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UNIT 1:

Integrative Art as Applied to PhilippineContemporary Art

Table of Contents

Introduction2
Lesson 1: Integrative Arts

Jump Start3

Learn about It!4

Check Your Understanding 5

Lesson 2:The Elements and Principles of Art

Jump Start5

Learn about It!6

Check Your Understanding 12

Lesson 3: Art Forms in the Philippines

Jump Start12

Learn about It!13

Check Your Understanding16Did You Know?17Let’s Create!17Check and Reflect18Wrap Up19Answers to

Check Your Understanding20Bibliography20Glossary21

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GRADE 11/12 |Contemporary Philippine Arts for the Regions

UNIT 1

Integrative Art as Applied to PhilippineContemporary Art

Artiseverywhere.Inamodernworlddrivenbyrapidtechnologicaladvancement,artis
usuallycategorizedsimplyaspainting,sculptures,andothersimilarforms.Littledoweknow
thatartcomesinvariousformswhichwecanintegrate.Socialmedia,printadvertisement, radio programs, and
even noon time television shows are results of integrated art.

Fig. 1

. Sipat Lawin Collective in action (

Strange Pilgrims: Rizal + 150 Reverse Cosplay Parade Edition,

Incollaboration with Leeron New)

The artwork above is an example of an artwork done through an integration of various formsof art.
What are the art forms and elements present in the performance image above?

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Learning Target
In this unit, you should be able to identify various contemporary art forms and their practicesfrom the
various regions.

Lesson 1: Integrative Arts

Youmighthaveheardof

NickJoaquin’s

The Portrait of an Artist as a Filipino

Fromyour literatureclasses.Itisanimportantliterarypiecethathasbeenadaptedintoamusicaland,in
2017,ascreenplayentitled

,“

Ang Larawan

Dir.LoyArcenas).Thisisanexampleofacreative adaptation as a result of integrative art.

Think-Pair-Share

Inpairs,discussthefunctionofartinyourdailylives.After,answerthefollowingquestion:Is
thereanartformwhichyouprefer?Whydoyouthinkso?

Whatisinaspecificformofart

That sets it apart from non-artistic objects?

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Learn about It!

Thewordartisquitedifficulttodefineanditsdefinitionhasbeenhighlycontested
throughouthistory.ThewordoriginatedfromtheLatinword

Ars

Whichmeansskillandwith theGreekword

Techne

Whichmeanstechnology.Acommondefinitionofartisthatitisused
toexpressideasorfeelingsthroughcreativeprocessesandimagination.Thisisoftendone through the various
forms of art discussed below.

Visual Arts

Visualartsisanexpressionofartisticideasthroughimages,structures,andtactilework.
Painting,sculpture,andarchitectureareconsideredasexamplesofit.Somevisualartworks areintegrated-
whichmeansitcombinesseveralmediumtocreateanewandunique artwork.

Literary Arts

Literaryartsisanexpressionofideasthroughwriting.Therearemanytypesofliterary artworks, and this can be

categorized into:

Poetry-Itisconsideredasoneoftheoldestformsofliteraturecharacterizedbyits
imaginativeandfigurativelanguage.Somepoeticformsarestrictwithrhymesand
syllabiccounts,likethesonnet,whilecontemporarypoetrypiecesnowgobeyondthe limits of form and more
and more writers dwell more into free verse.

Prose-Whenanimaginativeliterarypieceisnotwritteninfigurativelanguage,thenitis
consideredasprose.Proseisusuallywrittenincompleteandgrammaticalnarratives.
Examplesofproseareshortstoriesandnovelsamongothers.Generally,proseisa literary piece that is not
poetry.

Drama-Whenatextiswrittentobeperformedandnotjustread,thenitisconsidered as drama. Usually, people

refer to dramas as plays.
Performing Arts

Performingartsisanexpressionofanartisticideathroughwrittenlyrics,text,dramatization,
andmultimediaproduction.Performingartsusuallyrequirethemusicaltheatre,dance,and
drama,acombinationofdifferentartforms,suchasliteraryartforthematerialandvisual arts for stage design.

