N.

Tran

Medical Terminology
Chapter 1
arthr joint
hepat liver
ven vein
oste bone
intra- within
sub- under
-itis inflammation
-ic pertaining to
-ous pertaining to
-pathy disease
-megaly enlargement
Chapter 2
aden/o gland melan/o black
cyt/o cell xanth/o yellow
epitheli/o epithelium dia- through, complete
fibr/o fiber dys- painful, abnormal, difficult
hist/o tissue hyper- above, excessive
kary/o nucleus meta- after, beyond, change
lip/o fat neo- new
my/o muscle pro- before
neur/o nerve -al
organ/o organ -ic pertaining to
sarc/o flesh, connective tissue -ous
system/o system -cyte cell
viscer/o -gen substance/agent that
internal organs
produces/causes
cancer/o cancer -genic producing, originating, causing
carcin/o -logist one who studies/treats
eti/o cause of disease -logy study of
gno/o knowledge -oid resembling
iatr/o physician, medicine, treatment -oma tumor, swelling
lei/o smooth -osis abnormal condition, increase (blood
cell)
onc/o tumor, mass -pathy disease
path/o disease -plasia condition of formation,
development, growth
rhabd/o rod-shaped, striated -plasm growth, substance, formation
somat/o body -sarcoma malignant tumor
chrom/o color -sis state of
chlor/o green -stasis control, stop, standing
cyan/o blue
erythr/o red
leuk/o white
 N.Tran

benign non-malignant, non-recurrent, favorable

carcinoma in situ early stage cancer before invading surrounding tissue
chemotherapy (chemo) treatment of cancer with drugs
encapsulated enclosed in a capsule (ex: benign tumor)
exacerbation increase in severity or symptoms of a disease
idiopathic pertaining to disease of unknown origin
inflammation response to tissue injury/destruction: redness, swelling, heat, pain
in vitro within a glass, observable within a test tube
in vivo within the living body
malignant tending to become progressively worse and cause death
radiation therapy (XRT) treatment of cancer with radioactivity
remission improvement or absence of signs of disease
Chapter 3
anter/o front super/o above
caud/o tail, downward ventr/o belly, front
cephal/o head, upward bi- two
dist/o away from point of attachment uni- one
dors/o back -ad toward
infer/o below -ior pertaining to
later/o side RUQ right upper quadrant
medi/o middle LUQ left upper quadrant
poster/o back, behind RLQ right lower quadrant
proxim/o near the point of attachment LLQ left lower quadrant

frontal, coronal vertical plane that divides body into anterior and posterior portions
midsagittal vertical plane that divides body into equal right and left portions
parasagittal vertical plane that divides body into unequal right and left portions
sagittal vertical plane that divides body into left and right portions
transverse horizontal plane that divides body into superior and inferior portions
Fowler position semi-sitting with slight knee elevation
lithotomy position lying on back with legs raised and feet in stirrups
orthopnea position sitting upright with pillows supporting head and chest
prone position lying on abdomen facing downward
recumbent position lying down in any position
Sims position lying on left side with right knee drawn up and left arm behind and parallel
to back
supine position lying on back facing upward
Trendelenburg position lying on back so head is lower than feet
umbilical region around the navel
lumbar regions to the right and left of navel near waist
epigastric region superior to navel above the stomach
hypochondriac regions to the right and left of epigastric region
hypogastric region inferior to navel
iliac/inguinal regions to the right and left of hypogastric region near groin
 N.Tran

Chapter 4
cutane/o strept/o twisted chains
derm/o skin xer/o dry
dermat/o epi- on, upon, over
hidr/o sweat intra- within
kerat/o horny tissue, hard para- beside, beyond, around, abnormal
onych/o per- through
nail
ungu/o sub- under, below
seb/o sebum, oil trans- through, across, beyond
trich/o hair -a no meaning (noun ending)
aut/o self -coccus berry-shaped
bi/o life -ectomy excision, surgical removal
coni/o -ia diseased/abnormal state, condition
dust
of
crypt/o hidden -itis inflammation
heter/o other -malacia softening
myc/o fungus -opsy view of, viewing
necr/o death -phagia eating, swallowing
pachy/o thick -plasty surgical repair
rhytid/o wrinkles -rrhea flow, discharge
staphyl/o grape-like clusters -tome instrument used to cut

abrasion scraping of skin by mechanical injury

abscess localized collection of pus
acne inflammatory skin disease involving sebaceous glands and hair follicles
actinic keratosis precancerous skin condition of horny tissue from excess sunlight exposure
albinism congenital hereditary condition characterized by lack of pigmentation
basal cell carcinoma epithelial tumor arising from epidermis due to sun exposure, rarely
(BCC) metastasizes
candidasis/thrush fungus infection of mouth, skin, or vagina caused by Candida albicans
carbuncle skin infection composed of clusters of boils caused by staphylococcal
bacteria
cellulitis inflammation of skin and subcutaneous tissue caused by infection
contusion injury with no break in the skin characterized by pain, swelling, and
discoloration
eczema noninfectious inflammatory skin disease characterized by redness, scabs,
itching
fissure slit or crack-like sore in the skin
furuncle, boil painful skin node caused by staphylococcal bacteria in a hair follicle
gangrene death of tissue caused by loss of blood supply and bacterial invasion
herpes inflammatory skin disease of small, clustered blisters caused by herpes virus
impetigo superficial skin infection caused by staphylo-, streptococci characterized by
pustules
infection invasion of pathogens in tissues
Kaposi sarcoma cancer that starts as purple-brown papules on lower body and spreads to
lymph nodes and internal organs, seen with AIDS
 N.Tran

laceration torn, ragged-edge wound

lesion any visible change in tissue resulting from injury or disease
MRSA infection infection with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
pediculosis invasion into skin and hair by lice
psoriasis chronic skin condition producing red lesions with silvery scales

rosacea chronic skin disorder that produces erythema, pustules, broken blood vessels
scabies skin infection caused by the itch mite characterized by papule eruptions
scleroderma skin disease characterized by chronic hardening of connective tissue of skin
squamous cell carcinoma malignant growth that develops from scale-like epithelial tissue, often
(SqCCA) metastasizes
systemic lupus chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease involving skin, joints, kidneys,
erythemetous (SLE) and nervous system characterized by periods of remission and exacerbation
tinea, ringworm, fungal infection of skin, hair, and nails
athlete’s foot
urticaria itching skin eruption composed of wheals caused by allergies, disease, and
genetics
vitiligo autoimmune disease of white patches of skin caused by destruction of
melanocytes
cauterization destruction of tissue with heat, cold, electricity, or caustic chemicals
cryosurgery destruction of tissue by extreme cold, often liquid nitrogen
debridement removal of contaminated or dead tissue and foreign matter from wounds
dermabrasion procedure to remove skin scars with abrasive material
excision removal by cutting
incision surgical cut or wound
incision and drainage surgical cut to allow free flow or withdrawal of fluids
(I&D)
laser surgery procedure using a high-powered light beam to cut, burn, vaporize, or
destroy tissue
Mohs surgery technique of microscopically-controlled excision of skin cancers
suturing to stitch together edges of a wound
alopecia loss of hair
cicatrix scar
cyst closed sac containing fluid or semisolid material
cytomegalovirus (CMV) herpes-type virus that usually causes disease when immune system is
compromised
diaphoresis profuse sweating
ecchymosis escape of blood into the skin causing a small, flat blue-purple discoloration
edema puffy swelling of tissue from accumulation of fluid
erythema redness
induration abnormal hard spot(s)
jaundice, xanthoderma yellowing of the skin
keloid white spots or patches on mucous membranes, possibly precancerous
macule flat, colored spot on the skin
 N.Tran

nevus, mole, birthmark circumscribed malformation of the skin colored brown, black, or flesh-
colored
nodule small, knotlike mass on the skin
pallor paleness
papule small, solid skin elevation
petechia pinpoint skin hemorrhage
pressure ulcer, bed sore erosion of the skin from prolonged pressure, often seen in bedridden
patients
pruritis severe itching
purpura small purple-red hemorrhages in the skin associated with blood disorders
pustule elevation of skin containing pus
ulcer erosion of skin or mucous membrane
verruca, wart circumscribed cutaneous elevation caused by a virus
vesicle small elevation of skin containing pus
wheal round, itchy skin elevation

Chapter 5: Respiratory System

adenoid/o adenoids atel/o imperfect, incomplete
alveoli/o alveolus capn/o carbon dioxide
bronchi/o hem/o
bronchus blood
bronch/o hemat/o
diaphragmat/o muc/o mucus
diaphragm
phren/o orth/o straight
epiglott/o epiglottis ox/i
oxygen
laryng/o larynx ox/o
lob/o lobe phon/o sound, voice
nas/o py/o pus
nose
rhin/o somn/o sleep
pharyng/o pharynx spir/o breathe, breathing
pleur/o pleura a-
absence of, without
pneumo/ an-
pneumat/o lung, air endo- within
pneumon/o eu- normal, good
pulmon/o lung pan- all, total
sept/o septum (wall off, fence) poly- many, much
sinus/o sinus tachy- fast, rapid
thorac/o thorax, chest
tonsill/o tonsil
trache/o trachea

-algia pain
-ar
-ary pertaining to
-eal
-cele hernia, protrusion
-centesis surgical puncture to aspirate fluid with a sterile needle
 N.Tran

-ectasis stretching out, dilation, expansion

-emia blood condition
-graphy process of recording, radiographic imaging
-meter instrument used to measure
-metry measurement
-pexy surgical fixation, suspension
-pnea breathing
-rrhagia rapid flow of blood
-scope instrument used for visual examination
-scopy visual examination
-spasm sudden, involuntary muscle spasm (spasmodic contraction)
-stenosis constriction, narrowing
-stomy creation of an artificial opening
-thorax chest
-tomy cut into, incision

acute respiratory distress respiratory failure from disease or injury characterized by dyspnea,
symdrome (ARDS) tachypnea, and cyanosis
asthma respiratory disease characterized by paroxysms of coughing, wheezing, and
shortness of breath caused by reversible airway constriction
chronic obstructive progressive lung disease that restricts air flow and makes breathing difficult;
pulmonary disease components: chronic bronchitis, emphysema; results from cigarette smoking
(COPD)
coccidioidomycosis fungal disease of lungs and sometimes other organs (aka valley fever, cocci)
cor pulmonale serious cardiac disease associated with chronic lung disorders
croup condition of acute larynx obstruction characterized by cough and hoarseness
due to pathogens, allergies, or foreign bodies in children
cystic fibrosis (CF) hereditary disorder of exocrine glands characterized by excess mucus
production in the respiratory tract, pancreatic deficiency, and other
symptoms
deviated septum one part of the nasal cavity is smaller due to malformed/injured nasal
septum
emphysema stretching of lung tissue caused by distended and less-elastic alveoli
epitaxis, rhinorrhagia nosebleed
influenza highly infectious respiratory disease caused by a virus
Legionnaire disease lobar pneumonia caused by the bacterium Legionella pneumophilia
obstructive sleep apnea repetitive pharyngeal collapse during sleep leading to absence of breathing
(OSA) which can produce daytime drowsiness and high blood pressure
pertussis highly contagious bacterial infection of the respiratory tract characterized
by an acute crowing inspiration, or whooping cough
pleural effusion fluid in pleural space caused by a disease or trauma
pulmonary edema fluid accumulation in the alveoli and bronchioles
pulmonary embolism foreign matter in the circulation carried to the pulmonary artery and its
(PE) branches where it blocks circulation to the lungs, often carried from the legs;
may be fatal
tuberculosis (TB) infectious lung disease caused by an acid-fast bacillus bacteria, spread by
 N.Tran

