militate against the use of social media in most libraries for information

repackaging. Issa, Olarongbe & Akangbe (2013) also identified reluctance in accepting

changes; access-related problems; high cost of digitizing; free versus fee issue; inadequate

expertise; high cost of ICT facilities and bandwidth; lack of ICT skills of library staff and

users; inadequate finance; frequent technological obsolescence; and lack of maintenance

culture as challenges affecting information repackaging Similarly, lack of protection policy

for digital intellectual properties, deterioration of collections also affect information

repackaging (Water, 2005 and Anasi, 2010). Although, social media platform have positive

effect on information repackaging but most library users are not aware of current resources

due to poor level of computer literacy among Nigerian university students, low level of

awareness of internet facilities, poor and inadequate telecommunication facilities, ignorance

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of policy makers on the power of information technology for economic and industrial

development (Alasa & Kelechukwu, 2008). There are numerous information in the oral

tradition that are not available in schools and libraries. Even when such information resources

are available in libraries, the language and reading culture of users make them inaccessible to

users. (Dike & Amucheazi, 2013).

Furthermore, erratic power supply affect utilization of technological tools for

information repackaging. Akinwale & Iwayemi (2010) and Haliso & Ogungbemi (2014)

found that irregular electric power supply is major problem that confronts libraries in the use

of social media for information repackaging. Despites, the presence of Mobile

Communication Networks (MTN, GLO, and AIRTEL) among others, there is still

Network failures which disrupt the transfer of information using ICTs. Although, the

development of effective information technology hinges on efficient power

transmission and telecommunication facilities, these facilities are irregular in Nigeria.

Similarly, Akinola, Shorunke, Ajayi, Odefadehan & Ibikunle (2018) identified

inadequate infrastructure for accessing social media platforms, slow internet

connectivity, incessant power supply and lack of access to full text or citation as

challenges affecting information repackaging. Edem & Egbe (2016) found that lack of

computer skills, slow network, inconsistent internet connectivity, power outage affect

the use of social media for information repackaging. Furthermore, most information

resources are remotely located under ownership of the publishers and vendors which

are subject to terms and conditions of agreement and licensing policy which affect

information repackaging. Archiving information resources also require maintenance

and licensing charges for back issues which affect information repackaging. Similarly,

information explosion has made the task of collection, organization and retrieval very

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difficult for information repackaging (Rao & Chaoudhury, 2009). Aguolu & Aguolu

(2012) found that power failure, machine breakdown, lack and high cost of spare parts

technicians hindered the performance of modern gadgets of information storage and

transfer for information repackaging. Bashorun (2011) found that lack of awareness,

power outage; ineffective communication channels, slow network and inadequate

searching skills were challenges that affect the use of social media for information

repackaging. Ogunsola, et al., (2011) and Ojo & Akande (2005) found that lack of

qualified ICT librarians, poor communication systems and poor funding are factors militating

against the use of social media for information repackaging. Popoola (2003) observed

that most libraries have poor maintenance culture of infrastructural facilities such as

telephones, electricity, water supply, laboratory equipment, for information repackaging.

Olatokun, (2008) found that administrative problems of motivation and staff welfare to

improved job performance by providing good conditions to facilitate effective use of social

media for information repackaging.

Additionally, George (2012) identified information overload of social media for

information repackaging. Keen (2007) found that the content quality of social media

affect information repackaging. Ngonidzashe (2013) also found that the major challenges

of social networking platforms are loss of control received from unsolicited negative

comments, time commitment, information overload and anyone can create an “official”

account for the library because social networking sites do not perform background checks on

individuals wanting to create an account with university name. Singh (2011) enumerates the

challenges facing IR to include: copyright; privacy/confidentiality, online/virtual crimes and

security, technology challenges, manpower, collection of digital e-resources, organizational

structure, preservation/archiving of digital resources and lack of clarity in vision. Rumsey

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(2006) claims that most scholarly literatures in IR are not available in full-text, video and

images produced in academic institution. These resources are not often peer-reviewed articles

(Bamigbola, 2014). Furthermore, Boama & Tackie (2015) found that materials in Information

Repackaging become obsolete very fast, which can lead to loss of important resources and if

this loss is not checked, it can create gaps in future library collections. Similarly,

Arunachalam (2007); Salawu (2010); Christian (2009); Dolgin (2009) highlighted the

challenges of information repackaging to include lack of access, lack of visibility and

awareness, infrastructure, policies, funding, advocacy and local content, fear of copyrights

infringement and fear of plagiarism. In a related study, Russell & Day (2010) found that lack

of consultation can lead to low usage of information repackaging content.

