• value of geometric parameter

is not measured only once

Basic Concepts of the Theory of Survey Errors

"One measurement, no measurement"
and Adjustment Calculation
• Causes
******************************************************  used surveying instrument
Ing.Hana Stankova,
Stankova, Ph.D.
The Institute of Geodesy and Mining Surveying,
Surveying,  surveying person and his mental and physical condition
Faculty of Mining and Geology,  influence of environment in which is the measurement
VSB-
VSB-Technical University of Ostrava
MEASURING CONDITIONS
E-mail: hana.stankova
hana.stankova@vsb.cz
@vsb.cz,,
tel: 596995269
Affect the measured values li , i=1,2,3,4……
i=1,2,3,4……n
n

• Ideal conditions for measurements

Classification errors
We measure the actual (exact) value of the measurand X
• MISTAKE
Between each measured value li and their real or true • arise by carelessness and improper activities of the surveyor
value of same quantity X exists difference • strikingly different value in a set of measurements
Error εi
• not the result of objective conditions
εi= X-
X-li
is not surveying error

The difference between true and measured value. • eliminated by the repeats and controls measurement
Ex.
Studies of errors, their classification and interpretation deals Bad reading on tape

Theory of Errors Aiming theodolite on the wrong target

• Blunders • Systematic errors

component of measurement error, in which multiple
• error that is greater than we can be, depending on measurements of that quantity remains constant or is
the accuracy of the method chosen, and used changing in a predictable way
measuring instrument
Separation effects
• noticeably deviates from the set measuring the same
quantity of other values • measuring the use of prescribed procedures,
• applying appropriate correction to the actual measurement ,
! elimination from the set of measurements ! • calibration .

Arise under adverse conditions Division of systematic errors

• measurements in industrial plants,
• measurement construction zones constant unilateral group
• measurements over water surface

1
Constant systematic errors: Group systematic errors
The same sign and magnitude Systematically influence the results of measurements in
all set of measurement
Tape measuring the length
Random changes its sign and size
actual length of the tape differs from the nominal length
Measurement of horizontal directions theodolite
repeating the measurement error we not find and not eliminate

Sight line passes through air layers of different temperatures

Unilateral systematic errors:
The same sign, but the size of the randomly changing bend the line of sight-
sight- refraction

Measuring the length in the industrial zone from outside to inside

inside in Levelling – leveling sight line passes near the earth's surface
around of the radiant heat machine
Poor re-
re-adjustment of the spirit level vial – levelling staff or stadia

Oblique position staff – systematic error

• Random errors If the measured values of l1, l2, …..l

..ln compared to the real
value of X, to get
component of measurement error that appears when
multiple measurements of the same variables as ε1= X-
X-l1, ε2= X-
X-l2, ………………… εn= X-
X-ln
unpredictable

Characteristics of random errors:

errors: X …true, real value ε….. true random error

• small errors more often than large ones, unknown

known most probable value (MPV)
• positive and negative errors are equally likely,
• can not be eliminated out, If l1, l2, …..l
..ln the same exact value of that quantity, then
its most probably value (MPV) is
• application of Theory of Errors,
rrors, e.g. Principle of Least squares.
n individual observation
l  l  .......  ln 
li
x 1 2  i 1 Arithmetic mean
n n
total number of observations

Most probably error residual vi

Application of Gauss's Law compile error in appropriate intervals
intervals

v1= x-
x-l1, v2= x-
x-l2, ………………… vn= x-
x-ln, or column graph

x = v1+l1 = v2+l2 = ………………..=

………………..=v
vn+ln Frequency of occurrence of errors
Distribution of the errors approximates closely to the normal or Normal distribution

Gauss Probability Distribution N(E(x),σ2)

N(E(x),σ

E(x)
E(x)….. mean value
Frequency of occurrence decreases with increasing
magnitude of random errors Unknown real measured value

It expresses an analytical curve for the quantity x

( x  E ( x )) σ2 ……..
…….. variance
The density distribution of random errors 1 
2 2
f ( x)  e
 2 Frequency of occurrence of surveying errors approximated by
σ … standard deviation x  (, ) normal distribution curve

2
 Standard deviation
n

 
i 1
i i

n

Standard error
n

v v
i 1
i i

1 
h degree of accuracy n 1
 2
„h“ larger - more accurate set of measurements

slender shape of the Gaussian curve

Weights of a measurement The weight Positive number, relative p (pondus)

pondus)

If the measured value: The ratio between the weight when the i-th measurement and
the standard deviation σi
• various precision instruments 1
pi 
 i2 σi…. priori standard deviation
• under different atmospheric conditions ,
• experienced differently surveyor For the set of measurement x1, x2, …. xn with standards
deviation σ1, σ2, …….
…….σn is the ratio of the weights

Measurements are not equivalent 1 1 1

p1 : p2 : .......: pn  : : ......: 2
 12  22 n

Haven't the same W eight Multiply the right side of the equation „c" Same for the all
measurement
Measurements that will have a smaller value σ, are c c c the „c" so that to the right
accurate and have more weight p1 : p2 : .......: p n  : : ......: 2
 12  22 n side of the small value

Summary of standard error formulae

Formulas for calculation of the standard deviation:
deviation:
We have quantities x1, x2, …. xn, affected σ1, σ2, …….
…….σn
n
n New quantity y affected
p  i i i pvv
i 1
i i i

 i 1  The ration between new quantity y, which is calculated from l1,

n n 1 l2, …., ln affected
σ1, σ2, …….
…….σn ε1,ε2, …….
…….εn True random errors
True random errors residuals Standard deviation
y  F ( x1 , x2 ,........ xn ) (1)

The larger the standard deviation,

deviation, the greater the y   y  F ( x1   1 , x2   2 ,........ xn   n ) (2)
spread of results and the lower the precision of results
Errors εi are against the values of xi very small

By Taylor Theorem will be right side of equation (2)

3
 • restrictions on members of the first order If any quantity x1, x2, …. xn obtained from several measurements
F F F
y   y  F ( x1 , x2 ,..... xn )  1   2  .....  n (3) We can write for each equation for εy (5)
x1 x2 xn
equations add up and divide by n (number of equations)
• considering the (1) on both sides of the same members n n n n
2 2 2 2
F F F i 1
y
 F 
2 
i 1
1
 F 
2 
i 1
2
 F 
2 
i 1
n
y  1   2  .....  n (4)        ......    (6)
x1 x2 xn n  x1  n  x2  n  xn  n

To avoid the influence of signs of real errors  n 2 

  i 
squaring (4) – restriction on sq. members of the first  i 1   2
i
order  n 
Summary of standard error formulae  
2 2 2  
 F  2  F  2  F  2 (5)
 y2     1   x   2  .....   x   n 2 2 2
x
 1  2  n  F   F  2  F  2
 y2     12     2  ......     n
x
 1 x
 2  xn 

Ex 1:
Summary of standard error formulae In a plane triangle were measured angles α, β are standard
deviations σα ,σβ .Calculate σγ.
• applies to the following conditions:
C  
γ   2 R  (   )  -1  -1
1. Measurement quantities and their true random errors are to be
independent α β  
2. True random errors are random character, A B  2   2   2
3. Sign and size of random errors is governed by the normal distribution,
distribution,
4. Errors are small compared with the measured values,
Ex 2:
partial derivatives are constant ,
In a plane triangle were measured sides b,c,
b,c, and gripped by
5. Individual members must have the same physical nature the angle α. If we know σb,σc, σα. What is σp?