inhalation
upper respiratory infection of the nasal cavity, pharynx, or larynx (aka cold)
infection (URI)
chest computed computerized images of the chest created in sections from front to back;
tomography (CT) scan used to diagnose tumors, abscesses, and pleural effusion
chest radiograph (CXR) radiographic image of the chest, lungs, and heart (aka chest x-ray)
ventilation-perfusion nuclear medicine procedure to diagnose a pulmonary embolism and other
scanning (VPS) conditions (aka lung scan)
acid-fast bacilli (AFB) test performed on sputum to determine presence of acid-fast bacilli (cause
smear TB)
arterial blood gases test performed on arterial blood to determine levels of O2, CO2, and others
(ABGs)
peak flow meter (PFM) portable instrument to measure how fast air can be pushed out of the lung,
used to monitor asthma and adjust medication
pulmonary function tests group of tests to measure breathing and respiratory function; abnormal
(PFTs) tests are useful in distinguishing between COPD and asthma
pulse oximetry noninvasive method of measuring oxygen in the blood using a fingertip
device
auscultation act of listening for sounds within the body using a stethoscope
percussion act of tapping a body surface to determine the density of the part (dull =
fluid)
PPD (purified protein test performed by injecting PPD of tuberculin bacillus intradermally; positive
derivative) skin test test result = previous exposure, not necessarily an active infection
stethoscope instrument used to hear internal body sounds
airway passageway by which air enters and leaves the lungs, also a mechanical
device used to keep passageway unobstructed
asphyxia deprivation of oxygen for tissue use, suffocation
aspirate to withdraw or suction fluid, also to draw fluid into respiratory tract
bronchoconstrictor agent that causes narrowing of the bronchi
bronchodilator agent that causes widening of the bronchi
cough sudden, noisy expulsion of air from the lungs
hiccup
hiccough sudden catching of breath with a spasmodic diaphragm contraction
singultus
hyperventilation ventilation of the lungs beyond normal body needs
hypoventilation ventilation of the lungs that does not fulfill body needs
mucopurulent containing both mucus and pus
mucus slimy fluid secreted by mucous membranes
nebulizer device that creates a mist for respiratory treatment
nosocomial infection infection acquired during hospitalization
paroxysm periodic, sudden attack
patent open, the opposite of closed or compromised, as in patent trachea or
bronchi
sputum mucous secretion from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea expelled through
mouth
ventilator mechanical device used to assist with breathing
 N.Tran

LTB laryngotracheobronchitis
PSG polysomnography
SOB shortness of breath
RUL right upper lobe
LUL left upper lobe
RLL right lower lobe
LLL left lower lobe
Chapter 6: Urinary System
cyst/o noct/i night
bladder, sac
vesic/o olig/o scanty, few
glomerul/o glomerulus son/o sound
meat/o meatus (opening) tom/o cut, section
nephr/o urin/o
kidney urine, urinary tract
ren/o ur/o
pyel/o renal pelvis -gram record, radiographic image
ureter/o ureter -iasis
condition
urethr/o urethra -esis
albumin/o albumin -lysis loosening, dissolution, separating
azot/o urea, nitrogen -megaly enlargement
blast/o developing cell, germ cell -ptosis drooping, sagging, prolapsed
glyc/o -rrhaphy suturing, repairing
sugar
glycos/o -tripsy surgical crushing
hydr/o water -trophy nourishment, development
lith/o stone, calculus -uria urine, urination

epispadias congenital defect where the urinary meatus is on the upper surface of the
penis
hypospadias congenital defect where the urinary meatus is on the lower surface of the
penis
polycystic kidney disease condition where the kidney is enlarged and contains many cysts
renal calculus kidney stone
renal failure loss of kidney function
renal hypertension elevated blood pressure resulting from kidney disease
urinary suppression sudden stoppage of urine formation
urinary tract infection infection of one or more organs of the urinary tract
(UTI)
extracorporeal shock noninvasive treatment for the removal of kidney or urethral stones using
wave lithotripsy (ESWL) ultrasonic and fluoroscopic imaging and repeated firing of shock waves
fulguration destruction of living tissue with an electric spark
renal transplant surgical implantation of a donor kidney to replace a non-functioning kidney
KUB (kidney, ureter,
simple radiographic image of the abdomen used to visualize the urinary
bladder)
system, identify calculi, and diagnose intestinal obstruction
flat plate of the
 N.Tran

abdomen
blood urea nitrogen blood test that measures urea level in blood, used to determine kidney
(BUN) function
creatinine blood test that measures creatinine level in blood
specific gravity (SG) urine test that measures concentrating/diluting ability of kidneys
urinalysis multiple routine urine tests
catheter (cath) flexible tube-like device for withdrawing or instilling fluids
distended stretched out
enuresis involuntary urination
hemodialysis (HD) procedure for removing impurities from the blood when kidneys are unable
incontinence inability to control bladder and/or bowels
micturate to urinate or void
peritoneal dialysis procedure for removing toxic wastes when kidneys are unable using
peritoneal cavity for fluid receptacle
stricture abnormal narrowing
urinal receptacle for urine
urinary catheterization passage of catheter into urinary bladder to withdraw urine
urodynamics pertaining to force and flow of urine
void to empty or evacuate waste

ARF acute renal failure

CRF chronic renal failure
ESRD end-stage renal disease
IVP intravenous pyelogram
IVU intravenous urogram
OAB overactive bladder
VCUG voiding cystourethrogram

Chapter 7: Male Reproductive System

balan/o glans penis
epididym/o epididymis
orchid/o
orchi/o
testis, testicle
orch/o
test/o
prostat/o prostate
vas/o vessel, duct
vesicul/o seminal vesicle
andr/o male
sperm/o
spermatozoon
spermat/o
 N.Tran

erectile dysfunction (ED) inability of the male to attain or maintain an erection (aka impotence)
hydrocele scrotal swelling caused by a collection of fluid
phimosis tightness of the foreskin that prevents retraction over the glans penis
priapism persistent abnormal erection of the penis with pain and tenderness
testicular torsion twisting of the spermatic cord causing decreased blood flow to the testis;
occurs most often during puberty and causes severe pain; a surgical
emergency
varicocele enlarged veins of the spermatic cord
circumcision surgical removal of the prepuce (foreskin)
hydrocelectomy surgical removal of a hydrocele
radical prostatectomy excision of the prostate with its capsule, seminal vesicles, vas deferens, and
(RP) sometimes pelvic lymph nodes; used to treat prostate cancer
suprapubic excision of the prostate through an abdominal incision and an incision
prostatectomy though the bladder; used to treat prostate cancer and benign prostate
hyperplasia
transurethral incision of surgical procedure that widens the urethra by making a few small incisions
the prostate gland (TUIP) in the bladder and prostate
transurethral microwave treatment that eliminates excess tissue present in benign prostatic
thermotherapy (TUMT) hyperplasia by using microwave heat
transurethral resection surgical removal of pieces of the prostate by using a resectoscope inserted in
of the prostate gland the urethra; capsule left intact; used when prostate inhibits urination
(TURP)
transrectal ultrasound ultrasound used to diagnose prostate cancer by sending and receiving sound
(TRUS) waves through the rectum
prostate-specific antigen blood test that measures the level of PSA in the blood; elevated levels
(PSA) indicate cancer or excess tissue
semen analysis microscopic observation of ejaculated semen used to evaluate (in)fertility
digital rectal physical exam in which the physician feels for the size and shape of the
examination (DRE) prostate by inserting a finger into the rectum
acquired disease that affects immune system, transmitted by contaminated blood or
immunodeficiency sexual contact
syndrome (AIDS)
artificial insemination introduction of semen into the vagina by artificial means
azoospermia lack of live sperm in the semen
Chlamydia an STD caused by C. trachomatis; symptoms of severe cases include
discharge and painful urination in men, and vaginal bleeding, itching, and
discharge in women
coitus, copulation sex between a man and a woman
condom cover for the penis worn during sex to prevent conception and STD spread
ejaculation ejection of semen from the male urethra
genital herpes STD caused by Herpesvirus hominus type2 (aka herpes simplex virus)
gonads male and female sex glands
gonorrhea contagious, inflammatory STD caused by a bacteria that affects
genitourinary mucous membranes
heterosexual person who is attracted to people of the opposite sex
homosexual person who is attracted to people of the opposite sex
human type of retrovirus that causes AIDS by infecting T-helper cells of the immune
 N.Tran

immunodeficiency virus system, allowing for opportunistic infections (ex: candidiasis, PCP, TB, Kaposi
(HIV) sarcoma)
human papillomavirus STD that causes benign or cancerous growths in male and female genitals
(HPV) (aka venereal warts)
infertility reduced or absent ability to produce offspring
orgasm climax of sexual simulation
puberty period where secondary sex characteristics and ability to reproduce develop
sexually transmitted diseases transmitted during sex (aka venereal disease, sexually transmitted
disease (STD) infection, STI)
sterilization process that renders a person unable to produce offspring
syphilis STD caused by Treponema pallidum; has 3 clinical stages and spreads
systemically if untreated
trichomoniasis STD caused by single-celled Trichomonas that infects genitourinary tract;
males may be asymptomatic or develop urethritis, enlarged prostate,
epididymitis, and females develop itching, dysuria, and discharge

Chapter 8: Female Reproductive System

arche/o first, beginning
cervic/o cervix
colp/o
vagina
vagin/o
culd/o cul-de-sac
episi/o
vulva
vulv/o
gynec/o
woman
gyn/o
hymen/o hymen
hyster/o
metr/o uterus
metr/i
mamm/o
breast
mast/o
men/o menstruation
oophor/o ovary
perine/o perineum
salping/o uterine (Fallopian) tube
peri- surrounding, outer
-atresia absence of normal, body
opening, closure, occlusion
-salpinx uterine (Fallopian) tube

adenomyosis growth of endometrium into muscular portion of uterus

breast cancer malignant tumor of the breast
cervical cancer malignant tumor of the cervix, progresses from cellular dysplasia, linked to
HPV
endometrial cancer malignant tumor of the endometrium (aka uterine cancer)
 N.Tran

endometriosis abnormal condition in which endometrial tissue grows in various areas of

the pelvic cavity including ovaries, uterus, uterine tubes, and intestines
fibrocystic breast disease disorder characterized by one or more benign cysts in the breast
fibroid tumor benign tumor of the uterine muscle (aka myoma of the uterus, leiomyoma)
ovarian cancer malignant tumor of the ovary
pelvic inflammatory inflammation of the female pelvic organs that can be caused my many
disease (PID) pathogens, may spread from vagina and cause infertility or fatal septicemia
prolapsed uterus downward displacement of the uterus into the vagina (aka hysteroptosis)
toxic shock syndrome severe illness caused by Staph aureus and Strep pyogenes characterized by
(TSS) fever, rash, vomiting, diarrhea, and myalgia followed by hypotension and
possibly shock and death; usually affects menstruating women using
tampons
vesicovaginal fistula abnormal opening between the bladder and vagina
anterior and posterior surgical repair of a weakened vaginal wall to correct a cystocele (bladder
colporrhaphy (A&P protrusion against anterior vaginal wall) and a rectocele (rectal protrusion
repair) against posterior vaginal wall)
conization surgical removal of a cone-shaped area of the cervix; treatment for
noninvasive cervical cancer (aka cone biopsy)
dilation and curettage dilation of the cervix and scraping of the endometrium with a curette to
(D&C) diagnose disease, correct bleeding, or empty uterine contents (such as post-
miscarriage)
endometrial ablation procedure to destroy or remove endometrium using laser or thermal energy;
used to treat abnormal uterine bleeding
laparoscopy, visual exam of the abdominal cavity using a laparoscope inserted near the
laparoscopic surgery navel; used during surgical procedures involving the female reproductive
organs
myomectomy excision of a fibroid tumor (myoma) from the uterus
sentinel lymph node injection of blue dye and/or radioactive isotope to identify, remove, and
biopsy microscopically examine the sentinel lymph nodes (first in axillary chain and
most likely to contain metastasis of breast cancer)
stereotactic breast technique that combines mammography and computer-assisted biopsy to
biopsy obtain breast lesion tissue
tubal ligation closure of the uterine tubes for sterilization by tying (ligation)
uterine artery minimally invasive procedure used to treat fibroids of the uterus by blocking
embolization (UAE) arteries that supply blood to them; arteriogram identifies the vessels and a
gelatin bead is inserted to block artery
transvaginal sonography ultrasound using a transducer placed in the vagina to obtain images of the
(TVS) female structures, diagnose tumors, and evaluate ovulation and fertility
CA-125 (cancer antigen- blood test used to detect ovarian cancer and monitor treatment
125 tumor marker)
Pap smear cytological study of cervical and vaginal secretions to determine presence of
abnormal cells, such as cervical cancer
dyspareunia difficult or painful intercourse
fistula abnormal passageway between two organs or an organ and a body surface
hormone replacement replacement of hormones (estrogen and/or progesterone) to treat
therapy (HRT) menopause symptoms
menopause cessation of menstruation, usually around the age of 48-53 years
 N.Tran

premenstrual syndrome syndrome involving physical and emotional symptoms in the 10 days before
(PMS) menstruation; symptoms include nervous tension, irritability, mastalgia,
edema, and headache; cause is not fully understood
speculum instrument for opening a body cavity for visual inspection