The above-mentioned challenges indicate that for effective information repackaging,

there is need to transform traditional libraries to meet the information-seeking behaviours of

library users and university community. Although, the emergence of social media implies that

users do not have to go to library building for information but still need assistance in locating

relevant and current information resources.

2.3 Appraisal of Reviewed Literature

Empirical studies have been conducted on the awareness and utilization of social

media for Information Repackaging in university libraries in Edo State, Nigeria. Most of

these studies concentrated on the awareness, types, utilization, benefits as well as challenges

affecting use of social media for Information Repackaging.

In a related study, Tofi, (2019) studied awareness and use of social media platforms for

information dissemination by librarians in Schools of Nursing and Midwifery, Makurdi,

Benue State, Nigeria. Descriptive survey research design was adopted and a structured

questionnaire was used to collect data. The entire population of 8 library staff comprising 4

professional librarians in school of Nursing and 4 librarians in school of Midwifery library

19
was used for the study. Data was analyzed using frequency counts and mean scores. Results

revealed that librarians in Benue State Schools of Nursing and Midwifery, Makurdi were

aware of social media platforms namely: Facebook, WhatsApp, Twitter, YouTube, Instagram

and Blogs for information dissemination. Findings also revealed that Facebook and

WhatsApp were the type of social media platforms mostly utilized by librarians, there was

low use of Twitter, YouTube, Instagram, Blogs as well as P-interest for information

dissemination by librarians in Schools of Nursing and Midwifery, Makurdi. Findings further

revealed lack of social media skills, poor support from ministry of health and school

management, lack of internet access, unreliable power supply, and inadequate training

opportunities for librarians in Schools of Nursing and Midwifery, Makurdi, Benue State,

Nigeria. It was recommended among others that librarians should be educated and trained on

how to effectively use social media platforms for information dissemination, Internet

facilities should be made readily available and funds should be provided to facilitate the use

of social media platforms for information dissemination by librarians in Schools of Nursing

and Midwifery, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria.

The reviewed study is relevant to the present study with similar objectives of awareness,

types and use of social media platforms for information dissemination, in the use of survey

research design, use of questionnaire for data collection and the use of frequencies, Mean and

Standard Deviation for data analysis. However, there were gaps in the following areas which

the present study intends to fill, they are: while the reviewed study focused on use of social

media platforms for information dissemination by librarians in Schools of Nursing and

Midwifery, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria; the present study focused on effects of awareness

and utilization of Social Media for Information Repackaging in University Libraries in Edo

State, Nigeria. The reviewed study revealed that librarians were aware of social media

platforms namely: Facebook, WhatsApp, Twitter, YouTube, Instagram and Blogs for

20
information dissemination. Findings also revealed that Facebook and WhatsApp were the

type of social media platforms mostly utilized by librarians. There was low use of Twitter,

YouTube, Instagram, Blogs as well as P-interest for information dissemination by librarians

in Schools of Nursing and Midwifery, Makurdi. However, nothing was said or done on

information repackaging. These have also created knowledge gaps which the present study

intends to fill.

In a similar study, Eiriemiokhale & Oladele (2017) studied the awareness, availability

and accessibility of library resources by students of Kwara State University, Malete, Nigeria.

Descriptive survey research design was adopted and a structured questionnaire was used to

collect data. A total of two hundred (200) undergraduate were sampled using purposive

sampling technique. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, Mean and Standard

Deviation and Pearson Correlation Coefficient. Results revealed a correlation between

awareness and accessibility, students do not use awareness creation provided by the library. It

was recommended among others that to improve on the awareness, availability and

accessibility of library resources, the library should create time for orientation and explain the

usefulness of resources to encourage interest and develop positive attitude towards the use of

library.

