Ecosystem

The biotic components in the ecosystem

1 include _____A________, _________B_____
and _______C_____.

A A - producers, B - consumers, C - decomposers

B A - producers, B - reducers, C - decomposers

C A - producers, B - consumers, C - autotrophs

D A - consumers, B - reducers, C - decomposers

 Discussion

Biotic factors

Producers Decomposers

Consumers

Primary Secondary Tertiary

(Herbivores) (Pri. Carnivores) (Sec. Carnivores)
 The biotic components in the ecosystem
1 include _____A________, _________B_____
and _______C_____.

A A - producers, B - consumers, C - decomposers

B A - producers, B - reducers, C - decomposers

C A - producers, B - consumers, C - autotrophs

D A - consumers, B - reducers, C - decomposers

 Ecosystem being an open system
2 receives input in the form of ____A______
and _____B_____.

A A - organic nutrients, B - sunlight

B A - food, B - solar energy

C A - solar energy, B - inorganic nutrients

D A - heat, B - organic nutrients

 Discussion

An ecosystem can exchange both energy and matter

with its surroundings and hence it is an open system

Structure of ecosystem

Input Output

Solar energy Components • Energy loss

Inorganic matter of ecosystem • Degradation

Open system
 Discussion

● Ecosystem receives input in the form

of solar energy and inorganic matter

Solar energy Inorganic matter

 Ecosystem being an open system
2 receives input in the form of ____A______
and _____B_____.

A A - organic nutrients, B - sunlight

B A - food, B - solar energy

C A - solar energy, B - inorganic nutrients

D A - heat, B - organic nutrients

 Decomposers play an important role in
the ecosystem by degrading the dead
3 organic matter. What will be the possible
effect if they are removed from the
ecosystem?

Rate of decomposition of compounds

A
will be very high

Herbivores will not receive solar

B energy

C Flow of solar energy will be blocked

Minerals will be trapped in the dead

D
organisms
 Discussion

Decomposers
● Organisms like bacteria and fungi that feed on the
dead and decaying organic material called detritus

Decomposers
Bacteria

Fungi

Earthworm
 Discussion

● Decomposers secrete digestive juices that

break the complex organic matter stored in
dead and waste material into simple
inorganic substances.

Minerals will be trapped in the dead

organisms
 Decomposers play an important role in
the ecosystem by degrading the dead
3 organic matter. What will be the possible
effect if they are removed from the
ecosystem?

Rate of decomposition of compounds

A
will be very high

Herbivores will not receive solar

B energy

C Flow of solar energy will be blocked

Minerals will be trapped in the dead

D
organisms
 The amount of living material present at
4 different trophic levels at a given time is
called ___________ .

A DFC

B GFC

C biomass

D standing crop
 Discussion

Standing crop:
● Amount of living material present at
different trophic levels at a given time.

● Measured as mass of living organisms

(biomass) or the number in a unit area.
 Discussion

Standing crop of 4th

trophic level

Standing crop of 3rd

trophic level

Standing crop of 2nd

trophic level

Standing crop of 1st

trophic level
 The amount of living material present at
4 different trophic levels at a given time is
called ___________ .

A DFC

B GFC

C biomass

D standing crop
 Which of the following best describes a
5 food web ?

A group of bacteria interlinked and

A interdependent

A group of food chains interlinked and

B interdependent

A group of living organisms interlinked

C
and independent

Transfer of energy from environment to

D
organisms
 Discussion

Food web - Network of interconnected

food chains which are interdependent

Bear Hawk

Rodent
Fox Fish
Snake

Deer
Clams Sparrow

Fungi
Earthworm
Fruits
 Which of the following best describes a
5 food web ?

A group of bacteria interlinked and

A interdependent

A group of food chains interlinked and

B interdependent

A group of living organisms interlinked

C
and independent

Transfer of energy from environment to

D
organisms
 Study the image of the food web given
6 below and identify the correct option ?