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Differentartformsaredistinctfromeachother,butarenotnecessarilyindependentofeach
other.Thismeansthattwoormoredisciplinesofartcanbeusedinthecreationofan integrated
artwork.Thisintegrationcallsforacombineduseofvariousdisciplinestocreateanexpressivework.
Anexampleofacontemporaryartworkisthespokenwordpoetry.Itiswhenpoetryiswritten to be read on a
stage, usually in intimate settings such as a coffee
shop.Anintegrationofvariousartformshasbecomemoreandmoreevidentincontemporaryarts.
Withpeopleofdifferentcultureshavingcontactwitheachother,itisinevitablethatartistslift styles and
techniques from different practices.

Check Your Understanding

Recall1.The word art has its roots in the Latin word ars and the Greek word ______.2._________ is a
literary form that is

Not

Poetry.Application3.What art forms are present in the staging of a theatrical play?Synthesis4.Why is

integrative art more and more popular in contemporary times?

Lesson 2: The Elements and Principles ofArt

Therearecertainelementswhichmakeanartworkanartisticpiece.Theseelementsand
principlesaresociallyagreedonand,whenfollowed,usuallydefinewhatisformallyknownas
aestheticallypleasing.Knowingtheelementsofartisnotonlyimportanttoartistsbutalsoto viewers of art as
this can enable a deeper understanding of the artwork.

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Think-Pair-Share

Beforeunderstandinghowtointegrateartforms,youmustfirsthaveanunderstandingofthe
definitionofart.Inpairs,discusswhatmakescertainpiecesartandothersnot.Withthat, answer the question:
what are the elements principles present behind an artwork?

Learn about It!

The Elements of ArtSpace

Whenwesayspace,itcanvarydependingonwhatartdisciplineitpertainsto.Invisualarts,
thismaypertaintoemptinesswhichmayeitherbe

Positivespace

Or

Negativespace.

Positivespacereferstoapartwhichisenclosedinashape,whilenegativespacereferstothe opposite part

which the shape is enclosing.

Fig. 2.1

. Positive vs. negative space

In other forms of art like literature and music, space may pertain to pauses and intervalbetween lines or
notes.

Line

In visual arts, a line is a series of points. It may come in two characteristics:

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Form – curved, dotted, or broken

Direction – vertical, horizontal, or diagonal

Fig. 2.2

. Vertical curved lines vs. diagonal dotted lines

Differenttypesoflinesmayconveydifferentmeanings.Forexample,ahorizontallineusually
suggestscalmness,assuchisthecasewhenviewingthehorizonduringsunset,verticallines may convey
loftiness, while diagonal lines may pertain
dynamism.Inotherdisciplinesliketheater,thismaypertaintothelinesinthescript.Whileindance,it is the
routine of steps as executed by the dancer.

Shape and Form

Shapeisformedbyconnectingbothendsofaline.Shapesaretwodimensionalfigureswith height and width.

There are also different kinds of shapes as described below.

Geometricshapesareenclosedfiguressuchastriangle,squares,andotherstructured figures

Organicshapesareshapesfoundinnature.Theydonothaveastructuredformasthey are usually free flowing.

Examples of these are the shape of a leaf or a cloud.

Abstractshapesarelikeorganicshapesfortheylackdefinition,buttheyarenot necessarily found in nature.

They are also asymmetrical and free
flowing.Similartolines,shapesmaycontributetomeaningmakingwhenusedinanartwork.For
example,acircleisusuallyassociatedwithlove,harmony,andinfinitysuchasthecaseofan
engagementring.Triangles,whenupright,areseentosuggeststabilitybecauseofitssolid
base,whileitsuggeststensionwhenupsidedown.Meanwhile,asquareorarectangle

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Suggests familiarity and equality.

Fig. 2.3.

Shapes vs. forms

Formsarethreedimensional;ithasthesamedimensionsasashapeexceptwithadded volume. Unlike shapes,

it has more depth and does not feel flat.

Color

Invisualarts,colorisassociatedwiththenaturalphenomenoninourenvironment.
Scientifically,whenalightpassesthroughaprism,itwillproducedifferenthuesofdifferent
wavelengths.Thesecolorsmaypertaintolightnessordarkness,coolnessorwarmth.Also, colors may convey
different meanings dependent to cultures and traditions of a region.