The reviewed study is relevant to the present study with similar objectives in

awareness, availability and accessibility of library resources, in the use of survey research

design, use of purposive sampling technique; use of questionnaire for data collection; use of

descriptive statistics and Mean and Standard Deviation for data analysis. However, there

were gaps in the following areas which the present study intends to fill, they are: while the

reviewed study focused on awareness, availability and accessibility of library resources by

students of Kwara State University, Malete, Nigeria, the present study is on awareness and

utilization of Social Media for Information Repackaging in University Libraries in Edo State,

21
Nigeria. Though, findings revealed correlation between awareness and accessibility, students

do not use awareness creation provided by the library. Nothing was said or done on the

awareness of information repackaging. These have also created knowledge gaps which the

present study intends to fill.

In a related study, Bakare & Yila (2018) studied the use of social media platforms for

promoting library services and profitable librarianship in National Open University of

Nigeria (NOUN) in Kogi State, Nigeria. The study adopted descriptive survey research

method and a structured questionnaire was used to collect data. A total of two hundred (200)

students were sampled from three (3) NOUN centers in Kogi State. Data was analyzed using

frequencies and means method. Result revealed that blogs and whatsApp are the widely used

social media platforms for promoting library services, the use of social media platforms

facilitates two-way communication, ease communication with library users, provides a forum

for feedback, increases library users and financially profit librarians through traffic generated

as users visit their blog pages. It was recommended that adequate computers and Internet

services, free Internet WiFi and ICT policy should be provided for the centers.

The reviewed study is relevant to the present study with similar objectives in use of

social media platforms to promote library services, in the use of survey research design, use

of questionnaire for data collection and use of frequencies, Mean and Standard Deviation for

data analysis. However, there were gaps in the following areas which the present study

intends to fill, they are: while the reviewed study focused on use of social media platforms to

promote library services and profitable librarianship in National Open University of Nigeria

(NOUN) in Kogi State, Nigeria; the present study focused on awareness and utilization of

Social Media for Information Repackaging in University Libraries in Edo State, Nigeria. The

reviewed study revealed that blogs and WhatsApp were used social media platforms for

promoting library services, the use of social media platforms facilitate two-way

22
communication, easy communication with library users, provides a forum for feedback,

increases library users and financially profit librarians through traffic generated as users visit

their blog pages. However, nothing was said or done on the use of social media platforms for

Information repackaging. These have also created knowledge gaps which the present study

intends to fill.

In a similar study Stephen (2019) studied effective use of Whatsapp messenger among

library and information science professionals in North East Region, India. The study adopted

online survey through Google form a structured questionnaire was used to collect data. A

total of two hundred and three (203) library and information science professional staff were

sampled. Data was analyzed using simple percentages and frequencies. Result revealed that

majority of LIS professionals are engaged in WhatsApp, it has created a positive impact on

the mind of LIS professionals who are using WhatsApp in the libraries. Library and

Information Science professionals have adopted this technology to share/communicate

information; it is adopted by LIS professionals due to its user-friendly platforms. In this

present age of information, the use of internet based tool is increasing rapidly. The future of

the internet depends on social media platforms and mobile technologies.

The reviewed study is relevant to the present study with similar objectives in

effective use of Whatsapp messenger, in the use of questionnaire for data collection and

simple percentages and frequencies for data analysis. However, there were gaps in the

following areas which the present study intends to fill, they are: while the reviewed study

focused on effective use of Whatsapp messenger among library and information science

professionals in North East Region, India; the present study focused on awareness and

utilization of Social Media for Information Repackaging in University Libraries in Edo State,

Nigeria. The reviewed study used online survey through Google while, the present study used

survey research design. The reviewed study revealed that majority of Library and Information

23
Science professionals are engaged in WhatsApp, it has created a positive impact on the mind

of LIS professionals who are using WhatsApp in the libraries. LIS professionals have adopted

this technology to share/communicate information; it is adopted by LIS professionals due to

its user-friendly platforms. However, nothing was said or done on the benefits and

challenges of social media platforms for Information repackaging. These have also created

knowledge gaps which the present study intends to fill.