Secondary consumer : Tiger, B Tertiary consumer : Eagle,

A
Producer : Grass Primary consumer : Grass

Primary consumer : Sun, D Producer : Rabbit,

C Primary consumer : Sun
Tertiary consumer : Grass
 Discussion

Producer Primary Secondary

consumer consumer

Primary Secondary
consumer consumer
 Study the image of the food web given
6 below and identify the correct option ?

Secondary consumer : Tiger, B Tertiary consumer : Eagle,

A
Producer : Grass Primary consumer : Grass

Primary consumer : Sun, D Producer : Rabbit,

C Primary consumer : Sun
Tertiary consumer : Grass
 Study the image and identify the amount of
energy available for eagle if the amount of
7 energy available for grasshopper in the given
food chain is 2000 KJ?

A 200 KJ B 2 KJ

C 20 KJ D 0.2 KJ
 Discussion

10 percent law:
10 percent of the energy is transferred to each trophic
level from the lower trophic level

20000 kJ 2000 kJ 200 kJ 20 kJ 2 kJ

Heat Heat Heat Heat

1st 3rd 4th 5th

2nd trophic
trophic trophic trophic trophic
level
level level level level

Energy transfer in food chain

 Discussion

Given, Amount of energy available for grasshopper = 2000 KJ

Energy transferred to frog = 10/100 x 2000 = 200 KJ
Energy transferred to python = 10/100 x 200 = 20 KJ
Energy transferred to Eagle = 10/100 x 20 = 2 KJ
 Study the image and identify the amount of
energy available for eagle if the amount of
7 energy available for grasshopper in the given
food chain is 2000 KJ?

A 200 KJ B 2 KJ

C 20 KJ D 0.2 KJ
 Which of the following statements is
8 incorrect with respect to DFC ?

Detritivores meet their energy

A requirements from the sun

It is composed of detritus-eating
B organisms

In terrestrial ecosystems much larger

C
energy flows through this food chain

They release nutrients in soil for

D
autotrophs
 Discussion

Detritus food chain (DFC)

Begins with dead and decaying organic

material

Release nutrients into the soil which can

be taken up by plants

In terrestrial ecosystems, a much larger

fraction of energy flows via the detritus
food chain
 Discussion

Bacteria Earthworm
and fungi
Decomposers
Detritivores

Detritus Sparrow
Food Chain
(DFC)

Dead organic matter Predators

 Which of the following statements is
8 incorrect with respect to DFC ?

Detritivores meet their energy

A requirements from the sun

It is composed of detritus-eating
B organisms

In terrestrial ecosystems much larger

C
energy flows through this food chain

They release nutrients in soil for

D
autotrophs
 ________ is the available biomass for consumption
9 by heterotrophs in an ecosystem.

A Gross primary productivity

B Net primary productivity

C Secondary productivity

D Standing crop
 Discussion

Net Primary Productivity(NPP)

● Net Primary Productivity is the available
organic matter for the consumers

Plants use some amount of GPP

in respiration (R)

GPP – R = NPP
 ________ is the available biomass for consumption
9 by heterotrophs in an ecosystem.

A Gross primary productivity

B Net primary productivity

C Secondary productivity

D Standing crop
 Which of the following factors does
10 not affect the rate of decomposition
of organic matter?

A Chemical composition of the detritus

B Photosynthetic ability of the producers

C Environmental temperature

D Anaerobiosis
 Discussion

Factors that affect the rate of

decomposition of organic matter

1. Chemical composition of the detritus

2. Environmental temperature

3. Aerobic and Anaerobic condition

 Which of the following factors does
10 not affect the rate of decomposition
of organic matter?

A Chemical composition of the detritus

B Photosynthetic ability of the producers

C Environmental temperature

D Anaerobiosis
 Consider the given food chain and
complete the given analogy.