Cx cervix
SHG sonohysterography
TAH/BSO total abdominal
hysterectomy/bilateral salpingo-
oophorectomy
TVH total vaginal hysterectomy

Prefixes Prefixes Suffixes Suffixes

Ante-: before Nulli-: none -amnios: amnion -rrhexis: rupture
Micro-: small Post-: after -cyesis: pregnancy -tocia: birth, labour
Multi-:many Pre-: before -partum: childbirth e/is/us no meaning
Combining form Combining form Combining form Combining form
Amni/: amnion Esophag/: esophagus Omphal/: umbilicus Pseud/: false
Amnion/: amnion Fet/: fetus Par/: childbirth Puerper/: childbirth
Cephal/: head Gravid/: pregnancy Part/: childbirth Pylor/: pylorus
Chori/: chorion Lact/: mild Pelv/: pelvis
Embry/: embryo Nat/: birth Prim/: first
Gamete: Mature germ sell, either sperm (male) or ovum (female)
Ovulation: Expulsion of a mature ovum from an ovary
Conception or fertilization: when the sperm enters the ovum to form zygote; in the fallopian tubes.
Embryo: unborn offspring in the stage between implantation and to the end of the 2nd month of pregnancy.
Fetus: unborn offspring from the beginning of the 3rd month of pregnancy until birth
Gestation: development of a new individual from conception to birth
Implantation: embedding of the zygote in the uterine lining; 7 days after fertilization
Placenta: allows for nourishment of the unborn child
Amniotic sac: membranous bag that surround the fetus before delivery
Chorion: outermost layer of the fetal membrane
Amnion: innermost layer of the fetal membrane
Amniotic fluid: fluid within the amniotic sac, which surrounds the fetus
Abortion: termination of pregnancy; usually before 20 weeks of gestation
Abruption placentae: premature separation of the placenta from the uterine wall
Cleft lip and palate: congenital split of the lip and roof of the mouth (cleft indicates a fissure)
Ectopic pregnancy: pregnancy occurring outside the uterus; fallopian tubes
Placenta previa: abornally low implantation of the placenta of the uterine wall; cesarean section may be necessary.
Preeclampsia: during pregnancy or after characterized by high blood pressure/edma but with no convulsions.
Eclampsia: Characterized by convulsion and coma; life-threatening disorder
Gastroschisis: fissue of the abdominal wall, Enterocele; protrusion of the intestine
Down syndrome: characterized by mental retardation and multiple defects
Erythroblastosis fetalis: occurring when the mom's blood is Ph negative and the infants blood is Ph positive.
Esophageal atresia: congenital absence of part of the esophagus.
 N.Tran

Respiratory distress syndrome: caused by immaturity of the respiratory system>compromised respiration

Spina bifida (divided spine): defect in the vertebral column caused by the failure of the vertebral arch to close.
Breech presenttation: parturition (act of giving birth) in which the buttocks, feet or knees emerge 1st
congenital anomaly: abnormality present at birth
Lochia: vaginal discharge after birth
Cesarean section: the birth of a baby thru an incision of the mom's abdomen and uterus
meconium: 1st stool of the newborn (greenish black)
obstetrician: physicians who specifalizes in obstetrics
obstetrics (OB): medical specialty dealing with pregnancy, birth, and puerperium
parturition: act of giving birth
premature infant: infant born before completing 37 weeks of gestation
puerperium: period from delivery until the reproductive organs return to normal\

Prefixes Suffixes Suffixes Suffixes

Brady-: slow -ac: pertaining to -graph: instrument used to record -poiesis: formation
Tachy-: fast, rapid -apheresis: removal -odynia: pain -sclerosis: hardening
Hemi-: half -crit: to separate -penia: abnormal reduction in number
Combining form Combining form Combining form Combining form
Ather: yellowish Thromb: clot Cardi: heart Thym: thymus gland
Ech: sound Angi: Vessel Lymph: lymph Valv: valve
Electr: electricity Aort: aorta Vein: vein Valvul: valve
Isch: deficiency Arteri: artery Plasm: plasma Ventricul: Ventricle
Therm: heat Atri: atrium Splen: Spleen -pepsin: digestion

Heart - circulates blood through upper(atriums) and lower(ventricles)

Tricuspid valve: located b/w the right atrium and right ventricle (mitral valve)
Bicuspid valve: located b/w the left atrium and left ventricle
Semilunar Valves: b/w the right ventricle/pulmonary artery and b/w the left ventricle/aorta
Pericardium: 2 layer sac covering the heart; serrous fluid
Myocardium: middle, thick, muscular layer
Endocardium: inner lining of the heart
Arteries: carry blood away from the heart. The pulmonary artery carries CO2 from the heart to the lungs.
Arterioles: smallest arteries
Aorta: largest artery in the body, originating at the left ventricle and descending through the thorax & abdomen
Veins: carry blood back to the heart. The pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lunges to the heart
Venules: smallest veins
Venae cavae: largest veins in the body.
Capillaries: microscopic blood vessels that connect arterioles with venules.
Blood: composed of plasma + formed elements (erythrocytes/ leukocytes/thrombocytes)
Plasma: liquid portion of blood in which cells are suspended Serum: liquid portion w/o clotting factors
Erythrocytes: RBCs that carry O Leukocytes: white blood cells that fight infection
Platelets: formed element that aids in clotting process
Lymph: transparent, colorless issue fluid
Lymph nodes: small, spherical bodies made of lymphoid tissue that acts as filters to keep bacteria from blood.
Spleen: in left side of abdominal cavity b/w stomach + diaphragm. In adults largest lymphatic organ.
Thymus gland: role in development of body’s immune system (infancy>puberty>atrophies)
 N.Tran

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS): sudden symptoms indicating unstable angina or MI

Anemia: Reduction in the amount of hemoglobin in the red blood cells
Aneurysm: ballooning of a weakened portion of an arterial wall
Angina pectoris: chest pain, that occurs when there is an insufficient supply of blood to the heart muscle
Cardiac arrest: sudden cessation of cardiac output and effective circulation which CPR
Cardiac tamponade: acute compression of the heart caused by fluid accumulation in the pericardial cavity
Coarctation of the aorta: congenical cardiac condition characterized by a narrowing of the aorta
Congenital heart disease: heart abnormality present at birth
Congestive heart failure (CHF): inability of the heart to pump enough blood through the body
Coronary occlusion: obstruction of an artery of the heart, usually form atherosclerosis
Deep vein thrombosis (DVT): condition of thrombus in a deep vein of the body(legs)
Dysrhythmia :any disturbance of abnormality in the heart’s normal rhythmic patter (arrhythmia)
Embolus: blood clot of foreign material, such as air or fat.
Fibrillation: rapid, quivering, noncoordinated contraction of the atria or ventricles
Hemochromatosis: an iron metabolism disorder that can cause congestive heart failure and diabetes.
Hemophilia: inherited bleeding disease most commonly caused by a deficiency of the coagulation factor VIII
Hemorrhoid: varicose vein in the rectal area, which may be internal or external
Hodgkin disease: malignant disorder of the lymphatic tissue characterized enlargement of nodes.
Hypertensive heart disease (HHD): Disorder of the heart brought about by persistent high pressure
Intermittent claudication: pain and discomfort in calf muscles while walking.
Leukemia: malignant disease characterized by excessive increase in abnormal WBC formed in the bone marrow
Mitral Valve Stenosis: a narrowing of the mitral (bicuspid) valve from scarring caused by rheumatic fever
Myocardial Infaction (MI): death (necrosis) of a portion of the myocardium caused by lack of oxygen
Peripheral arterial Disease (PAD): disease of the arteries; symptom = intermittent claudication
Rheumatic fever: an inflammatory strep disease in children affecting upper respiratory tract
Rheumatic Heart Disease: damage to the heart muscle of heart valves caused by rheumatic fever
Varicose veins: distended or tortuous veins usually found in the lower extremities
Sickle cell anemia: a hereditary, chronic hemolytic disease, crescent or sickle shaped red blood cells
Aeurysmectomy: Surgical excision of an aneurysm
Bone Marrow Transplant: infusion of normal bone marrow cells
Cardiac Pacemaker: battery-powered on nuclear-powered apparatus that regulates the heart rate
Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG): surgical technique to bring a new blood supply to the heart muscle
Coronary stent: a supportive scaffold device implanted in the coronary artery that is used to prevent closure
Defibrillation: application of an electric shock to the myocardium
Embolectomy: excision of an embolus or clot
Femoropopliteal bypass: surgery to establish route from femoral artery to popliteal artery
Hemorrhoidectomy: excision of hemorrhoids, the varicosed veins in the rectal region
Implantable cardiac defibrillator: monitors heart rhythm>dysrhythmias occur>shock>normal
Intracoronary thrombolytic therapy: intravenous medication to dissolve blood clots in coronary vessels
Laser angioplasty: the use to light amplications to open blocked arteries, especially in lower extremities
Mitral Commissurotomy: surgical procedure to repair a stenosed mitral valve by breaking apart the leaves.
Percutaneous Tranluminal Coronary Angioplasty (PTCA): Inflation of the balloon in plaqued vessel
DSA: digital x-ray of blood vessels that subtracts parts not studied
Doppler ultrasound: uses sound for detection of blood flow
SPECT: views heart from different angles and used to assess damage to cardiac tissue
Thallium test: nuclear medicine test used to diagnose coronary heart disease (not taken up by abnormal cells)
 N.Tran

IPG: measures venous flow of extremities

Diastole: phase where ventricles relax b/w contractions Systole: phase where ventricles contract
Extracorporeal: outside the body Extravasation: escape of blood into tissue.
PT – promthrombin time TEE: transesophageal echocardiogram

Prefix: hemi- half, Suffix: pepsia- digestion

Combining form Combining form Combining form Combining form
Abdomen/: colon/: colon gastr/: stomach proct/: rectum
an/: anus col/: colon ile/: ileum stomat/: mouth
antr/: antrum duoden/: duodenum Jejun/: jejunum Sigmoid/: sigmoid colon
cec/: cecum enter/: intestine lapar/: abdomen rect/: rectum
celi/: abdomen esophag/: esophagus or/: mouth Pancreat/: Pancreas
Appendic/: Appendix Gingiv/: Gum Choledoch/Common bile duct Pylor/: Pylorus
Cheil/: Lip Hepat/: Liver Diverticul/: Diverticulum Uvul/: Uvula
Cholangi/: Bile duct Palat /: Palate Gloss/, Lingu/: Tongue Sial/: Saliva
Chol/:Gall Peritone/: Peritoneum Polyp/: Polyp Herni/: Hernia/protrusion

Mouth: mastication: breaks food into small particles

Tongue: Provides movement of food for mastication, directs food to the pharynx for swallowing
Palate: separates the nasal cavity from the oral cavity
Soft Palate: posterior portion, not supported by bone
Hard Palate: anterior portion, supported by bone
Uvula: soft V-shaped mass that extends from the soft palate. Directs food into the throat.
Pharynx, throat: performs the swallowing action that passes food from the mouth into the esophagus
Esophagus: 10-inch tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach
Stomach: J-shaped sac that mixes and stores food. It secretes chemicals for digestion.
Cardia: area around the opening of the esophagus
Fundus: uppermost domed portion of the stomach
Body: Central portion of the stomach
Pylorus: lower part of the stomach that connects to the body of the stomach
Antrum: portion of the pylorus that connects to the body of the stomach
pyloric sphincter: ring of muscle that guards the opening b/w the stomach to the large intestine
Small intestine: 20-ft canal extending from the pyloric sphincter to the large intestine
Duodenum: first 10-12 inches of the small intestine
Jejunum: 2nd portion, approx. 8 ft
Ileum: 3rd portion, approx. 11ft
Large intestine: canal that is approx. 5 ft long and extends from ileum to the anus
Cecum: blind U-shaped pouch that is the first portion of the large intestine
Colon: 2nd portion of the large intestine, divided into 4 parts.
Rectum: remaining portion of the large intestine; extending from the sigmoid colon to the anus
Anus: sphincter muscle at the end of the digestive tract
salivary glands: produce saliva, which flows into the mouth
Liver: produces bile, which is necessary for the digestion of fats.
 N.Tran