Value

Invisualarts,valueisconsideredapropertyofacolorwhichpertainstoitslightnessor darkness.

Fig. 2.4.

Value pertains to the lightness or darkness of a color

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In music, this may refer to the pitch. It is the highness or the lowness of the sound.

Texture
Invisualarts,textureisthetactileorillusorysurfaceofthepiece.Inmusic,textureisthe mood or quality of the
composition.

Principles of Design

Theelementsofartmaybeorganizedinawaythatitcancreateamorecompellingartwork.
Thisorganizationofelementsiscalledprinciplesofdesign.Understandingtheelementsand
howtheymaygotogetherwillbeofgreathelpinimproving,notjustyourartisticskills,but also your capacity to
understand art.

Scale and Proportion

Scaleandproportionrefertotherelationshipoftheelements,specificallyitsrelativesizeof
partsofawhole.Forexample,whendrawingahumanstandingbesideahouse,it is
importanttoensurethatthehumanisproportionaltothehouse,whichmeansensuringthat
thesizeoftheelementsuggestswhattheyare-ahumanstandingbesideahouse,as opposed to a human
standing beside a doll house.

Fig.2.5.

The golden ratio is believed to be a universal principle of good structure and design.

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Harmony

Ingeneral,youcansayanartpieceisinharmonywhenthedifferentpartsproduceanoverall
positiveimpactoreffect.Invisualarts,harmonyistheunityoftheartwork,specificallyin
referencetothearrangementofitsparts,whileinmusic,harmonyreferstothesimultaneous sounding or
playing of different notes to produce a sound.

Variety

Inotherterms,varietymaybereferredtoasdiversity.Thismeansaddingmultiple,different elements to break

the monotony of an artwork and make it more interesting.

Movement
Movementisabasicprincipleofnatureandisassociatedwiththeenvironment.Allliving things,non-
livingthings,andheavenlybodiesmovenaturally.Movementservesasoneofthe
fundamentalprinciplesindanceandtheater.Invisualarts,anartworkhasmovementwhenit incorporates the
passage of time, even in an illusory manner.

Fig.2.6.

Movement in visual arts is when the piece suggests the passage of time.

Rhythm

Thisreferstotherepetitionofcertainelementstoproduceapattern.Invisualarts,repeated
designelementsmaycreateacertainflowandmayleadtheviewer’seyes.Inmusic,this refers to the even
distribution of notes.

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Balance

Balancereferstotheevenandequaldistributionofelements.Therearetwotypesofbalance in visual arts:

Informalbalance,alsocalledasymmetrical,ispresentwhenthedesignsarenotequally distributed on both

sides.
●

Formalbalance,alsocalledsymmetrical,ispresentwhentheweightofthedesignsis equally distributed.

Emphasis and subordination

Emphasisisaprinciplewhichmayrefertothegreaterimpactgivenonacertainelement.
Subordinationservesastheoppositeofemphasisasitreferstohowcertainelementsonly serve as a
supplement to the emphasized element in a design.

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Check Your Understanding

Recall1.________ refers to the lightness or darkness of color.2.A form is different from shape because it
has the added dimension of _______.3.Informal balance is also called ________.4.What type of line is
usually associated with dynamism?Application5.How can you say that a visual artwork has movement?
6.When do you say that an artwork has harmony?Synthesis7.How can your knowledge of the elements
and principles of art help you in appreciatingart better?

Lesson 3: Art Forms in the Philippines

ThePhilippinesisanarchipelagowithmorethan7,000islands.Theseislandsarethehomeof
peoplewithdifferentlanguages,beliefs,cultures,anddistincthistories.Thecountry’sdiverse
ethnolinguisticgroupsistestamenttoitsrichcultureandtraditions.Thisdiversityis
observableinthecountry’sartworks.Morethanthegeographicinfluences,artinthe Philippines is also
influenced by a rich history of its people.

Think-Pair-Share

Areyouawareofanyculturalpracticesorartisticproductionssuchasfestivalsfromyour region?
Withapartner,discussthesepracticesandanswerthequestion:Whatarethe historical and cultural roots of
the artistic practice?