Phytoplankton → Zooplankton → Small

11 fishes → Large fishes

Phytoplankton: Producer :: Small fishes:

___________

A Primary consumers B Tertiary consumers

C Secondary consumers D Top carnivores

 Discussion

In aquatic ecosystems,

Top carnivores such as

4th trophic Tertiary
level
larger fishes,
consumers
e.g., Shark

3rd trophic Secondary Carnivorous

level consumers animals, e.g., small
fishes

2nd trophic Primary Microscopic organisms

level consumers such as zooplankton

Photosynthetic
1st trophic
Producers organisms, e.g.,
level phytoplankton
 Consider the given food chain and
complete the given analogy.

Phytoplankton → Zooplankton → Small

11 fishes → Large fishes

Phytoplankton: Producer :: Small fishes:

___________

A Primary consumers B Tertiary consumers

C Secondary consumers D Top carnivores

 Plants capture only _________ per cent of the
12 photosynthetically active radiation (PAR).

A 50%

B 15%

C 1%

D 2-10%
 Discussion

Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR)

Portion of light spectrum that can be utilized by plants

2-10% of PAR

Only 2-10% of PAR is captured

by plants and photosynthetic
bacteria
 Plants capture only _________ per cent of the
12 photosynthetically active radiation (PAR).

A 50%

B 15%

C 1%

D 2-10%
 13 Match the following.

Column I Column II

A. Fragmentation 1. Degradation of humus into inorganic

nutrients

B. Leaching 2. Breakdown of detritus into small

particles

C. Humification 3. Precipitation of inorganic nutrients

D. Mineralisation 4. Accumulation of dark colored

substance

A A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3 B A-2, B-3, C-4, D-1

C A-3, B-4, C-2, D-1 D A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4

 Discussion

Steps of decomposition

Fragmentation

The three processes

Leaching
occur simultaneously

Catabolism

Humification

Mineralisation
 Discussion

Breakdown of detritus into small

Fragmentation
particles

Leaching Precipitation of inorganic nutrients

Accumulation of dark colored

Humification
substance

Degradation of humus into inorganic

Mineralisation
nutrients
 13 Match the following.

Column I Column II

A. Fragmentation 1. Degradation of humus into inorganic

nutrients

B. Leaching 2. Breakdown of detritus into small

particles

C. Humification 3. Precipitation of inorganic nutrients

D. Mineralisation 4. Accumulation of dark colored

substance

A A-1, B-2, C-4, D-3 B A-2, B-3, C-4, D-1

C A-3, B-4, C-2, D-1 D A-2, B-3, C-1, D-4

 Which among the following represent
sedimentary cycles?
14
A - Sulphur cycle, B - Phosphorus cycle,
C - Carbon cycle, D - Nitrogen cycle

A A, B and C C C and D

B B and C D A and B
 Discussion

Nutrient cycles

Gaseous Sedimentary

Have reservoir in the Have reservoir in the

atmosphere Earth’s crust

Eg- Carbon, oxygen Eg- Phosphorus and

and nitrogen cycles sulphur cycles
 Which among the following represent
sedimentary cycles?
14
A - Sulphur cycle, B - Phosphorus cycle,
C - Carbon cycle, D - Nitrogen cycle

A A, B and C C C and D

B B and C D A and B
 Assertion(A): The pyramid of numbers in the
pond ecosystem is inverted.
15
Reason(R): Phytoplanktons are maximum and
secondary consumers are lesser in number.

Both A and R are true and R is the

A
correct explanation of A

Both A and R are true and R is not

B the correct explanation of A

C A is true, but R is false

D A is false, but R is true

 Discussion

Upright

Trophic Levels Number of Individuals

Tertiary Consumers (TC) 3

Secondary Consumers (SC) 3,54,000

Primary Consumers (PC) 708,000

Producers (P) 5,842,000

Pyramid of numbers in Pond ecosystem

 Discussion

● The pyramid of numbers in the pond ecosystem is

upright, because the base of the pyramid is
occupied by the producers i.e. the phytoplankton
which are the highest in number in the pond.