Bile ducts: the hepatic duct is a passage way for bile from the liver
Gallbladder: small, saclike structure that stores bile
Pancreas: pancreatic juice; which helps digest all food and secretes insulin for carbohydrate metabolism
Appendix: small pouch, which has no function in digestion, attached to the cecum
Abdomen: portion of the body b/w the thorax and the pelvis
Adhesion: abnormal growing together of 2 surfaces that normal are separated.
Anorexia Nervosa: psychoneurotic disorder, prolonged refusal to eat
Bulimia Nervosa: eating disorder involving gorging with food.
Cirrhosis: chronic disease of the liver with gradual destruction of cells; alcoholism
Crohn disease: chronic inflammation usually affecting the ileum; characterized by cobblestone ulcerations
Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): backward flow of the gastrointestinal contents into the esophagus
Ileus: Obstruction of the intestine, often caused by failure of peristalsis
Intrussusception: telescoping of a segment of the intestine
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS): periodic disturbance of bowel function
Polyp: tumor like growth extending outward from a mucous membrane; usually benign
Ulcerative colitis: inflammation of the colon with the formation of ulcers; diarrhea
Volvulus: twisting of kinking of the intestine> intestinal obstruction
Abdominoperineal resection (A&P resection): removal of the colon and rectum thru both abdominal
Anastomosis: surgical connection b/w two normally distinct structures
Vagotomy: cutting of performed with gastric surgery to reduce the amount of gastric acid
Barium enema (BE): series of x-ray images taken of the large intestine after a barium enema has be given
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP): x-ray exam of the bile/pancreatic ducts
Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS): an endoscope fitted with an ultrasound provides images of intestinal wall.
Fecal occult blood test: to detect occult blood in feces. It is used to screen for colon cancer orpolyps.
Helicobacter pylori antibodies test (H. Pylori): a blood test to determine the presence of H. pylori bacteria. \
Upper GI series: series of x-ray images taken of the stomach and duodenum after barium and been swallowed
Ascites: abnormal collection of fluid in the peritoneal cavity
Diarrhea: frequency discharge of liquid stool
Dysentery: disorder that involves inflammation of the intestine associated with diarrhea and abdominal pain
Feces: waste from digestive tract expelled from anus
Gastric lavage: washing out the stomach
Hematemesis: vomiting of blood
Melena: black, tarry stool that contains digested blood, from bleeding of upper GI tract.
Nausea: urge to vomit
Peristalsis: involuntary wavelike contractions that propel food along the digestive tract
Reflux: abnormal backward flow. Esophageal reflux, the stomach contents flow back into the esophagus
Vomit: matter expelled from stomach through the mouth

Chapter 12
Prefixes Suffixes Suffixes Suffixes
Bin-: two -opia: vision -phobia: abnormal fear -plegia: paralysis
Combining form Combining form Combining form Combining form
Blephar/: eyelid Lacrim/, Dacry/: tear Ophthalm/, Ocul/: eye Scler/: sclera
Conjunctiv/: Corne/,Kerat/: cornea Opt/: vision Ton/: tension
Cor/, Core/, Pupil/: Dipl/: two Phot/: light
Cry/: cold Iri/, Irid/: iris Retin/: retina
 N.Tran

Sclera: outer protective layer of the eye(white)

Cornea: transparent anterior part of the sclera; lies over the iris
Choroid: middle layer of the eye; many blood vessels
Iris: pigmented muscular structure that allows light to pass thru
Pupil: opening in the centre of the eye
Lens: behind the pupil; focus and bend light
Retina: innermost layer of the eye, which contains the vision receptors
Aqueous humor: watery liquid found in the anterior cavity of the eye
Vitreous humor: substance found behind the lens that maintains it’s shape
Meibomian glands: oil glands found in eye that lubricate it
Lacrimal glands and ducts: produce and drain tears
Optic nerve: carries visual impulses from the retina to the brain
Conjunctiva: mucous membrane lining the eyelids
Astigmatium (Ast): defective curvature of the refractive surface of the eye
Cataract: clouding of the lens of the eye
Chalazion: obstruction of the oil gland of the eyelid
Detached retina: separation of the retina from the choroid in back of the eye
Emmetropia (Em): normal refractive conditions
Glaucoma: optic nerve damage usually caused by the abnormal increase of intraocular pressure>blindness
Hyperopia: farsightedness
Macular degeneration: deterioration macula lutea>resulting in loss of central vision
Myopia: nearsightedness
Nyctalopia: poor vision at night or in faint light
Nystagmus: involuntary, jerking movements of the eyes
Presbyopia: impaired vision as a result of aging
Perygium: thin tissue growing into the cornea from the conjunctiva; caused from sun exposure
Retinitis pigmentosa: hereditary disease marked by night blindness with atrophy and retinal pigment changes
Strabismus: condition of crossing eyes caused by the visual axes not meeting at the same point
Stye (hordeolum): infection of an oil gland of the eyelid
Enucleation: surgical removal of the eyeball
LASIK: laser procedure that reshapes the corneal tissue beneath the surface of the cornea to correct sight.
Phacomulsification : method to remove cataracts via an ultrasonic needle probe
Photorefractive keratectomy: treatment of nearsightedness used to reshape the corneal surface
Retinal photocoagulation: procedure to repair tears in the retina by use of an intense, focused light
Scleral buckling: a procedure to repair a detached retina. A strip of sclera is resected.
Trabeculectomy: surgical creation of a drain to reduce intraocular pressure (used to treat glaucoma)
Vitrectomy: vitreous removal of all or part of the vitreous humor (used to treat diabetic retinopathy)
Miotic: agent that constricts the pupil
Mydriatic: agent that dilates the pupil
Oculus dexter (OD): medical term for right eye
Oculus sinister (OS): medical term for left eye
Oculus uterque (OU): medical term for each eye
Optician: a specialist who fills prescription for lenses (cannot prescribe lenses)
Optometrist: a health professional who prescribes corrective lenses or eye exercises
Visual acuity (VA): sharpness of vision for either distance or nearness

Chapter 5 Terminology
Nose Lined with mucous
membrane and fine hairs; it
acts as a filter to moisten and
warm the entering air
Nasal septum Partition separating the right Bronchus (pl.
and left nasal cavities
Paranasal sinuses Air cavities within the cranial
bones that open into the
nasal cavities
Pharynx Serves as a food and air
passageway. Air enters form
the nasal cavities and passes
through the pharynx to the
larynx. Food enters the
pharynx from the mouth and
passes into the esophagus;
(also called the throat).
Adenoids Lymphoid tissue located
behind the nasal cavity
Tonsils Lymphoid tissue located
behind the mouth
Larynx Location of the vocal cords.
Air enters from the pharynx
(also called the voice box).
Epiglottis Flap of cartilage that
automatically covers the
opening of and keeps food
from entering the larynx
during swallowing
Adenoid/o Adenoids
N.Tran
Trachea Passageway for air to the
bronchi; (also called the
windpipe).
One of two branches from the
bronchi) trachea that conducts air into
the lungs, where it divides
and subdivides. The
branchings resemble a tree;
therefore, they are referred
to as a bronchial tree.
Bronchioles Smallest subdivision of the
bronchial tree.
Alveolus (pl. Air sacs at the end of the
alveoli) bronchioles. Oxygen and
carbon dioxide are exchanged
through the alveolar walls
and the capillaries.
Lungs Two spongelike organs in the
thoracic cavity. The right lung
consists of three lobes, and
the left lung has two lobes.
Pleura Double-folded serous
membrane covering each
lung and lining the thoracic
cavity with a small space
between, called the pleural
cavity, which contains serous
fluid.
Diaphragm Muscular partition that
separates the thoracic cavity
from the abdominal cavity. It
aids in the breathing process
by contracting and pulling air
in, then relaxing and pushing
air out.
Mediastinum Space between the lungs. It
contains the heart,
esophagus, trachea, great
blood vessels, and other
structures.
Pleur/o Pleura
 N.Tran

Alveol/o Alveolus Pneum/o, Lung, air

Pneumat/o,
Pneumon/o
Bronchi/o, Bronchus Pulmon/o Lung
Bronch/o
Diaphragmat/o, Diaphragm Sept/o Septum (wall off, fence)
Phren/o
Epiglott/o Epiglottis Sinus/o Sinus
Laryng/o Larynx Thorac/o Thorax (chest)
Lob/o Lobe Tonsill/o Tonsil
Nas/o, Rhin/o Nose Trache/o Trachea
Pharyng/o Pharynx Atel/o Imperfect, incomplete
Capn/o Carbon dioxide Phon/o Sound, voice
Hem/o, Hemat/o Blood Py/o Pus
Muc/o Mucus Somn/o Sleep
Orth/o Straight Spir/o Breathe, breathing
Ox/i, Ox/o Oxygen A-, An- Absence of, without
Endo- Within Poly- Many, much
Eu- Normal, good Tachy- Fast, rapid
Pan- All, total -algia Pain
-ar, -ary, -eal Pertaining to -rrhagia Rapid flow of blood
-cele Hernia or protrusion -scope Instrument used for visual
examination
-centesis Surgical puncture to aspirate -scopic Pertaining to visual
fluid (with a sterile needle) examination
-ectasis Stretching out, dilation, -scopy Visual examnation
expansion
-emia Blood condition -spasm Sudden, involuntary muscle
contraction (spasmodic
contraction)
-graphy Process of recording, -stenosis Constriction or narrowing
radiographic imaging
-meter Instrument used to measure -stomy Creation of an artificial
opening
-metry Measurement -throrax Chest
-pexy Surgical fixation, suspension -tomy Cut into or incision
-pnea Breathing Adenoiditis Inflammation of the
adenoids.
Alveolitis Inflammation of the alveolus. Pleuritis Infammation of the pleura
(also called pleurisy).
Atelectasis Incomplete expansion (of the Pneumatocele Hernia of the lung (lung tissue
lung or portion of the lung). protrudes through an
opening in the chest).
Bronchiectasis Dilation of the bronchi. Pneumoconiosis Abnormal condition of dust in
the lungs.
Bronchitis Inflammation of the bronchi. Pneumonia Diseased state of the lung
(the infection and