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Learn about It!

Pre-Colonial Art

ArtisticproductioninthePhilippinesstartedevenbeforethecolonizersreachedthePhilippine
islands.Artwasoftenusedbythepeopleintheirdailyliving.Ourancestorsweavedfabricsfor
dresses,madeweaponsforbattles,andchantedtobringgoodharvest.Unliketoday,
indigenousartarenotclassifiedstrictlyintodisciplines.Art,forthem,hadsocialutility;
indigenouspeopleintegratedartintotheircommunalceremonies.Plantingandharvesting, weddings,
funerals, and rites of passage are examples of communal ceremonies.

Fig.3.1.

The Manunggul Jars is a burial jar excavated in the Tabon Cave in Palawan.

RitualsplayedasignificantroleintheeverydaylifeofFilipinoancestors.The

Kashawing

Ritual

inlakeLanao,forexample,actsasaprayerforabundanceduringharvestingseason.It
involvesareenactmentofalegendarypactbetweenancestorsandunseenspirits.Asimilar type of ritual for
planting rice is performed by the Tagbanwas of Palawan.

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Filipinoancestorsharvestandhuntforaliving.Theirhuntingexperiencealsoservedasan
inspirationtocreatedrama,poetry,music,anddancebyimitatingthemovementsofan animal. This is
considered a ritual to prepare for hunting.

Toaccompanytheserituals,theindigenouspeoplesalsohadtheirownmusicalinstruments.
Anexampleofthisisthe

Agungensemble

.Musicalinstruments,whenplayed,areusually
complementedwithdancesthatimitatethemovementsofanimals.HigaononandB’laanhave

Banog-banog

,andtheBagoboshavethe

Man-manok

Danceswhichimitatethemovementof the birds. Meanwhile, courtship ritual in Ifugao is represented

through the

Talip

.Mostly,indigenousartswereinspiredbyanimism.Indigenouspeoplescreatedstatueand
symbolsfortheirbeliefs.TheIfugaoscarvedthe

Bulul

Whichtheydepictastheirgranarygod. Meanwhile,intheSouthernPhilippines,

Okir,

Acurvilineardecoration,isanevidenceofIndian and Islamic influences.

Spanish Colonial Art

Duringthe16thcentury,uponthearrivaloftheSpaniards,indigenousartchanged.Spanish
colonizationbroughtCatholicismandimposedtheirWesternculture.Thisconversioncaused thebirthofthe

religiousorChristianandfolkarts.

Townsorpuebloswerecreatedina structureof

Plazacomplex,

Withthechurchatthecenterofeachtowns.Churchesand
governmentofficeswerebuilt,andtheriseofHispanicbaroquestructureswerebuiltacross the
Islands.WiththeriseofCatholicism,religiousiconslikethe

Santos,retablos
,

Andothers

Became essentialforreligiousrituals.Paintingsalsofocusedonvisuallyrepresentingthewritingsof
theBible,andthereforeconveyedreligiousmessages.Music,anessentialpartofworship,
thusfocusedonliturgicalmusic.Apartfromworshipmusic,the

Pasyon

Or

Pabasa

,anarration ofChrist’spassionportrayedduringLentseason,werealsoobservedinsomeplaces.There
wasalsoamassiveemergenceofsecularmusicinIloilo,Pampanga,Ilocos,andBicolwhenthe Spanishtraditionof

Awit

And

Korido

Becamepopularized.Spanishcolonizationalsomarksthe riseofthe

Kundiman

and the

balitao.

Thisdevelopmentinmusicalsoaffectedtheatrearts,and soon the

Sarsuwela, senakulo,

And the

Komedya

Were born in the Philippines.

