CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURES AND STUDIES

This chapter presents related literature and studies regarding copper wire,

ordinary mirror and diode as source of electrical energy which cover the

following aspects:

Foreign Literature

Solar Energy is important according to the book (Mackay, 2015) the sun

produces on incredible amount of energy each and every day there is enough

to supply all the energy needs for everyone but there is a challenge in

harvesting these types of electricity. as stated on the book the researchers read

(Perry, 2018) there are different types of harvesting electricity such as

harvesting from fossil fuels where power plant companies burn carbon fuels

such coal, oil or gas to generate steam that drives large turbines that produce

electricity. Nuclear Power where In nuclear power plants, neutrons collide with

uranium atoms, splitting them In the core of nuclear reactors, the fission of

uranium atoms releases energy that heats water to about 520 degrees

Fahrenheit. And other sources of renewable energy but the most safest eco

friendly source is by harvesting the sun and turning it into a solar energy

source by photovoltaic cell what is photovoltaic effect? According to (Zaidi,

2018) Photovoltaic Cells/solar cells are electrical device that converts the light

energy directly turning into electricity is what we called photovoltaic effect this

where they allow photons (photons are the Basic unit of light) to knock

electrons free from atoms that will generate a flow of electricity creating a

direct current energy (CE) and then turning it to a usable alternating current
and it all flows to a matter that is connected. Solar energy has experienced

phenomenal growth in the recent years according to this article (Timilisina,

Kurdgelashuili, & Narbel, 2011). This study analyzes the technical, economic and

policy aspects of solar energy development and deployment. The price of solar

energy is decreasing rapidly this past few years, but it still remain much higher

price than the others. Like other renewable energy technologies, solar energy

benefits residents in many countries. Despite the phenomenal growth and huge

potential of solar energy technologies worldwide still has to overcome a

number of technical and financial barriers. The contribution of solar energy to

global energy supply mix is still not eligible. This study attempts to address

why role of solar energy in meeting global energy supply mix continues to be

small. Based on the article (Saad al-sumaiti, Ahmed, & Salama, 2014) The

increasing interest in smart home technologies has created a need for a

comprehensive literature survey. This articles the goals of a smart home energy

management system, along with related definitions, applications, and information

about the manufacturing of its components. The challenges associated with

smart home energy management systems and possible solutions are examined,

and the energy factors that contribute to a customer’s electricity bill are

discussed.The researchers think that since the sun can produce enough energy

to supply the whole world. The energy coming from the sun is free yet,

people still uses fossil fuels, Nuclear and other harmful energy sources.

According to Electronic Cookbook (Monk, 2017) A diode is a component

that only allows current to flow through it in one direction. Diode flow very

low resistance in one direction and a high resistance on the other direction.

Diodes has a two leads that are called the anode and the cathode. The voltage
remains almost constant, no matter how much current flows through it. The

bigger the diode the grater the power-handling capability. The commonly used

diode to allow voltages up to a certain voltage to pass through is the zener

diode.

By creating more sustainable energy sources, the Philippines is making great

progress toward becoming energy independent. Competitive oil prices, very high

renewable energy investment costs, and high local electricity prices, on the opposite

hand, are putting a damper on renewable energy investment. This paper evaluates the

advantages of investing in renewable energy sources with continuing to use oil to get

power (Agathon and Karl, 2018).

Based on the foreign literature gathered, Zener diode is the best

candidate for the researcher product, in al of the radios and tv, diodes are a

big part of its components because diode flow resistance which means it can

easily leak in an open circuit. Solar energy is the most famous renewable

energy source because it can create an electrical current without physical

movements. Also, according to an article written by (Mcallisster 2015) The

diode is our first semiconductor device. The diode's distinctive feature is that it

conducts current in one direction, but not the other. We won't go into the

details of how a diode does this, or how it's made. Fortunately, you don't have

to know how to make a diode before using it in a circuit.

Local Studies

Redding explores the brightening future of solar power in the

Philippines. Stated by (Kelly, 2019) who did a research in the Philippines

Despite the government’s courting of the private sector, for profit energy has
been slow to embrace the challenge of powering rural areas of the Philippines.

In Morgan Kelly’s study they suggests that the power system should be

adapted for the local needs. According to “energy procedia” written by (Brahim,

2014) Renewable energy is important to the Philippine energy security and

sustainability agenda. Because it examines the status of renewable energy in

the Philippines and it discussed about the opportunities and challenges in

further development and deployment of renewable energy.

