Notes dBB Stiff-Matter

G. S. Vicente
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I. VAKILI(2012)

In the cosmic time (N = 1), the classical solutions read [check]:

 1/3
3λt
a(t) = c ± (1.1)
a0
Performing the canonical transformation (ϕ, Pϕ ) → (T, PT ) [Ref. 7 from Vakili(2012)]:

ϕ Pϕ2
T = , PT = (1.2)
Pϕ 2
Classical solution in time T :
a(T ) = a0 e±λT (1.3)
Quantum solution in time T :
√
γ 2 +T 2
a(T ) = a0 e (1.4)
where γ is arbitrary. I will set γ = 1. Also, a(0) = a0 = aB , then a0 = aB . Therefore,
√
1+T 2
a(T ) = aB e (1.5)

1 dT 1 d dT d 1 d
Ṫ = {T, H} = → = 3 → = = 3 (1.6)
a3 dt a dt dt dT a dT
Hubble parameter:
 2
2 ȧ
H = (1.7)
a
 2
1 1 da
= (1.8)
a a3 dT
 √
2
1 1 2T 1+T 2
= 8 √ aB e (1.9)
a 2 1 + T2
 2
1 Ta
= 8 √ (1.10)
a 1 + T2
2
1 T
= 6 (1.11)
a 1 + T2
 
2 a
1 ln aB − 1
= 6   (1.12)
a ln2 aaB
 
1  1
= 6 1−   (1.13)
a ln2 a aB

For a → ∞,
1
H2 = = κρ (1.14)
a6
and
a = (κρ)−1/6 (1.15)
Also,
a(0) = aB = (κρc )−1/6 (1.16)
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Then,
 
2
 γ 
H 2 = κρ 1 − h i (1.17)
(κρ)−1/6 
 ln2 (κρ c)
−1/6
 
1
= κρ 1 −  1/6   (1.18)
ln2 ρρc1/6
 

 

 
 1 
= κρ 1 −   1/6 2  (1.19)

1 + ln ρρc

 

 

d 1 d
From dt = a3 dT and dt = adη,

1 d 1 d d 1 d
= 3 → = 2 (1.20)
a dη a dT dη a dT

a′′
 
1 d da
= (1.21)
a a dη dη
 
1 d 1 da
= (1.22)
a dη a2 dT
 
1 d 1 Ta
= √ (1.23)
a dη a2 1 + T 2
 
1 d 1 T
= √ (1.24)
a dη a 1 + T 2
   
T 1 d 1 1 d T
=√ + 2 √ (1.25)
1 + T 2 a dη a a dη 1 + T2
   
T 1 1 d 1 1 1 d T
= √ + 2 2 √ (1.26)
1 + T 2 a a2 dT a a a dT 1 + T2
T 1 1 da 1 1 T T
= −√ +√ − 4 (1.27)
1 + T 2 a3 a2 dT 1 + T 2 a4 a (1 + T 2 )3/2
T 1 Ta 1 1 1 T2
= −√ 5
√ +√ 4
− 4 (1.28)
1 + T2 a 1 + T2 1 + T2 a a (1 + T 2 )3/2
1 T2 1 1 1 T2
=− 4 + √ − (1.29)
a 1 + T2 1 + T 2 a4 a4 (1 + T 2 )3/2
1 1 h
2
p
2 + 1 + T2 − T2
i
= 4 −T 1 + T (1.30)
a (1 + T 2 )3/2
√
1 1 − T2 1 + T2
= 4 (1.31)
a (1 + T 2 )3/2

Spectator field modes equation:

a′′ (η)
 
′′ 2
u (η) + k − u(η) = 0 (1.32)
a(η)
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Perfoming the change η → T ,

d2 u(η) 1 d2 a(η)
 
2
+ k − u(η) = 0 (1.33)
dη 2 a(η) dη 2
    
1 d 1 du(T ) 2 1 d 1 da(T )
+ k − 3 u(T ) = 0 (1.34)
a2 dT a2 dT a dT a2 dT
1 d2 u(T ) 1 d2 a
  
2 da du(T ) 2 1 2 da da
− 5 + 4 + k − − 5 + 4 u(T ) = 0 (1.35)
a dT dT a dT 2 a a dT dT a dT 2
"  2 #
2 da du(T ) 1 d2 u(T ) 2 2 da 1 d2 a
− 5 + 4 2
+ k + 6
− 5 u(T ) = 0 (1.36)
a dT dT a dT a dT a dT 2