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Duringthen,Filipinosbecameenlightenedofthecontinuousabusebythecolonial
governmentandthefriars.Thisresultedinarebellion.Thus,revolutionaryandsubversive
themesbecameprominent.Apopularexampleofsuchartworkis

Noli Me Tangere

And

El

Filibusterismo

By

Dr. Jose Rizal.American and Japanese Colonial Art

AmericansintroducedthepubliceducationsysteminthePhilippines.Theirschools,however,
requiredstudentstolearnEnglish.ThisbroughtforthPhilippineLiteratureinEnglish.Initially,
thesepiecesarecharacterizedbyapooruseoflanguageastheFilipinosonlymimickedtheir
Americanteachers.Soon,in1925,

PazMarquezBenitez

Publishedtheshortstory

Dead

Stars

Marking the birth of modern Philippine Literature in

English.TheAmericansalsopopularizedsecularism,asevidencedbypopularartformsofthecentury suchasthe

Vaudevilleorbodabil

Intheatre.SchoolofFineArts,alongsidetheestablishment
oftheUniversityofthePhilippines(UP),wasalsofoundedthusgivingbirthtoFilipinoartists
educatedintheWesternways.Forexample,

FernardoAmorsolo,
Knownforhis craftsmanshipintheuseoflight,waseducatedinUP’sSchoolofFineArtsandishighly influenced
by Western artists.WhentheJapanesebrieflyoccupiedthePhilippinesduringthe1940s,nationalismbecame
more pronounced. This is the effect of the war and repression on the Filipino people.

Contemporary Arts in the Philippines

WhenthelateformerpresidentFerdinandMarcosstartedhisadministration,thebirthof
ContemporaryArtsinthePhilippinesbegan.Cultureandtheartsweregivenfocusedinhis
visionofthe“NewSociety.”CulturalCenterofthePhilippineswasthenestablishedandurban
planningandarchitectureweregivenmorefocused.However,thedeclarationofMartialLaw (1972-
1981)gavebirthtodictatorshipandnumeroushumanrightsviolations.Withthat
emergedsocialrealism.Undergroundculturalcirclesandwritershidinginpennameswere
popularascensorshipwaspopularduringthattime.Literaryarts,visualarts,andperforming
artswereusedtoexpressdissent.Anexampleofthisisthepoem

PrometheusUnbound

Writtenby

JoseLacaba

underthepennameRubenCuevas.Thepieceisanacrostic,which
meansthefirstletterofeachlineformamessage.Theacrosticrevealedastrongsentiment

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Againsttheadministrationandbecameapopularsloganagainsttheregimeasthepiecewas published, the

editor unaware of its hidden message, was published in Focus
Magazine.WhenMartialLawwasliftedandtheMarcosregimeended,democracywasreintroducedto
theFilipinopeople.Thisnewfoundfreedompavedthewayforamorediverseandmore
expressiveFilipinoartists.NolongerdidtheFilipinosexclusivelymadeartfororagainstthe
government;now,artisatoolmainlyusedforself-expression.Withtherapidriseof
technologyandthepopularityofsocialmedia,Filipinosfindmoreplatformsandwaysto
expressthemselves,therebycontinuouslychangingtheartscene.Contemporaryartisdistinct
becauseofhowitblursthelinesacrossartisticdisciplines,andhowitintegratesvarious elements and
principles.
Check Your Understanding

Recall1._____ is the narration of Christ’s passion portrayed during Lent season.2.______ is a curvilinear
decoration influenced by Islam and Indian culture and popular in the Southern Philippines.3.What piece,
written by Paz Marquez Benitez, marks the maturity of the Philippineliterature in English genre?4.What
is the real name of Ruben Cuevas?Application5.How did the lifting of Martial Law affect Philippine
Contemporary arts?6.How did the implementation of the public school system by the US affect
Philippineliterature?7.What makes contemporary Philippine arts distinct from other artworks in other
periodsof time?Synthesis8.What is the importance of understanding the history of Filipino art in
understandingcontemporary art?

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Let’s Create!

Gathereverydayobjectsfromyourhomesandbringthemtoclass.Ingroupsoffive,createan
artpiecethatmainlyusesthegatheredobjects.Theartworkmustdepict

Contemporary

Filipinoculture.