Bronchogenic Cancerous tumor originating
carcinoma in a bronchus.
Bronchopneumoni Diseased state of the bronchi
a and lungs, (usually caused by
infection).
Diaphragmatocele Hernia of the diaphragm.
Epiglottitis Inflammation of the
epiglottis.
Hemothorax Blood in the chest (pleural
space).
Laryngitis Inflammation of the larynx.
Laryngotracheobr Inflammation of the larynx,
onchitis (LTB) trachea, and bronchi (the
acute form is called croup).
Lobar pneumonia Pertaining to the lobe(s);
diseased state of the lung
(infection of one or more
lobes of the lung).
Nasopharyngitis Inflammation of the nose and
pharynx
Pansinusitis Inflammation of all sinuses
Pharyngitis Inflammation of the pharynx
Acute Respiratory Respiratory failure as a result
Distress Syndrome of disease or injury.
(ARDS) Symptoms include dyspnea,
tachypnea, and cyanosis (also
called Adult respiratory
distress syndrome).
Asthma Respiratory disease
characterized by paroxysms
of coughing, wheezing, and
shortness of breath, which is
caused by constriction of
airways that is reversible
between attacks.
Chronic A progressive lung disease
obstructive that restricts air flow, which
N.Tran
inflammation are caused by
bacteria such as
Pneumococcus,
Staphylococcus,
Streptococcus, and
Haemophilus; viruses; and
fungi).
Pneumonitis Inflammation of the lung.
Pneumothorax Air in the chest (pleural
space), which causes collapse
of the lung (often a result of
an open chest wound).
Pulmonary Pertaining to (in) the lung,
neoplasm new growth (tumor).
Pyothorax Pus in the chest (pleural
space)(also called empyema)
Rhinitis Inflammation of the (mucous
membranes) nose.
Rhinomycosis Abnormal condition of fungus
in the nose.
Rhinorrhagia Rapid flow of blood from the
nose (also called epistaxis).
Thoracalgia Pain in the chest.
Tonsillitis Inflammation of the tonsils.
Tracheitis Inflammation of the trachea.
Tracheostenosis Narrowing of the trachea.
Influenza Highly infectious respiratory
disease caused by a virus
(also called flu).
Legionnaire A lobar pneumonia caused by
disease the bacterium Legionella
pneumophila.
Obstructive sleep Repetitive pharyngeal
apnea (OSA) collapse during sleep, which

pulmonary disease makes breathing difficult.
(COPD) Chronic bronchitis and
emphysema are the two main
components of COPD, but it
may also be caused by chonic
asthmatic bronchitis. Most
COPD is a result of cigarette
smoking.
Coccidioidomycosi Fungul disease affecting the
s lungs and sometimes other
organs of the body (also
called valley fever or cocci).
Cor pulmonale Serious cardiac disease
associated with chronic lung
disorders, such as
emphysema.
Croup Condition resulting from
acute obstruction of the
larynx, characterized by a
barking cough, hoarseness,
and stridor. It may be caused
by viral or bacterial infection,
allergy, or foreign body.
Occurs mainly in children.
Cystic fibrosis (CF) Hereditary disorder of the
exocrine glands characterized
by excess mucus production
in the respiratory tract,
pancreatic deficiency, and
other symptoms.
Deviated septum One part of the nasal cavity is
smaller because of
malformation or injury of the
nasal septum.
Emphysema Stretching of lung tissue
caused by the alveoli
becoming distended and
losing elasticity.
N.Tran
leads to absence of
breathing; can produce
daytime drowsiness and
elevated blood pressure.
Pertussis Highly contagious bacterial
infection of the respiratory
tract characterized by an
acute crowing inspiration, or
whoop (also called whooping
cough).
Pleural effusion Fluid in the pleural space
caused by a disease process
or trauma.
Pulmonary edema Fluid accumulation in the
alveoli and bronchioles.
Pulmonary Matter foreign to the
embolism (PE)(pl. circulation, carried to the
emboli) pulmonary artery and its
branches, where it blocks
circulation to the lungs and
can be fatal if of sufficient
size or number. Blood clots
broken loose from the deep
veins of the lower extremities
are the most common source
of emboli.
Tuberculosis (TB) An infectious disease, caused
by an acid-fast bacillus, most
commonly spread by
inhalation of small particles
and usually affecting the
lungs.
Upper respiratory Infection of the nasal cavity,
infection (URI) pharynx, or larynx (commonly
called a cold).

Epistaxis Nosebleed (synonymous with
rhinorrhagia).
Adenotome Surgical instrument used to
cut the adenoids.
Bronchoplasty Surgical repair of a bronchus.
Laryngectomy Excision of the larynx.
Laryngoplasty Surgical repair of the larynx.
Laryngostomy Creation of an artificial
opening into the larynx.
Larngotracheotom Incision of the larynx and
y trachea.
Lobectomy Excision of a lobe (of the
lung).
Pleuropexy Surgical fixation of the
pleura.
Pneumobronchoto Incision of lung and bronchus.
my
Pneumonectomy Excision of a lung.
Bronchoscope Instrument used for visual
examination of the bronchi.
Bronchoscopy Visual examination of the
bronchi.
Endoscope Instrument used for visual
examination within (a hollow
organ or body cavity).
(Current trend is to use
endoscopes for surgical
procedure as well as for
viewing.)
Endoscopic Pertaining to visual
examination within (a hollow
organ or body cavity)(used to
describe the practice of
performing surgeries that use
endoscopes)
Endoscopy Visual examination within (a
hollow organ or body cavity).
Laryngoscope Instrument used for visual
examination of the larynx.
Laryngoscopy Visual examination of the
larynx.
N.Tran
Adenoidectomy Excision of adenoids.
Rhinoplasty Surgical repair of the nose.
Septoplasty Surgical repair of the (nasal)
septum.
Septotomy Incision into the (nasal)
septum.
Sinusotomy Incision of a sinus.
Thoracocentesis Surgical puncture to aspirate
fluid from the chest cavity
(also called thoracentesis).
Thoracotomy Incision into the chest cavity.
Tonsillectomy Excision of the tonsils.
Tracheoplasty Surgical repair of the trachea.
Tracheostomy Creation of an artificial
opening into the trachea.
Tracheotomy Incision of the trachea.
Thoracoscope Instrument used for visual
examination of the thorax.
Thoracoscopy Visual examination of the
thorax.
Capnometer Instrument used to measure
carbon dioxide (levels in
expired gas).
Oximeter Instrument used to measure
oxygen (saturation in the
blood).
Spirometer Instrument used to measure
breathing (or lung volumes).
Spirometry A measurement of breathing
(or lung volumes).
Polysomnography Process of recording many
(PSG) (tests) during sleep
(performed to diagnose
obstructive sleep apnea. Tests
include electrocardiography,

Radiography Produces images of internal
organs by using ionizing
radiation.
Computed Produces scans of
tomography (CT) computerized images of body
organs in sectional slices.
Nuclear medicine Produces scans by using
radioactive material.
Magnetic Produces scans that give
resonance information about the body’s
imaging (MRI) anatomy by placing the
patient in a magnetic field.
Chest computed Computerized images of the
tomography (CT) chest created in sections
scan sliced from front to back.
Performed to diagnose
tumors, abscesses, and
pleural effusion. Computed
tomography is used to
visualize other body parts
such as the abdomen and the
brain.
Chest radiograph A radiographic image of the
(CXR) chest performed to evaluate
the lungs and the heart (also
called a chest x-ray).
Ventilation- A nuclear medicine procedure
perfusion scanning performed to diagnose a
(VPS) pulmonary embolism and
other conditions (also called a
lung scan).
Acid-fast bacilli A test performed on sputum
(AFB) smear to determine the presence of
acid-fast bacilli, which cause
tuberculosis.
N.Tran
electromyography,
electroencephalography, air
flow monitoring, and
oximetry.
Ultrasonography Produces scans by using high-
frequency sound waves.
Endoscopy Uses endoscopes, which are
lighted, flexible instruments,
to visually examine a hollow
organ or body cavity, such as
the bronchus.
Laboratory Procedures are performed on
specimens such as blood,
tissue, and urine.
Pulmonary Performed in a variety of
function tests methods to determine lung
function.
Pulmonary A group of tests performed to
function tests measure breathing and used
(PFTs) to determine respiratory
function; when abnormal,
they are useful in
distinguishing COPD from
asthma.
Pulse oximetry A noninvasive method of
measuring oxygen in the
blood by using a device that
attaches to the fingertip.
Auscultation The act of listening for sounds
within the body through a
stethoscope. Used for
assessing and/or diagnosing
conditions of the lungs,
pleura, heart, and abdomen.
Percussion The act of tapping of a body
surface with the fingers to
determine the density of the
part beneath by the sound
obtained. A dull sound
indicates the presence of fluid
in a body space or cavity such
as in the pleural space.

Arterial blood A test performed on arterial
gases (ABGs) blood to determine levels of
oxygen, carbon dioxide, and
other gases present.
Peak flow meter A portable instrument used to
(PFM) measure how fast air can be
pushed out of the lung; used
to help monitor asthma and
adjust medication
accordingly.
Acapnia Condition of absence (less
than the normal level) of
carbon dioxide (in the blood).
Alveolar Pertaining to the alveolus.
Anoxia Condition of absence
(deficiency) of oxygen.
Aphonia Condition of absence of voice.
Apnea Absence of breathing.
Bronchoalveolar Pertaining to the bronchi and
alveoli.
Bronchospasm Spasmodic contraction in the
bronchi.
Diaphragmatic Pertaining to the diaphragm
(also called phrenic).
Dysphonia Condition of difficult speaking
(voice).
Dyspnea Difficult breathing.
Endotracheal Pertaining to within the
trachea.
Eupnea Normal breathing.
Hypercapnia Condition of excess carbon
dioxide (in the blood).
Hyperpnea Excessive breathing.
Hypocapnia Condition of deficient carbon
dioxide (in the blood).
N.Tran
PPD (purified A test performed on
protein derivative) individuals who have recently
skin test been exposed to tuberculosis.
PPD of the tuberculin bacillus
is injected intradermally.
Positive tests indicate
previous exposure, not
necessarily active
tuberculosis (also called TB
skin test).
Stethoscope An instrument used to hear
internal body sounds; used
for performing auscultation
and blood pressure
measurement.
Hypoxia Condition of deficient oxygen
(to the tissues).
Inrapleural Pertaining to within the
pleura (space between the
two pleural membranes).
Laryngeal Pertaining to the larynx.
Laryngospasm Spasmodic contraction of the
larynx.
Mucoid Resembling mucus.
Mucous Pertaining to mucus.
Nasopharyngeal Pertaining to the nose and
pharynx.
Orthopnea Able to breath easier in a
straight (upright) position.
Phrenalgia Pain in the diaphragm (also
called diaphragmalgia).
Phrenospasm Spasm of the diaphragm.
Pulmonary Pertaining to the lungs.
Pulmonologist A physician who studies and
treats diseases of the lung.
Pulmonology Study of the lung (a branch of
medicine dealing with
diseases of the lung).
Rhinorrhea Discharge from the nose (as
in a cold).
Tachypnea Rapid breathing.
 N.Tran

Hypopnea Deficient breathing. Thoracic Pertaining to the chest.

Hypoxemia Condition of deficient oxygen Airway Passageway by which air
in the blood. enters and leaves the lungs as
well as mechanical device
used to keep the air
passageway unobstructed.
Asphyxia Deprivation of oxygen for Mucopurulent Containing both mucus and
tissue use; suffocation. pus.
Aspirate To withdraw fluid or suction Mucus Slimy fluid secreted by the
fluid; also to draw foreign mucous membranes.
material into the respiratory
tract.
Bronchoconstricto Agent causing narrowing of Nebulizer Device that creates a mist
r the bronchi. used to deliver medication for
giving respiratory treatment.
Bronchodilator Agent causing the bronchi to Nosocomial An infection acquired during
widen. infection hospitalization.
Cough Sudden, noisy expulsion of air Paroxysm Periodic, sudden attack.
from the lungs.
Hiccup Sudden catching of breath Patent Open, the opposite of closed
with a spasmodic contraction or compromised, thus
of the diaphragm (also called allowing passage of air, as in
hiccough and singultus). patent trachea and bronchi
(can be applied to any tubular
passageway in the body, as in
a patent artery, allowing
passage of blood).
Hyperventilation Ventilation of the lungs Sputum Mucous secretion from the
beyond normal body needs. lungs, bronchi, and trachea
expelled through the mouth.
Hypoventilation Ventilation of the lungs that Ventilator Mechanical device used to
does not fulfill the body’s gas assist with or substitute for
exchange needs. breathing.
ABGs Arterial blood gases. OSA Obstructive sleep apnea.
AFB Acid-fact bacilli. PE Pulmonary embolism.
ARDS Acute respiratory disease PFM Peak flow meter.
syndrome.
CF Cystic fibrosis. PFTs Pulmonary function tests.
CO2 Carbon dioxide. PSG Polysomnography.
COPD Chronic obstructive RLL Right lower lobe.
pulmonary disease.
CT Computed tomography. RML Right middle lobe.
CXR Chest radiograph (chest x- RUL Right upper lobe.
ray).
flu Influenza. SOB Shortness of breath.
LLL Left lower lobe. TB Tuberculosis.
LTB Laryngotracheobronchitis. URI Upper respiratory infection.