The Philippines in the Electronics and Electrical Global Value Chain stated by

(Gereffi, 2016) This Study uses the Duke CGGC global value chain framework

to identify the characteristics of the Philippines in the global electronics and

electrical industry and to identify opportunities to upgrade. Electronics and

electrical equipment have played an important role in the Philippine economy

since the 1970s and form the foundation of the country’s export basket today.

The Philippines is not the leading exporter in any particular product category, it

is known for its significant number of semi-conductor assembly and test

facilities. The electronics an electrical industry embrace a broad range of

component, intermediate, and final products that feed into a number of different

and markets. In this article (Shead ,2017) the advantages and potential business

opportunities of solar energy in the Philippines. There has been a general

expansion in solar power generation in Asia as opposed to Europe and the rest

of the world, and ASEAN countries, including Philippines have a greater

growth potential. This make solar power a much cheaper and economically

more advantageous option in the Philippines. “ To light up the rest of the

Philippines sustainably” stated by (Mijeno, 2015) Mijeno made the Sustainable

Alternative Lightning (SALt) lamp. The SALt Lamp is an environment-friendly

and sustainable alternative light source that runs on saltwater, making it

sustainable to those who live in coastal areas. It can also function well in

remote barrios. With just two table spoons of salt and one glass of tap water,

this ecological designed lamp can run for eight hours.

According to Mijeno, the idea behind the SALt lamp is also a lot safer,

Mijeno stressed since it does not have components and compounds that may

spark fire. Moreover, it does not emit toxic gases and leaves minimal carbon

footprint. Mijeno said that her experience working with an environmental

organization made her realize the need for an alternative source of light,

especially in rural areas of the Philippines. Renewable energy is important to

the Philippines because it replace current fossil fuels like coal and gas for

generation of electricity that produce air, water, and pollution it also eliminate

these unsafe, unclean consequences from using conventional fossil fuels. Based

in the article (Senados and Vequizo, 2018) The effects of the thermal annealing

on the device performance of the as-grown n-ZnS/p-Si(100) deposited via

home-made physical vapor deposition machine was examined through the

analysis of the l-V characteristics at room temperature under dark current

measurements. Both as grown and thermally annealed samples were found to

exhibit a rectifying diode-like behavior and revealing that under reverse bias,

avalanche of leakage current flow were observed at voltage greater than -15V

in the as-grown sample. An almost completely disappearing leakage current flow

and a dramatic increase of forward current were exhibited after thermal

annealing. Exposure of the samples to different wavelengths of light (200-800

nm) showed the thermally annealed sample to have a promising photodetection

property in the UV(~399 nm) and in some wavelengths in the visible

range(500,550 and 600 nm).

Based on Local studies gathered renewable energy is important because

replace fossil fuels like coal and gas for generation of electricity that produce

air, water, and pollution it also eliminate these unsafe, unclean consequences

from using conventional fossil fuels.

Foreign Studies

According to this article (Mills, 2010) that in the early 1800s

galvanometers could be constructed with the fine gauges of silk-covered copper

wire or silver wires. But when Faraday was conducting a research or

experiment for classic electrical in 1831 he needed a deeper research to study

gauge of copper wire. It states here that bare copper wire was available in

many differents diameters for mechanical application. It was soon realized that

the cotton covered spring iron wire can be used to hold out the brims ladies

bonnets just like how copper wire did. And they might be similar to provide a

flexible insulation. Generations to generations the machine that where used to

make bonnet wires where readily adopted by other countries and improved.

And one of the machine is a six-headed version that was built by William

Henley. As years passed by the insulated copper wire was abundantly justified.

He built up an empire where wires and cables are traded. His silk-covered

copper wire was used for physical, chemical, and electrical testing.

William Henleys copper wire was determine. Based on the article

(Chauhan, Pecht, & Zhong, 2013) Copper wire bonding of microelectronics parts

has developed as a means to cut the cost of using the more mature technology
of gold wire bonding. Wire bonds form the primary interconnects between an

integrated circuit chip and the metal lead frame in semiconductor packaging.

Copper (CU) is the most preferred alternative materials for wire bonding

because of its lower resistance, higher mechanical strength, lower electrical

resistance and higher thermal conductivity compared with gold. Stated by (Qin,

Shen, and Shao, 2015) A lot of studies conducted have been made concerning

highway service area or solar technology and acquired great achievements as

the renewable and clean energy, solar energy will not cause environmental

pollution that is produced by traditional energy like coal, oil, and other fossil

fuels during the using process.