Similarly, Owusu-Acheaw & Larson (2015) studied students’ use of social media and its

effect on academic performance of tertiary institutions students in Ghana with a focus on

Koforidua Polytechnic students. The study adopted survey research design using stratified

random sampling technique to sample a total of One Thousand and Five Hundred and eight

(1508) students. Questionnaire was used as data collection instrument and results were

analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) and tables with corresponding

frequencies and percentage. The study revealed that majority of respondents had mobile

phones with Internet facility and knowledge of the existence of many media sites. The study

further confirmed that most respondents visit their social media sites using their phones and

spend between thirty minutes to three hours per day. In addition, the study revealed that the

use of social media sites had affected academic performance of the respondents negatively

and that there was direct relationship between the use of social media sites and academic

performance

The reviewed study is relevant to the present study with similar objectives on the

effect of social media usage on academic performance of students, in the use of survey

research design as well as questionnaire for data collection. However, there were gaps in the

following areas which the present study intends to fill, they are: the reviewed study employed

stratified random sampling technique while the present study adopts simple random sampling

technique. The area of study also differs as the reviewed study focuses students’ use of social

24
media and its effect on academic performance of tertiary institutions students in Ghana,

while; the present is on awareness and utilization of Social Media for Information

Repackaging in University Libraries in Edo State, Nigeria. The reviewed study revealed that

majority of the respondents had mobile phones with Internet facility and had knowledge of

the existence of many media sites. The study further confirmed that most of the respondents

visit their social media sites using their phones and spend between thirty minutes to three

hours per day. However, nothing was said or done on the types and benefits of social media

platforms for Information repackaging. These have also created knowledge gaps which the

present study intends to fill.

In a related study, Youssef & Alobaidy (2016) studied the impact of social

networking sites on student academic performance: the Case of University of Bahrain.

Survey research method was adopted and a structured questionnaire was used to collect data.

A total of six hundred twenty eight (628) students were sampled. Data was analyzed using

Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The result revealed that SNS have positive

and negative impacts on student academic performance.

The reviewed study is relevant to the present study with similar objectives in the use

of social media and academic performance of students, in the use of survey research design as

well as questionnaire for data collection. However, there were gaps in the following areas

which the present study intends to fill, they are: the reviewed study employed stratified

random sampling technique while the present study adopts simple random sampling

technique. The reviewed study use Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) analysis of

data while the present study adopts simple percentage and frequencies. The area of study also

differs as the reviewed study focuses on impact of social networking sites on student

academic performance: the Case of University of Bahrain. While; the present is on awareness

and utilization of Social Media for Information Repackaging in University Libraries in Edo

25
State, Nigeria. The reviewed study revealed that SNS have positive and negative impacts on

student academic performance. However, nothing was said or done on the types and benefits

of social media platforms for Information repackaging. These have also created knowledge

gaps which the present study intends to fill.

In a similar study, Irshad (2012) evaluated Social Media trends among University

Students in Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Pakistan. Survey research method was adopted

and a structured questionnaire was used to collect data. A total of six hundred (600) students

were sampled using convenient sampling technique. Data was analyzed using MS-Excel

Program. The result revealed that students used Facebook for exchanging academic activities

and developing social networks throughout the world. Social media was also used for sharing

learning experiences with colleagues and international community. Social media was used to

promote collaboration and linkage in developing Virtual Community across the world. The

problems of social media included bandwidth of internet and electricity break down/ load

shedding.

The reviewed study is relevant to the present study with similar objectives in the use of

social media and problems of social media, in the use of survey research design as well as

questionnaire for data collection. However, there were gaps in the following areas which the

present study intends to fill, they are: the reviewed study employed convenient sampling

technique while the present study adopts simple random sampling technique. The reviewed

study use MS-Excel Program for analysis of data while the present study adopts simple

percentage and frequencies. The area of study also differs as the reviewed study evaluated the

Social Media trends among University Students in Islamia University of Bahawalpur,

Pakistan, while; the present study focuses on awareness and utilization of Social Media for

Information Repackaging in University Libraries in Edo State, Nigeria. The reviewed study

revealed that students used Facebook for exchanging academic activities and developing

26
social networks throughout the world. Social media was also used for sharing learning

experiences with colleagues and international community. Social media was used to promote

collaboration and linkage in developing Virtual Community across the world. The problems

of social media included bandwidth of internet and electricity break down/ load shedding.

However, nothing was said or done on types and benefits of social media platforms for

Information repackaging. These have also created knowledge gaps which the present study

intends to fill.

In a related study Omekwu, Eke & Odoh studied the use of social networking sites

among undergraduate students of University of Nigeria, Nsukka. Survey research method

was adopted and a structured questionnaire was used to collect data. A total of one hundred

and fifty (150) undergraduate students were sampled using convenient sampling technique.