LUL Left upper lobe.
O2 Oxygen.
CPT Chest physiotherapy
CPAP Continuous positive airway
pressure.
DPI Dry powder inhaler.
HME Heat/moisture exchanger.
IPPB Intermittent positive-pressure VAP
breathing.
Chapter 6 Terminology
Kidneys Two bean-shaped organs
located on each side of the
abdominal cavity behind the
parietal peritoneum. Their
function is to remove waste
products from the blood and
to aid in maintaining water
and electrolyte balances.
Nephron Urine-producing microscopic
structure. Approximately 1
million nephrons are located
in each kidney.
Glomerulus (pl. Cluster of capillaries at the
glomeruli) entrance of the nephron. The
process of filtering the blood,
thereby forming urine, begins
here.
Renal pelvis Funnel-shaped reservoir that
collects the urine and passes
it to the ureter.
Hilum Indentation on the medial
side of the kidney where the
ureter leaves the kidney.
Glomerul/o Glomerulus.
Meat/o Meatus (opening).
N.Tran
VPS Ventilation-perfussion
scanning.
BiPAP Bilevel positive airway
pressure.
MDI Metered-dose inhaler.
NPPV Noninvasive positive-pressure
ventilator.
PEP Positive expiratory pressure.
SVN Small-volume nebulizer.
Ventilator-associated
pneumonia.
Ureters Two slender tubes,
approximately 10-13 inches
(26-33cm) long, that receive
the urine form the kidneys
and carry it to the posterior
portion of the bladder.
Urinary bladder Muscular, hollow organ that
temporarily holds the urine.
As it fills, the thick, muscular
wall becomes thinner, and
the organ increases in size.
Urethra Lowest part of the urinary
tract, through which the urine
passes from the urinary
bladder to the outside of the
body. This narrow tube varies
in length by sex. It is
approximately 1.5 inches
(3.8cm) long in the female
and approximately 8 inches
(20cm) in the male, in whom
it is also part of the
reproductive system. It
carries seminal fluid (semen)
at the time of ejaculation.
Urinary meatus Opening through which the
urine passes to the outside.
Cyst/o, vesic/o Bladder, sac
Pyel/o Renal pelvis.
Ureter/o Ureter.
 N.Tran

Nephr/o, ren/o Kidney. Urethr/o Urethra.

Albumin/o Albumin. Noct/i Night.
Azot/o Urea, nitrogen. Olig/o Scanty, few.
Blast/o Developing cell, germ cell. Son/o Sound.
Glyc/o, glycos/o Sugar. Tom/o Cut, section.
Hydr/o Water. Urin/o, ur/o Urine, urinary tract.
Lith/o Stone, calculus. -gram Record, radiographic image.
-iasis, -esis Condition. -rrhaphy Suturing, repairing.
-lysis Loosening, dissolution, -tripsy Surgical crushing.
separating.
-megaly Enlargement. -trophy Nourishment, development.
-ptosis Drooping, sagging, prolapse. -uria Urine, urination.
Azotemia Condition of urea in the blood Nephroma Tumor of the kidney.
(a toxic condition resulting
from disease of the kidney in
which waste products are in
the blood that are normally
excreted by the kidney); (also
called uremia.)
Cystitis Inflammation of the bladder. Nephromegaly Enlargement of the kidney.
Cystocele Protrusion of the bladder. Nephroptosis Drooping kidney.
Cystolith Stone in the bladder. Pyelitis Inflammation of the renal
pelvis.
Glomerulonephriti Inflammation of the Pyelonephritis Inflammation of the renal
s glomeruli of the kidney. pelvis and the kidney.
Hydronephrosis Abnormal condition of water Ureteritis Inflammation of the ureter.
in the kidney (distention of
the renal pelvis with urine
because of an obstruction).
Nephritis Inflammation of the kidney. Ureterocele Protrusion of ureter (distally
into the bladder).
Nephroblastoma Kidney tumor containing Ureterolithiasis Condition of stones in the
developing cells (malignant ureters.
tumor)(also called Wilm’s
tumor).
Nephrohypertroph Excessive development Ureterostenosis Narrowing of the ureter.
y (increase in size) of the
kidney.
Nephrolithiasis Condition of stone(s) in the Urethrocystitis Inflammation of the urethra
kidney. and the bladder.
Epispadias Congenital defect in which Renal Elevated blood pressure
the urinary meatus is located hypertension resulting from kidney disease.
on the upper surface of the
penis.
Hypospadias Congenital defect in which Urinary retention Abnormal accumulation of
the urinary meatus is located urine in the bladder because
on the underside of the penis; of an inability to urinate.
 N.Tran

similar defect can occur in the

female.
Polycystic kidney Condition in which the kidney Urinary Sudden stoppage of urine
disease contains many cysts and is suppression formation.
enlarged.
Renal calculus (pl. Stone in the kidney. Urinary tract Infection of one or more
calculi) infection (UTI) organs of the urinary tract.
Renal failure Loss of kidney function Cystectomy Excision of the bladder.
resulting in its inability to
remove waste products from
the body and maintain
electrolyte balance.
Cystolithotomy Incision of the bladder to Nephrolysis Separating the kidney (from
remove a stone. other body structures).
Cystorrhaphy Suturing the bladder. Nephropexy Surgical fixation of the
kidney.
Cystostomy Creating an artificial opening Nephrostomy Creation of an artificial
into the bladder. opening into the kidney.
Cystotomy, Incision of the bladder. Pyelolithotomy Incision of the renal pelvis to
vesicotomy remove a stone.
Lithotripsy Surgical crushing of a stone. Pyeloplasty Surgical repair of the renal
pelvis.
Meatotomy Incision of the meatus. Ureterectomy Excision of a ureter.
Nephrectomy Excision of a kidney. Ureterostomy Creation of an artificial
opening into the urethra
Nephrolithotomy Incision of a kidney to remove Urethroplasty Surgical repair of the urethra
a stone.
Nephrolithotripsy Surgical crushing of a stone in Vesicourethral Suspension pertaining to the
the kidney. suspension bladder and urethra
Extracorporeal A noninvasive treatment for Renal transplant Surgical implantation of a
shock wave removal of kidney stone(s) or donor kidney to replace a
lithotripsy (ESWL) ureteral stone(s). By using nonfunctioning kidney.
ultrasound and fluoroscopic
imaging, the stone is
positioned at a focal point.
Repeated firing of shock
waves renders the stone into
fragments that pass from the
body in the urine (also called
shock wave lithotripsy
[SWL]).
Fulguration Destruction of living tissue Cystogram Radiographic image of the
with an electric spark (a bladder.
method commonly used to
destroy bladder growths).
Cystography Radiographic imaging of the Retrograde Radiographic image of the
bladder. urogram urinary tract (retrograde

Intravenous Radiographic image of the
urogram (IUV) urinary tract (with contrast
medium injected
intravenously)(also called
intravenous pyelogram
[IVP])
Nephrogram Radiographic image of the
kidney.
Nephrography Radiographic imaging of the
kidney (also called renogram)
Nephrosonograph Process of recording the
y kidney using sound (an
ultrasound test).
Nephrotomogram Sectional radiographic image
of the kidney.
Renogram (graphic) Record of the
kidney (a nuclear medicine
test produced by radioactivity
after injecting a
radiopharmaceutical, or
radioactive material, into the
blood)(also called renal scan
or nephrogram).
KŪB (kidney, A simple radiographic image
ureter, and of the abdomen. It is often
bladder) used to view the kidneys,
ureters, and bladder to
determine size, shape, and
location. Also used to identify
calculi in the kidney, ureters,
or bladder, or to diagnose
intestinal obstruction; (also
called flat plate of the
abdomen).
Blood urea A blood test that measures
nitrogen (BUN) the amount of urea in the
blood; used to determine
kidney function. An increased
BUN indicates renal
dysfunction.
N.Tran
means to move in a direction
opposite than normal;
contrast medium is instilled
through urethral catheters by
a cystoscope).
Voiding Radiographic imaging of the
cystourethrograp bladder and the urethra.
hy (VCUG) (Radiopaque dye is instilled in
the bladder. Radiographic
images called voiding
cystourethrograms are taken
of the bladder and during
urination of the dye.)
Cystoscope Instrument used for visual
examination of the bladder.
Cystoscopy Visual examination of the
bladder.
Nephroscopy Visual examination of the
kidney.
Ureteroscopy Visual examination of the
ureter.
Urethroscope Instrument used for visual
examination of the urethra.
Specific gravity A test performed on a urine
(SG) specimen to measure the
concentrating or diluting
ability of the kidneys.
Urinalysis (UA) Multiple routine tests
performed on a urine
specimen.

Creatinine A blood test that measures
the amount of creatinine in
the blood. An elevated
amount may indicate
impaired kidney function.
Anuria Absence of urine (failure of
kidney to produce urine).
Diuresis Condition of urine passing
through (increased amount of
urine).
Dysuria Difficult or painful urination.
Glycosuria Sugar (glucose) in the urine.
Hematuria Blood in the urine.
Meatal Pertaining to the meatus.
Nephrologist A physician who studies and
treats diseases of the kidney.
Nephrology Study of the kidney (a branch
of medicine dealing with
diseases of the kidney).
Distended Stretched out (a bladder is
distended when filled with
urine).
Enuresis Involuntary urination.
Hemodialysis (HD) Procedure for removing
impurities from the blood
because of an inability of the
kidneys to do so.
Incontinence Inability to control bladder
and/or bowels.
Micturate To urinate or void.
Peritoneal dialysis Procedure for removing toxic
wastes when the kidney is
unable to do so; the
peritoneal cavity is used as
the receptacle for the fluid
used in the dialysis.
ARF Acute renal failure.
BUN Blood urea nitrogen.
N.Tran
Albuminuria Albumin in the urine (albumin
is an important protein in the
blood, but when found in the
urine, it indicates a kidney
problem).
Nocturia Night urination.
Oliguria Scanty urine (amount).
Polyuria Much (excessive) urine.
Pyuria Pus in the urine.
Urinary Pertaining to the urine.
Urologist A physician who studies and
treats diseases of the urinary
tract.
Urology Study of the urinary tract (a
branch of medicine dealing
with diseases of the male and
female urinary systems and
the male reproductive
system).
Catheter (cath) Flexible, tubelike device, such
as a urinary catheter, for
withdrawing or instilling
fluids.
Stricture Abnormal narrowing, such as
a urethral stricture.
Urinal Receptacle for urine.
Urinary Passage of a catheter into the
catheterization urinary bladder to withdraw
urine.
Urodynamics Pertaining to the force and
flow of urine within the
urinary tract.
Void To empty or evacuate waste
material, especially urine.
IVP Intravenous pyelogram.
IVU Intravenous utogram.
 N.Tran

cath Catheterization, catheter. OAB Overactive bladder.