According to (Agll, Hamad, & Sheffield, 2015) The energy requirement

pattern of the world is growing up and developing technology. The available

sources, while exhausting and not friendly to the environment, are highly used.

Looking at partial supply and different options of environment problems

associated with usage, renewable energy sources are getting attention. MSW

(Municipal solid waste) composition data had been collected from 1997 to

2009, in Benghazi Libya, to evaluate the waste enthalphy. An incinerator with

capacity of 47,250kg/h was confirmed to burn all the quantity of waste

generated by the city through the next 15 years. Based on (Averett ,2016)

There are about one million solar installments-private rooftop, community, and

commercial in the United States, and they account for about one percent

electricity produced in this country. With the cost of PV systems continuing to

fall, that number is expected to double in the next two years, according to the

Solar Energy Industries Association (SEIA) solar power systems save money for

all ratepayers because they generate most of their energy during the hot
summer months everyone has their air conditioners running, and demand for

electricity is at it’s highest in Massachusetts. Diodes are electronics components

function as one-way valve it means it allow current to flow in one direction .

stated by (Shree, 2018) operation of diode can be classified in two ways, if it

allows the current then it is forward biased otherwise it is reversed biased,

generally diodes are used as reverse polarity protector and transient protector.

Based on foreign studies gathered copper wire was available in many

differents diameters for mechanical application and it was used for physical,

chemical, and electrical testing.

Local Literature

Solar panels actually comprise many smaller units called photovoltaic

cells according to the article (Dhar, 2017) The sun has produced energy for

billion of years, and it is the most important source of energy for all forms

according to the article (Admin, 2017). This two article is all about how do

the solar panels works. Solar panels works by allowing photons, or particles of

light, to knock electrons free from atoms, generating a flow of electricity and

to work photovoltaic cells they need to establish an electric field. There are

many facts about solar energy like solar energy refers to the energy from the

sun. The primary benefit of solar energy is provides a clean and sustainable

electricity without toxic pollution but there is only limitation of solar energy.

The benefits of renewable energy for power consumers in the Philippines will

overtake it’s currently high cost, according to the study. Particularly in the

Philippines, can help answer the country’s growing energy demand despite

concerns about high cost based on (Santos, 2013). The transformation of energy
from the sun into electricity is called solar power. It is the fastest growing

innovations that people are becoming to accept. Solar energy is derived from

the radiation that comes from the sun and that is converted to electricity based

on (Solengry System Inc of 2016). The problem in the Philippine is not the

shortage off power grid but the weakness of the grid to deliver electricity to

areas that are poorly served where, as result that economic development has yet

to take off according to (Sullivan, 2018).

According to (Held, 2019) the book begins with a brief history of the

effort to enable the device that generates light through modern organic LEDs

and reviews the fundamentals and principles of light prior to a detailed

explanation how LED generate different colors. After forming this basic

foundation, the book examines the key LEDs in lighting and communications.

It then discusses the latest opportunities’ and advancements in high brightness

(HB) LED technology, solid state lighting, and handheld electronic application.

This books provides a foundation for resolving these issues and developing

new applications for LEDs in the promising general illumination market.

Marquardt (2017) this text examines how a developing country's complicated

multilevel governance framework influences environmental policy implementation.

An in-depth case study of the Philippine Renewable Energy Act is presented. The law

was introduced in 2008 with the goal of skyrocketing the proportion of renewable

energy within the electrical mix, but its implementation has proven difficult. this text

examines how interjurisdictional cooperation and also the distribution of power

resources and capacities affect the implementation process within the Philippines'

complex multilevel governance system. The findings of this qualitative study are

supported significant documents and 48 expert interviews. Power in central–local

relationships study can contribute to contemporary multilevel governance notions

from a theoretical standpoint.

The Philippines is making employed to enhance toward becoming energy

independent by developing more sustainable energy sources. On the opposite hand,

low oil prices, high renewable energy investment costs, and high local electricity

prices are stifling renewable energy development and deployment. Whether or not the

Philippine government fulfills its renewable energy targets are going to be determined

by the efficiency and speed with which it addresses the relevant concerns. The relative

importance of investing in various renewable energy sources vs continuing to use coal

for electricity generation within the Philippines are reviewed in a number of this text.

the foremost tempting renewable energy source to speculate in is heat, which is

followed by wind, hydropower, and solar photovoltaic. the issue of a developing

country's multilevel governance framework effects the execution of environmental

policies, according to article. The Philippine Renewable Energy Act is that the subject

of a close case study.