Data was analyzed using descriptive and mean statistics. The result revealed that students

were using social networking sites in interaction with friends, connecting to their classmates

for online study, for discussing serious national issues and watching movies etc. There are

benefits and dangers associated with social networking. It was recommended among others

that university authorities should organize seminars to enlighten students on the negative

aspects of social networking sites.

The reviewed study is relevant to the present study with similar objectives in the use and

types of social media sites, in the use of survey research design as well as questionnaire for

data collection; in the use of descriptive statistics and mean statistics to analyze data.

However, there were gaps in the following areas which the present study intends to fill, they

are: the reviewed study focused on Use of Social Networking Sites among Undergraduate

Students of University of Nigeria, Nsukka, while; the present study is on awareness and

utilization of Social Media for Information Repackaging in University Libraries in Edo State,

Nigeria. The reviewed study revealed that student were using the social networking sites in

27
interaction with friends, connecting to their classmates for online study, for discussing serious

national issues and watching movies etc. There were benefits and dangers of using social

networking sites. However, nothing was said or done on the benefits of social media

platforms for Information repackaging. These have also created knowledge gaps which the

present study intends to fill.

In a similar study, Kanelechi, Nwangwa, Yonlonfoun & Omotere (2014) studied under-

graduates use of Social Media: assessing Influence on research skills in six universities

randomly selected from six geo-political zones in Nigeria. Survey research method was

adopted and a structured questionnaire was used to collect data. A total of six hundred (600)

students were sampled using purposive sampling technique. Data was analyzed using

descriptive analysis of frequencies and Chi-square (X 2) was used to test null hypothesis in the

study. The result revealed that undergraduates frequently copy from Wikipedia as their major

source of information; use Facebook to generate ideas from colleagues about research and

use Word-press or Blogger to develop creative writing skills. However, students’ reliance on

these social media tools has resulted in dwindling research skills to produce quality research

works. Recommendations were made on how to improve students’ research skills.

The reviewed study is relevant to the present study with similar objectives in the use and

influence of social media, in the use of survey research design as well as questionnaire for

data collection; However, there were gaps in the following areas which the present study

intends to fill, they are: the reviewed study focused on undergraduates and use of Social

Media: Assessing Influence on Research Skills in six universities randomly selected from six

geo-political zones in Nigeria, while; the present study focused on awareness and utilization

of Social Media for Information Repackaging in University Libraries in Edo State, Nigeria.

The reviewed study employed purposive sampling technique while; the present study used

simple random sampling technique. The reviewed study use Chi-square (X 2) to test null

28
hypothesis, while the present study did not formulate hypothesis. The reviewed study

revealed that undergraduates frequently copy from Wikipedia as their major source of

information; Facebook to generate ideas from colleagues about research focus; and use of

Word-press or Blogger to develop their creative writing skills. However, students’ reliance on

these social media tools alone has resulted in dwindling research skills to produce quality

research works. However, nothing was said or done on the awareness and benefits of social

media platforms for Information repackaging. These have also created knowledge gaps which

the present study intends to fill.

In a related study, Kamraninia & Abrizah (2010) studied librarians' role as change

agents for institutional repositories: A case of Malaysian academic libraries. Quantitative

research design was adopted, web based survey method was used to collect data. A total of

twenty one (21) librarians from (8) universities in Malaysia were sampled for the study. Data

collected was analyzed using simple descriptive statistics of frequencies and percentages.

Results revealed that the act of collecting materials for depositing is mainly done by

librarians rather than the authors and researchers. Providing training sessions, holding

meetings in departments and faculties, and also linking of the institutional repository website

from the university and faculties' website have the highest rank in librarians' approach to

promote the institutional repository.