Remembertointegratevariouspractices,elements,andprinciplesofartas

Discussedinthepreviouslessons.Onceyouaredonewiththepiece,haveashow-and-tell
withyourclassmatesanddiscusswhatmakesyourpiecedistinctlyofyourgenerationand uniquely Filipino.The
following rubrics will be used to evaluate your work:

Traits:4 3 2 1

100-75 75-50 50-25 25-0

NoveltyandOriginality
Theproductionfeaturesnovelideasandcan easilybeset apartamonga
bodyofartworks.Theproductionfeaturesslightlynovelideasand isrecognizableamongabodyof
artworks.Theproduction’sideaisinteresting,butnotnecessarilynewandis barelydistinctamongabodyof
artworks.Theproductionfeaturesgenericandoverusedideasandisnot atallrecognizableamongabodyof
artworks.

Effort and rigor

Theproduction Theproduction Theproduction Theproduction

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Evidentlywentthroughrigorousplanninganda
strongcollaborationprocess.wentthroughplanningbutwithslightneed
ofimprovement.Collaborationamongmembersismostly
evident.wentthroughpoorplanningwithcollaborationamongmembersbarelyevident.wentthroughpoorpla
nning,if atall,withlittle tonocollaborationamongmembersinvolved.

Culturalrelevance

TheproductioniseasilyassociatedwithFilipinocontemporaryculturedueto
evidentandsuccessfulintegrationofelements.TheproductioncanbeassociatedwithFilipinocontemporarycul
ture.Integrationofelementsisevident.Theproductioncanbarelybe
associatedwithFilipinocontemporaryculturedueto
unsuccessfulattemptsatintegration.TheproductionisdisconnectedfromFilipinocontemporarycultureandb
arelyanyintegrationisseen.

Check and Reflect

Skills

I think I need moretime and assistance.I have a minimalunderstanding of it.I am confident that Ican do
this with ease.I can identify variousart formsI can assess anartwork based on itsuse of elements
andprinciplesI can drawconnections betweenhistorical and cultural

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Events and variousartworks.Reflect

I find __________________________ the most interesting because ______________________.I got

____ checks because _______________________________________________________.I need to
improve on _______________________because _____________________________.I need to practice
_________________________ because _____________________________.I plan to
_____________________________________________________________________ .

Wrap Up

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Answers to Check Your Understanding

Lesson 1:

Integrative Art as Applied to Philippine Arts1.Techne2.Prose

Lesson 2:

The Elements and Principles of Art1.Value2.Volume3.Asymmetrical4.Diagonal

Lesson 3:

Art Forms in Various Regions5.Passion o Pabasa6.Okir7.Dead Stars8.Jose Lacaba

Bibliography

Cousins, Carrie. “The (Sometimes Hidden) Meaning of Shapes.” Design Shack. May 12, 2015.Accessed
February 01, 2018.https://designshack.net/articles/layouts/the-sometimes-hidden-meaning-of-
shapes/.Datuin, Flaudette May, Roberto Paulino, Eileen Legaspi-Ramirez and Louise Marcelino.

Contemporary Philippine Arts from the Regions.

Manila: Rex Book Store, 2016Haley Drucker. “The Five Main Genres of Literature.” Bright Hub Education.
May 27, 2014.Accessed February 01 , 2018.http://www.brighthubeducation.com/homework-help-
literature/100292-the-five-main-genres-of-literature/.Lyn Yusi. “The Development of Art Galleries in the
Philippines.” National Commission for

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Culture and the Arts. April 16, 2015. Accessed February 1,

2018.http://ncca.gov.ph/subcommissions/subcommission-on-cultural-heritagesch/art-galleries/the-
development-of-art-galleries-in-the-philippines/.Perez, Angelita Perez.

Philippine Contemporary Arts: Expressions and Experimentations.

QuezonCity: Brilliant Creations Publishing Inc., 2016Sayseng, Ayesha.

Contemporary Philippine Arts from the Regions.

Pasay: JFS Publishing Services,2016

Glossary

Martial Law

- Known as Proclamation No. 1081, Martial Law in the Philippines as animposition of military rule
declared by former president Ferdinand Marcos in 1972. MartialLaw in the Philippines was lifted on
January 1981.

Social Realism

- An art movement focusing on the plights of the working class and the poor.

Secularism

- A principle that is for the separation of the government and any religiousinstitution.

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