From

da d  √1+T 2 
= a0 e (1.37)
dT dT
da Ta
=√ (1.38)
dT 1 + T2

and

d2 a
 
d Ta
= √ (1.39)
dT 2 dT 1 + T2
2
d a a T da T 2a
= √ + √ − (1.40)
dT 2 1 + T2 1 + T 2 dT (1 + T 2 )3/2
2 2
d a a T a T 2a
= √ + − (1.41)
dT 2 1 + T2 1 + T2 (1 + T 2 )3/2
√
d2 a a(1 + T 2 ) T 2a 1 + T 2 T 2a
2
= 2 3/2
+ 2 3/2
− (1.42)
dT (1 + T ) (1 + T ) (1 + T 2 )3/2
√
d2 a 1 + T2 1 + T2
2
=a (1.43)
dT (1 + T 2 )3/2

" √ #
2 T a du(T ) 1 d2 u(T ) 2 2 T 2 a2 1 1 + T2 1 + T2
− 5√ + 4 + k + 6 − 5a u(T ) = 0 (1.44)
a 1 + T 2 dT a dT 2 a 1 + T2 a (1 + T 2 )3/2
" √ √ #
d2 u(T ) 2T du(T ) 4 2 2T 2 1 + T 2 1 + T2 1 + T2
−√ + a k + − u(T ) = 0 (1.45)
dT 2 1 + T 2 dT (1 + T 2 )3/2 (1 + T 2 )3/2
" √ #
d2 u(T ) 2T du(T ) 4 2 1 − T2 1 + T2
−√ + a k − u(T ) = 0 (1.46)
dT 2 1 + T 2 dT (1 + T 2 )3/2

Performing the change u(T ) → f (T )U (T ),

 " √ #
d2 f d2 U 1 − T2 1 + T2

df dU 2T dU df 4 2
U +2 + f−√ f+ U + a k − fU = 0 (1.47)
dT 2 dT dT dT 2 1 + T 2 dT dT (1 + T 2 )3/2
( √ ! )
d2 U 1 − T2 1 + T2 d2 f
 
df T dU 4 2 2T df
f +2 −√ f + a k − f−√ + U =0 (1.48)
dT 2 dT 1 + T2 dT (1 + T 2 )3/2 1 + T 2 dT dT 2
" √ #
d2 U 1 − T2 1 + T2 1 d2 f
 
d ln f T dU 4 2 2T d ln f
+2 −√ + a k − −√ + U =0 (1.49)
dT 2 dT 1 + T 2 dT (1 + T 2 )3/2 1 + T 2 dT f dT 2
(1.50)
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dU
In order to eliminate the term proportional to dT , we set:
d ln f T
−√ =0 (1.51)
dT 1 + T2
d ln f T
=√ (1.52)
dT 1 + T2
Z Z
T dT
d ln f = √ (1.53)
1 + T2
Z
1 du
ln f = √ +c (1.54)
2 u
√
ln f = u + c (1.55)
√
1+T 2 +c
f =e (1.56)
√
1+T 2
f = Ce (1.57)
We set C = aB , so that f (T ) = a(T ) conveniently. Then,
" √ #
d2 U 1 − T 2
1 + T 2 2T d ln a 1 d2
a
+ a4 k 2 − −√ + U =0 (1.58)
dT 2 (1 + T 2 )3/2 1 + T 2 dT a dT 2
" √ √ #
d2 U 4 2 1 − T2 1 + T2 2T 1 Ta 1 1 + T2 1 + T2
+ a k − −√ √ + a U =0 (1.59)
dT 2 (1 + T 2 )3/2 1 + T2 a 1 + T2 a (1 + T 2 )3/2
" √ √ √ #
d2 U −1 + T 2
1 + T 2 − 2T 2 1 + T 2 + 1 + T 2 1 + T 2
+ a4 k 2 + U =0 (1.60)
dT 2 (1 + T 2 )3/2
d2 U
+ a4 k 2 U = 0 (1.61)
dT 2

II. WKB VIOLATION

Considering the WKB approximation of the hybrid approach of LQC (”hybridtemtudo”),

Ω2 (η) = k 2 + m2eff (η) (2.1)