The reviewed study is relevant to the present study with similar objectives in the

deployment and content recruitment of institutional repositories and use of descriptive

statistics of frequencies and percentages for data analysis. However, there were gaps in the

following areas which the present study intends to fill, they are: while the reviewed study

employed Quantitative research design, the present study used survey research design. The

reviewed study used web based survey method to collect data, the present study used

questionnaire for data collection. The reviewed study focused on librarians' role as change

29
agents for institutional repositories: A case of Malaysian academic libraries, while; the

present study focuses on awareness and utilization of Social Media for Information

Repackaging in University Libraries in Edo State, Nigeria. Though, findings in the reviewed

study revealed that the act of collecting materials for depositing is mainly done by librarians

rather than the authors and researchers. Providing training sessions, holding meetings in

departments and faculties, and also linking of the institutional repository website from the

university and faculties' website have the highest rank in librarians' approach to promote the

institutional repository. However, nothing was said or done on the awareness and benefits of

social media platforms for Information repackaging. These have also created knowledge gaps

which the present study intends to fill.

In a related study, Iwhiwhu, Enemute Basil (2008) studied Information Repackaging and

Library Services: A Challenge to Information Professionals in two academic libraries and

three research institutes in Ibadan, Oyo state, Nigeria. Survey research method was adopted

and a structured questionnaire was used to collect data. A total of forty (40) professional

librarians were selected. Data collected was analyzed using simple descriptive statistics of

frequencies and percentages Result revealed that libraries used repackage information for

translation, literacy, scientific/technical information, economic information, selective

dissemination of information, etc., repackaging a is new development that should be

encouraged to enhance research services tailored to the category of users, meeting

agricultural information needs, social and economic information needs. It was recommended

among others that Information Repackaging is a way of improving library services in this era

of electronic information. Therefore, librarians must give critical thought to Information

Repackaging in implementing routine library services to users because the long-term benefits

outweigh the disadvantage of not providing it.

30
 The reviewed study is relevant to the present study with similar objectives in use of

Information Repackaging for Library Services, in the use of questionnaire for data collection

and simple percentages and frequencies for data analysis. However, there were gaps in the

following areas which the present study intends to fill, they are: while the reviewed study

focused on Information Repackaging and Library Services: A Challenge to Information

Professionals in two academic libraries and three research institutes in Ibadan, Oyo state,

Nigeria; the present study focuses on awareness and utilization of Social Media for

Information Repackaging in University Libraries in Edo State, Nigeria. Though, findings in

the reviewed study revealed that the libraries used repackage information for translation,

literacy, scientific/technical information, economic information, selective dissemination of

information, etc. repackaging is a new development that should be encouraged to enhance

research services tailored to the category of users, meeting agricultural information needs,

social and economic information needs. It was recommended among others that Information

Repackaging is a way of improving library services in this era of electronic information.

Therefore, librarians must give critical thought to Information Repackaging in implementing

routine library services to users because the long-term benefits outweigh the disadvantage of

not providing it. However, nothing was said or done on the types and challenges of social

media platforms for Information repackaging. These have also created knowledge gaps which

the present study intends to fill.

In a related study, Radhakrishnan & Francis (2018) studied Information Repackaging

Services and Products: Special Reference to Naval Physical and Oceanographic Laboratory

(NPOL), India. Quantitative research design was adopted. A structured interview schedule

was used to collect data. A total of two hundred and thirty four (234) scientists were sampled

using random sampling technique. Data collected was analyzed using simple descriptive

statistics of frequencies and percentages, bar charts and graphs. Results revealed that

31
Information Repackaging products such as collecting, analyzing, restructuring, reformatting,

organizing and consolidating information from various sources was used to meet the needs of

laboratory and information seekers. Findings also revealed features and various types of

Information Repackaging (IR) for development and dissemination as a reference model for

introducing and refining Information Repackaging (IR) services in research institutions.

The reviewed study is relevant to the present study with similar objectives in the

features types of Information Repackaging (IR), use of random sampling technique and

descriptive statistics of frequencies and percentages for data analysis. However, there were

gaps in the following areas which the present study intends to fill, they are: while the

reviewed study employed Quantitative research design, the present study used survey

research design. The reviewed study used structured interview schedule to collect data, the

present study used questionnaire for data collection. The reviewed study focused on

Information Repackaging Services and Products: Special Reference to Naval Physical and

Oceanographic Laboratory (NPOL), India; while, the present study focuses on awareness and

utilization of Social Media for Information Repackaging in University Libraries in Edo State,

Nigeria. Though, findings in the reviewed study revealed that Information Repackaging

products such as collecting, analyzing, restructuring, reformatting, organizing and

consolidating information from various sources was used to meet the needs of laboratory and

information seekers. Findings also revealed features and various types of Information

Repackaging (IR) for development and dissemination as a reference model for introducing

and refining Information Repackaging (IR) services in research institutions. However,

nothing was said or done on the awareness and benefits of social media platforms for

Information repackaging. These have also created knowledge gaps which the present study

intends to fill.