CRF Chronic renal failure. SG Specific gravity.
ESRD End-stage renal disease. UA Urinalysis.
ESWL Extracorporeal shock wave UTI Urinary tract infection.
lithotripsy.
HD Hemodialysis. VCUG Voiding cystourethrogram.
Chapter 7 Terminology
Testis, or testicle Primary male sex organs, Prostate gland Encircles the upper end of the
(pl. testes, or paired, oval-shaped, and urethra. The prostate gland
testicles) enclosed in a sac called the secretes a fluid that aids in
scrotum. The testes produce the movement of the sperm
spermatozoa (sperm cells) and ejaculation.
and the hormone
testosterone.
Sperm The microscopic male germ Scrotum Sac suspended on both sides
(spermatozoon, pl. cell, which, when united with of and just behind the penis.
spermatozoa) the ovum, produces a zygote The testes are enclosed in the
(fertilized egg) that with scrotum.
subsequent development
becomes an embryo.
Testosterone The principle male hormone. Penis Male organ of urination and
Its chief function is to copulation (sexual
stimulate the development of intercourse).
male reproductive organs
and secondary sex
characteristics such as facial
hair.
Seminiferous Approximately 900 coiled Glans penis Enlarged tip on the end of the
tubules tubes within the testes in penis.
which spermatogenesis
occurs.
Epididymis Coiled duct atop each of the Prepuce Fold of skin covering he glans
testes that provides for penis in uncircumcised males
storage, transit, and (foreskin of the penis).
maturation of the
spermatozoa; continuous
with the vas deferens.
Vas deferens, Duct carrying the sperm from Semen Composed of sperm, seminal
ductus deferens, the epididymis to the urethra. fluids, and other secretions.
or seminal duct The spermatic cord encloses
each vas deferens with
nerves, lymphatics, arteries,
and veins. The urethra also
connects with the urinary
bladder and carries urine
outside the body. A circular
muscle constricts during
 N.Tran

intercourse to prevent
urination.
Seminal vesicles Two main glands located at Genitalia Reproductive organs (male or
the base of the bladder that (genitals) female).
open into the vas deferens.
The glands secrete a thick
fluid, which forms part of the
semen.
Balan/o Glans penis. Prostat/o Prostate gland.
Epididym/o Epididymis. Vas/o Vessel, duct.
Orchid/o, orchi/o, Testis, testicle. Vesicul/o Seminal vesicle.
orch/o, test/o
Andr/o Male. Sperm/o, Spermatozoon (pl.
spermat/o spermatozoa), sperm.
-ism State of. Anorchism State of absence of testis
(unilateral or bilateral).
Balanitis Inflammation of the glans Orchitis, Inflammation of the testis or
penis. orchiditis, or testicle.
testitis
Balanorrhea Discharge from the glans Prostatitis Inflammation of the prostate
penis. gland.
Benign prostatic Excessive development Prostatocystitis Inflammation of the prostate
hyperplasia (BPH) pertaining to the prostate gland and the bladder.
gland (nonmalignant
enlargement of prostate
gland).
Cryptorchidism State of hidden testes. Prostatolith Stone in the prostate gland.
(During fetal development,
testes are located in the
abdominal area near the
kidneys. Before birth they
move down into the scrotal
sac. Failure of the testes to
descend from the abdominal
cavity into the scrotum
before birth results in
cryptorchidism, or
undescended testicles.)
Epididymitis Inflammation of the Prostatorrhea Discharge from the prostate
epididymis. gland.
Orchiepididymitis Inflammation of the testis Prostatovesiculitis Inflammation of the prostate
and epididymis. gland and seminal vesicles.
Erectile The inability of the male to Prostate cancer Cancer of the prostate gland,
dysfunction attain or maintain an usually occurring later in life.
erection sufficient to perform
sexual intercourse (formerly
called impotence).

Hydrocele Scrotal swelling caused by a
collection of fluid.
Phimosis A tightness of the prepuce
(foreskin of the penis) that
prevents its retraction over
the glans penis; it may be
congenital or a result of
balanitis. Circumcision is the
usual treatment.
Priapism Persistent abnormal erection
of the penis accompanied by
pain and tenderness.
Balanoplasty Surgical repair of the glans
penis.
Epididymectomy Excision of an epididymis.
Orchidectomy, Excision of the testis (bilateral
orchiectomy orchidectomy also is called
castration).
Orchidopexy, Surgical fixation of a testicle
orchiopexy (performed to bring
undescended testicle(s) into
the scrotum).
Orchidotomy, Incision into a testis.
orchiotomy
Orchioplasty Surgical repair of a testis.
Prostatectomy Excision of the prostate
gland.
Hydrocelectomy Surgical removal of a
hydrocele.
Radical Excision of the prostate gland
N.Tran
Testicular cancer Cancer of the testicle, usually
occurring in men 15 to 35
years of age.
Testicular torsion Twisting of the spermatic
cord causing decreased blood
flow to the testis; occurs most
often during puberty and
often presents with sudden
onset of severe testicular or
scrotal pain. Because of lack
of blood flow to the testis, it
is often considered a surgical
emergency.
Varicocele Enlarged veins of the
spermatic cord.
Prostatocystotom Incision into the prostate
y gland and bladder.
Prostatolithotomy Incision into the prostate
gland to remove a stone.
Prostatovesiculect Excision of the prostate gland
omy and seminal vesicles.
Vasectomy Excision of a duct (partial
excision of the vas deferens
bilaterally, resulting in male
sterilization).
Vasovasostomy Creation of artificial openings
between ducts (severed ends
of the vas deferens are
reconnected in an attempt to
restore fertility in men who
have had a vasectomy.
Vesiculectomy Excision of the seminal
vesicle(s).
Circumcision Surgical removal of the
prepuce (foreskin).
Transurethral A surgical procedure that
incision of the widens the urethra by making
prostate gland a few small incisions in the
(TUIP) bladder neck and the
prostate land. No prostate
tissue is removed. TUIP may
be used instead of TURP
when the prostate gland is
less enlarged.
Transurethral A treatment that eliminates

Prostatectomy with its capsule, seminal
(RP) vesicles, vas deferens and
sometimes pelvic lymph
nodes; performed by a
retropubic or perineal
approach, or
laparoscopically; used to
treat prostate cancer.
Suprapubic Excision of the prostate gland
prostatectomy through an abdominal
incision made above the
pubic bone and through an
incision in the bladder; used
to treat benign prostatic
hyperplasia and prostate
cancer (also called
suprapubic transvesical
prostatectomy).
Cooled Delivers precise
ThermoTherapy microwavable energy to heat
device and destroy prostate tissue
while a cooling mechanism
protects the surrounding
tissue.
Transurethral Uses a resectoscope through
resection of the the urethra to the prostate
prostate gland gland. The end of the
(TURP) instrument is equipped to
remove pieces of enlarged
prostate gland to relieve
bladder outlet obstruction.
Prostate-specific A blood test that measures
antigen (PSA) the level of prostate-specific
antigen in the blood. Elevated
test results may indicate the
presence of prostate cancer
or excess prostate tissue as
found in benign prostatic
hyperplasia.
N.Tran
microwave excess tissue present in
thermotherapy benign prostatic hyperplasia
(TUMT) by using heat generated by
microwave.
Transurethral Surgical removal of pieces of
resection of the the prostate gland tissue by
prostate gland using a resectoscope inserted
(TURP) through the urethra. The
capsule is left intact; usually
preformed when the enlarged
prostate gland interferes with
urination.
Photoselective Uses a laser system operated
vaporization of through a cystoscope inserted
the prostate through the urethra to the
gland (PVP) prostate gland. Overgrown
prostate tissue is vaporized
using heat generated by the
laser.
Transrectal An ultrasound procedure used
ultrasound (TRUS) to diagnose prostate cancer.
Sound waves are sent and
received by a transducer in
the form of a probe that is
placed into the rectum. The
sound waves are transformed
into an image of the prostate
gland.
Digital rectal A physical examination in
examination which the physician inserts a
(DRE) finger into the rectum and
feels for the size and shape of
the prostate gland through
the rectal wall. Used to
screen for BPH and cancer of
the prostate. BPH usually
presents as a uniform,
nontender enlargement,
whereas cancer usually
presents as a stony hard
nodule.

Semen analysis Microscopic observation of
ejaculated semen, revealing
the size, structure, and
movement of sperm; used to
evaluate male infertility and
to determine the
effectiveness of a vasectomy
(also called sperm count and
sperm test).
Aspermia Condition of being without
sperm (or semen or
ejaculation).
Oligospermia Condition of scanty sperm (in
the semen; may contribute to
infertility).
Artificial Introduction of semen into
insemination the vaginal by artificial
means.
Azoospermia Lack of live sperm in the
semen.
Chlamydia A sexually transmitted
disease, sometimes referred
to as a silent STD because
many people are not aware
they have the disease.
Symptoms that occur when
the disease becomes serious
are painful urination and
discharge from the penis in
men and genital itching,
vaginal discharge, and
bleeding between menstrual
periods in women. The
N.Tran
Adropathy A disease of the male (specific
to the male such as testitis).
Spermatolysis Dissolution (destruction) of
sperm.
Acquired A disease that affects the
immunodeficiency body’s immune system,
syndrome (AIDS) transmitted by exchange of
body fluid during the sexual
act, ruse of contaminated
needles, or receiving
contaminated blood
transfusions (also called
acquired immune deficiency
syndrome).
Homosexual Person who is attracted to a
member of the same sex.
Human A type of retrovirus that
immunodeficiency causes AIDS. HIV infects T-
virus (HIV) helper cells of the immune
system, allowing for
opportunistic infections such
as candidiasis, Pneumocystis
jiroveci pneumonia,
tuberculosis, and Kaposi
sarcoma.
Human A prevalent sexually
papillomavirus transmitted disease causing
(HPV) benign or cancerous growths
in male and female genitals
(also called venereal warts).

causative agent is C.
trachomatis.
Coitus Sexual intercourse between
male and female (also called
copulation).
Condom Cover for the penis worn
during coitus to prevent
conception and the spread of
sexually transmitted disease.
Ejaculation Ejection of semen from the
male urethra.
Genital herpes Sexually transmitted disease
caused by Herpesvirus
hominis type 2 (also called
herpes simplex virus).
Gonads Male and female sex glands.
Gonorrhea Contagious, inflammatory
sexually transmitted disease
caused by a bacterial
organism that affects the
mucous membranes of the
genitourinary system.
Heterosexual Person who is attracted to a
member of the opposite sex.
N.Tran
Infertility Reduced or absent ability to
produce offspring.
Orgasm Climax of sexual stimulation.
Puberty Period when secondary sex
characteristics develop and
the ability to reproduce
sexually begins.
Sexually Diseases, such as syphilis,
transmitted gonorrhea, and genital
disease (STD) herpes, transmitted during
sexual contact (also called
venereal disease and
sexually transmitted
infection [STI]).
Sterilization Process that renders an
individual unable to produce
offspring.
Syphilis Chronic infection caused by
the bacterium Treponema
pallidum, which usually is
transmitted by sexual
contact, may be acquired in
utero, or (less often)
contracted through direct
contact with infected tissue. If
untreated, the infection
usually progresses through
three clinical stages with a
latent period. The initial local
infection quickly becomes
systemic with widespread
dissemination of the
bacterium.
Trichomoniasis A sexually transmitted
disease caused by a one-cell
organism, Trichomonas. It
infects the genitourinary
tract. Men may be
asymptomatic or may
develop urethritis, an
enlarged prostate gland, or
 N.Tran

epididymitis. Women have

vaginal itching, dysuria, and
vaginal or urethral discharge.
AIDS Acquired immunodeficiency PSA Prostate-specific antigen.
syndrome.
BPH Benign prostatic hyperplasia. RP Radical prostatectomy.
DRE Digital rectal exam. STD Sexually transmitted disease.
ED Erectile dysfunction. TRUS Transrectal ultrasound.
HIV Human immunodeficiency TUIP Transurethral incision of the
virus. prostate.
TUMT Transurethral microwave HPV Human TURP Transurethral
thermotherapy papillomav resection of the
irus. prostate.