32
2.4 Summary of the literature review

A number of literatures relating to this study were reviewed under the following:

Theoretical framework considered Nonaka-Takauchi knowledge creation and conversion

theory as a modification of Ikujiro & Nonaka (1991) Socialization-Externalization-

Combination-Internalization (SECI) process. This implies that as knowledge is socialized

and shared as it passes through four different modes of knowledge conversion. This is

depicted in diagram of Nonaka-Takeuchi's model of knowledge creation and conversion that

is based on interaction between two main types of knowledge namely explicit and tacit

knowledge. Explicit knowledge refers to knowledge that is transferred to others which can be

codified, accessed and verbalized. These can be found in prints and non-print resources such

as books, articles, documents, memos and databases. The use of Information Communication

Technologies (ICTs) such as social media can also facilitate the sharing of explicit

knowledge. Tacit knowledge is the opposite of explicit knowledge. Tacit knowledge is

difficult to codify, accessed and verbalized because it is based on experiences which includes

values, skills and capabilities to speak and write in a particular language. Nonaka-Takeuchi's

theory also contain two dimensions of knowledge creation namely epistemological and

ontological. The epistemological dimensions relates to tacit knowledge (experiences) while

ontological dimensions emphasizes transfer of knowledge from individuals to groups in

organizations. Thus, knowledge is created through the interaction between tacit and explicit

knowledge to bring about the four ways of how knowledge can be combined and transferred

or shared in organizations. Nonaka &Takeuchi's model of knowledge creation and conversion

theory is relevant to this study as it relates to the utilization of social media for information

repacking because it explains the processes of knowledge creation and conversion that occur

in university libraries. Librarians are involved in teaching, learning and research skills and

competencies of information users. This theory will assist librarians to use this model for

33
information repackaging, which requires critical thinking for combining information from

various sources, considering the accuracy, completeness and consistency of information

resources. It will also assist librarians in decision making in the use of social media

platforms to repackage library resources. This theory will also enhance librarians’ level of

awareness of knowledge creation and conversion through information sharing using social

media platforms. Furthermore, librarians will be abreast with appropriate measures that

would improve information repackaging. Besides, librarians would also collaborate with

other experts through networking and advocacy campaigns to disseminate information on the

creation and conversion of information resources through social media platforms in

university libraries in Edo State, Nigeria.

Concepts of variables were also discussed. The review presented a general overview

of Social media for Information Repackaging (IR) where the types in various formats were

highlighted. Literatures on the following concepts were also reviewed: concepts awareness;

use benefits and challenges that affect the use for Social media for Information Repackaging

(IR) by librarians. The concepts generally implied that Social media for Information

Repackaging (IR) is a term that encompasses interactive technologies which include

Facebook, WhatsApp, Instagram, Telegram etc. Micro Blogging/Micro Blogs such as twitter,

webchat etc. Photo/video sharing sites such as snap-chat, flickr, tiktok etc. It involves the use

of information communication technology as the medium to explore knowledge of

repackaging information. This implies that Social Media is a modern interactive

communication channels through which people connect to one another, share ideas,

experiences, pictures, messages and information of common interest. Social Media is used by

librarians on a regular basis for information service delivery such as repackaging for

transforming users from content readers into publishers of relevant resources.

34
 Empirical studies presented the contributions of other researchers who carried out

related studies on utilization of Social media for Information Repackaging (IR) within and

outside Nigeria such as: Information Repackaging and Library Services: A Challenge to

Information Professionals in two academic libraries and three research institutes in Ibadan,

Oyo state, Nigeria, Information Repackaging Services and Products: Special Reference to

Naval Physical and Oceanographic Laboratory (NPOL), India; use of social media platforms

for promoting library services and profitable librarianship in National Open University of

Nigeria(NOUN) in Kogi State, Nigeria; awareness, availability and accessibility of library

resources by students of Kwara State University, Malete, Nigeria; awareness and use of

social media platforms for information dissemination by librarians in Schools of Nursing and

Midwifery, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria.

35