Chapter 8 Terminology
Ovaries Pair of almond-shaped Fundus Rounded upper portion of the
organs located in the pelvic uterus.
cavity. Egg cells are formed
and stored in the ovaries.
Ovum (pl. ova) Female egg cell. Cervix (Cx) Narrow lower portion of the
uterus.
Graafian follicles 100,000 microscopic sacs Vagina A 3-inch (7-8cm) tube that
that make up a large portion connects the uterus to the
of the ovaries. Each follicle outside of the body.
contains an immature ovum.
Normally one graafian follicle
develops to maturity monthly
between puberty and
menopause. It moves to the
surface of the ovary and
releases the ovum, which
passes into the uterine tube.
Uterine, or Pair of 5-inch (12-13cm) Hymen Fold of membrane found near
fallopian tubes tubes, attached to the uterus, the opening of the vagina.
that provide passageway for
the ovum to move from the
ovary to the uterus.
Fimbria (pl. Finger-like projection at the Rectouterine Pouch between the posterior
fimbriae) free end of the uterine tube. pouch wall of the uterus and the
anterior wall of the rectum
(also called Douglas cul-de-
sac).
Uterus Pear-sized and pear-shaped Bartholin glands Pair of mucus-producing
muscular organ that lies in glands located on each side
the pelvic cavity, except of the vagina and just above
during pregnancy when it the vaginal opening.
enlarges ad extends up into
 N.Tran

the abdominal cavity. Its

functions are menstruation,
pregnancy, and labor.
Endometrium Inner lining of the uterus. Mammary glands, Pair of milk-producing glands
or breasts of the female. Each breast
consists of 15 to 20 divisions,
or lobes.
Myometrium Muscular middle layer of the Mammary papilla Breast nipple.
uterus.
Perimetrium Outer thin layer that covers Areola Pigmented area around the
the surface of the uterus. breast nipple.
Corpus, or body Large central portion of the Arche/o First, beginning.
uterus.
Cervic/o Cervix. Hyster/o, metr/o, Uterus.
metr/i
Colp/o, Vagin/o Vagina. Mamm/o, mast/o Breast.
Culd/o Cul-de-sac. Men/o Menstruation.
Episi/o, vulv/o Vulva. Oophor/o Ovary.
Gynec/o, gyn/o Woman. Perine/o Perineum.
Hymen/o Hymen. Salping/o Uterine tube (fallopian tube).
Peri- Surrounding (outer). -atresia Absence of a normal body
opening; occlusion; closure.
-salpinx Uterine tube (fallopian tube). Amenorrhea Absence of menstrual
discharge.
Bartholin Inflammation of a Bartholin Menorrhagia Rapid flow of blood at
adenititis gland (also called menstruation (increased
bartholinitis). amount).
Cervicitis Inflammation of the cervix. Metrorrhagia Rapid flow of blood from the
uterus (between menstrual
cycles).
Colpitis, vaginitis Inflammation of the vagina. Myometritis Inflammation of the uterine
muscle (myometrium).
Dysmenorrhea Painful menstrual discharge. Oligomenorrhea Scanty menstrual flow (less
often).
Endocervicitis Inflammation of the inner Oophoritis Inflammation of the ovary.
(lining) of the cervix.
Endometritis Inflammation of the inner Perimetritis Inflammation surrounding
(lining) of the uterus the uterus (perimetrium).
(endometrium).
Hematosalpinx Blood in the uterine tube. Pyosalpinx Pus in the uterine tube.
Hydrosalpinx Water in the uterine tube. Salpingitis Inflammation of the uterine
tube
Hysteratresia Closure of the uterus (uterine Salpingocele Hernia of the uterine tube.
cavity).
Mastitis Inflammation of the breast. Vulvovaginitis Inflammation of the vulva
and vagina.
Menometrorrhagi Rapid flow of blood from the Adenomyosis Growth of endometrium into

a uterus at menstruation (and
between menstrual cycles;
increased amounts).
Breast cancer Malignant tumor of the
breast.
Cervical cancer Malignant tumor of the
cervix, which progresses from
cellular dysplasia to
carcinoma. Its cause is linked
to human papillomavirus
(HPV) infection.
Endometrial Malignant tumor of the
cancer endometrium (also called
uterine cancer).
Endometriosis Abnormal condition in which
endometrial tissue grows
outside of the uterus in
various areas in the pelvic
cavity, including ovaries,
uterine tubes, intestines, and
uterus.
Fibrocystic breast A disorder characterized by
disease one or more benign cysts in
the breast.
Fibroid tumor Benign fibroid tumor of the
uterine muscle (also called
myoma of the uterus or
leiomyoma).
Colpoperineorrhap Suture of the vagina and
hy perineum (performed to
mend perineal vaginal tears).
Colpoplasty Surgical repair of the vagina.
Colporrhaphy Suture of the vagina (wall of
the vagina).
Episioperineoplast Surgical repair of the vulva
y and perineum.
Episiorrhaphy Suture of (a tear in) the vulva.
N.Tran
the muscular portion of the
uterus.
Ovarian cancer Malignant tumor of the
ovary.
Pelvic Inflammation of the female
inflammatory pelvic organs that can be
disease caused by many different
pathogens. If untreated, the
infection may spread upward
from the vagina, involving the
uterus, uterine tubes, ovaries,
and other pelvic organs. An
ascending infection result in
infertility and, in acute cases,
fatal septicemia.
Prolapsed uterus Downward displacement of
the uterus into the vagina
(also called hysteroptosis).
Toxic shock A severe illness characterized
syndrome (TSS) by high fever, rash, vomiting,
diarrhea, and myalgia,
followed by hypotension and,
in severe cases, shock and
death; usually affects
menstruating women using
tampons; caused by
Staphylococcus aureus and
Streptococcus pyogenes.
Vesicovaginal Abnormal opening between
fistula the bladder and the vagina.
Cervicectomy Excision of the cervix.
Mastoplexy Surgical fixation of the breast
(performed to lift sagging
breast tissue or to create
symmetry).
Oophorectomy Excision of an ovary.
Perineorrhapy Suture of (a tear in) the
perineum.
Salpingectomy Excision of a uterine tube.
Salpingo- Excision of the uterine tube
oophorectomy and ovary.

Hymenectomy Excision of the hymen.
Hymenotomy Incision of the hymen.
Hysterectomy Excision of the uterus.
Hysteropexy Surgical fixation of the
uterus.
Hysterosalpingo- Excision of the uterus, uterine
oophorectomy tubes, and ovaries.
Mammoplasty Surgical repair of the breast
(performed to enlarge or
reduce in size, or to
reconstruct after removal of
tumor).
Mastectomy Surgical removal of a breast.
Modified radical Removal of breast tissue,
mastectomy nipple, and lymph nodes.
Simple Removal of breast tissue and
mastectomy nipple; also called total
mastectomy.
Subcutaneous Removal of breast tissue only,
mastectomy preserving the overlying skin,
nipple and areola.
Conization The surgical removal of a
N.Tran
Salpingostomy Creation of an artificial
opening in a uterine tube
(performed to restore
patency).
Vulvectomy Excision of the vulva.
Subtotal Excision of the uterus,
hysterectomy excluding the cervix; rarely
performed.
Total Excision of the uterus
hysterectomy (abdominal, vaginal, or
laparoscopic).
Panhysterectomy Excision of the uterus,
ovaries, uterine tubes; lymph
nodes, upper portion of the
vagina, and the surrounding
tissues (abdominal).
Laparoscopic- Vaginal excision of the uterus
assisted vaginal with the use of the
hysterectomy laparoscope to view the
abdominopelvic cavity.
Laparoscopic instruments are
used to sever the ligaments
that hold the uterus in place.
Radial Removal of breast tissue,
mastectomy nipple, lymph nodes, and
underlying chest wall muscle;
also called Halsted
mastectomy (rarely
performed).
Segmental Removal of a quadrant, or
mastectomy wedge, of breast tissue; also
called quadrantectomy.
Lumpectomy Removal of the cancerous
lesion along with a margin of
surrounding healthy breast
tissue; Also called partial
mastectomy or breast-
conserving surgery.
Anterior and Surgical repair of a weakened
posterior vaginal wall to correct a
colporrhaphy cystocele (protrusion of the
(A&P repair) bladder against the anterior
wall of the vagina) and a
rectocele (protrusion of the
rectum against the posterior
wall of the vagina).
Sentinel lymph An injection of blue dye

cone-shaped area of the
cervix; used in the treatment
for noninvasive cervical
cancer (also called cone
biopsy).
Dilation and Dilation (widening) of the
curettage (D&C) cervix and scraping of the
endometrium with an
instrument called a curette. It
is performed to diagnose
disease, to correct bleeding,
and to empty uterine
contents, such as tissue
remaining after a
miscarriage.
Endometrial A procedure to destroy or
ablation remove the endometrium by
use of laser or thermal
energy; used to treat
abnormal uterine bleeding.
Laparoscopy or Visual examination of the
laparoscopic abdominal cavity,
surgery accomplished by inserting a
laparoscope through a tiny
incision near the umbilicus. It
is used for surgical
procedures such as tubal
sterilization (closure of the
uterine tubes), hysterectomy,
oophorectomy, or biopsy of
the ovaries. It may also be
used to diagnose
endometriosis.
Myomectomy Excision of a fibroid tumor
(myoma) from the uterus.
Mammogram Radiographic image of the
breast.
Mammography Radiographic imaging of the
N.Tran
node biopsy and/or radioactive isotope
used to identify the sentinel
lymph node(s), the first in the
axillary chain and most likely
to contain metastasis of
breast cancer. The nodes are
removed and microscopically
examined. If negative, no
more nodes are removed.
Stereotactic A technique that combines
breast biopsy mammography and
computer-assisted biopsy to
obtain tissue from a breast
lesion.
Tubal ligation Closure of the uterine tubes
for sterilization by tying
(ligation)(the broader term
“tubal sterilization” includes
cauterizing the cut ends)(also
called “tying of tubes”)
Uterine artery Minimally invasive procedure
embolization used to treat fibroids of the
(UAE) uterus by blocking arteries
that supply blood to the
fibroids. First, an arteriogram
is used to identify the vessels.
Once identified, tiny gelatin
beads, about the size of
grains of sand, are inserted
into the vessels to create a
blockage. The blockage stops
the blood supply to the
fibroids causing them to
shrink.
Hysterosalpingogr Radiographic image of the
am uterus and uterine tubes
(after injection of a contrast
agent).
Culdoscope Instrument used for visual
examination of Douglas cul-
de-sac (rectouterine pouch).
Culdoscopy Visual examination of

breast (also called digital
mammography when images
are obtained electronically
and viewed on a computer).
Sonohysterograph Process of recording the
y uterus by use of sound (an
ultrasound procedure).
Colposcope Instrument used for visual
examination of the vagina
(and cervix).
Colposcopy Visual examination (with a
magnified view) of the vagina
(and cervix).
Transvaginal An ultrasound procedure that
sonography (TVS) uses a transducer placed in
the vagina to obtain images
of the ovaries, uterus, cervix,
uterine tubes, and
surrounding structures; used
to diagnose masses such as
ovarian cysts or tumors, to
monitor pregnancy, and to
evaluate ovulation for the
treatment of infertility.
CA-125 (cancer A blood test used in the
antigen-125 tumor detection of ovarian cancer.
marker) It is also used to monitor
treatment to determine the
extent of the disease.
Gynecology (GYN) Study of women (a branch of
medicine dealing with
diseases of the female
reproductive system).
Gynopathic Pertaining to diseases of
women.
Leukorrhea White discharge (from the
vagina).
Mastalgia Pain in the breast.
Dyspareunia Difficult or painful
intercourse.
Fistula Abnormal passageway
between two organs or
between an internal organ
and the body surface.
N.Tran
Douglas cul-de-sac
(rectouterine pouch).
Hysteroscope Instrument used for visual
examination of the uterus
(uterine cavity).
Hysteroscopy Visual examination of the
uterus (uterine cavity).
Culdocentesis Surgical puncture to remove
fluid from the Douglas cul-de-
sac (rectouterine pouch).
Pap smear A cytological study of cervical
and vaginal secretions to
determine the presence of
abnormal or cancerous cells;
most commonly used to
detect cancers of the cervix
(also called Papanicolaou
smear and Pap test).
Gynecologist A physician who studies and
treats diseases of women
(female reproductive system).
Mastoptosis Sagging breast.
Menarche Beginning of menstruation
(usually occurring between
ages of 11 and 16).
Vaginal Pertaining to the vagina.
Vulvovaginal Pertaining to the vulva and
vagina.
Menopause Cessation of menstruation,
usually around the ages of 48
to 53 years.
Premenstrual A syndrome involving physical
syndrome (PMS) and emotional symptoms
occurring in the 10 days
before menstruation.
 N.Tran

Symptoms include nervous

tension, irritability,
mastalgia, edema, and
headache. Its cause is not
fully understood.
Hormone Replacement of hormones, Speculum Instrument for opening a
replacement estrogen and/or body cavity to allow visual
therapy (HRT) progesterone, to treat inspection.
symptoms associated with
menopause.
A&P repair Anterior and posterior PMS Premenstrual syndrome.
colporrhaphy.
Cx Cervix. SHG Sonohysterography.
D&C Dilation and curettage. TAH/BSO Total abdominal
hysterectomy/bilateral
salpingo-oophorectomy.
FBD Fibrocystic breast disease. TSS Toxic shock syndrome.
GYN Gynecology. TVH Total vaginal hysterectomy.
HRT Hormone replacement TVS Transvaginal sonography.
therapy.
PID Pelvic inflammatory disease. UAE Uterine artery embolization.
Vulva, or external Two pairs of lips (labia Clitoris Highly erogenous erectile
genitalia majora and labia minora) body located anterior to the
that surround the vagina urethra.
Perineum Pelvic floor in both the male and female. In females it usually refers to the area
between the vaginal opening and the anus.