Assertion(A): The pyramid of numbers in the

pond ecosystem is inverted.

Reason(R): Phytoplankton are maximum and

secondary consumers are lesser in number.
 Assertion(A): The pyramid of numbers in the
pond ecosystem is inverted.
15
Reason(R): Phytoplanktons are maximum and
secondary consumers are lesser in number.

Both A and R are true and R is the

A
correct explanation of A

Both A and R are true and R is not

B the correct explanation of A

C A is true, but R is false

D A is false, but R is true

 What type of ecological pyramid would be
obtained by the following data?
16
1. Secondary consumer: 120 g
2. Primary consumer: 60 g
3. Primary producer : 10 g

A Upright pyramid of numbers

B Pyramid of energy

C An inverted pyramid of biomass

D Upright pyramid of biomass

 Discussion

The biomass is the mass of living biological organisms in a given

area or ecosystem at a given time which can be measured in grams.

● An inverted pyramid of biomass can be

obtained from the given data
Secondary consumer: 120 g, Primary
consumer: 60 g, Primary producer : 10 g
 Discussion

Producers have the least biomass and the

secondary consumers have the highest biomass.

Inverted

Secondary consumer

Primary consumer

Primary producer
Pyramid of biomass
 What type of ecological pyramid would be
obtained by the following data?
16
1. Secondary consumer: 120 g
2. Primary consumer: 60 g
3. Primary producer : 10 g

A Upright pyramid of numbers

B Pyramid of energy

C An inverted pyramid of biomass

D Upright pyramid of biomass

 Which of the following processes does not
17 release carbon dioxide to the atmosphere?

A Weathering of rocks

Respiratory activities of
B producers and consumers

C Decomposition

D Photosynthesis
 Discussion

Carbon cycle
 Which of the following processes does not
17 release carbon dioxide to the atmosphere?

A Weathering of rocks

Respiratory activities of
B producers and consumers

C Decomposition

D Photosynthesis
 The flowchart given below represents
18 ____i____cycle. Identify A, B and C.

Consumers C

Litter fall
Detritus

Decomposition
Uptake
A

Weathering Run off

B
 The flowchart given below represents
18 ____i____cycle. Identify A, B and C.

i - Phosphorus cycle, A - Producers,

A
B - Soil solution, C- Rock minerals

i - Carbon cycle, A - Soil solution,

B B - Producers, C - Rock minerals

i - Phosphorus cycle, A - Rock minerals,

C
B - Soil solution, C - Producers

i - Carbon cycle, A - Producers,

D
B - Rock minerals, C - Soil solution
 Discussion

Phosphorus cycle
 Discussion

Consumers Producers

Litter fall
Detritus

Decomposition
Uptake
Rock minerals

Weathering Run off

Soil solution
 The flowchart given below represents
18 ____i____cycle. Identify A, B and C.

Consumers C

Litter fall
Detritus

Decomposition
Uptake
A

Weathering Run off

B
 The flowchart given below represents
18 ____i____cycle. Identify A, B and C.

i - Phosphorus cycle, A - Producers,

A
B - Soil solution, C- Rock minerals

i - Carbon cycle, A - Soil solution,

B B - Producers, C - Rock minerals

i - Phosphorus cycle, A - Rock minerals,

C
B - Soil solution, C - Producers

i - Carbon cycle, A - Producers,

D
B - Rock minerals, C - Soil solution
 Which of the following statements regarding
19 ecological succession is correct?

It is the rapid change that takes

A place only in the abiotic components
of an ecosystem

It is the gradual and predictable

B change in species composition that
occurs in a given area

It always occurs in areas where no

C
living organisms ever existed

The numbers and types of different

D species remain constant during
ecological succession
 Discussion

Ecological succession

Ecological succession is a steady and

gradual change in the composition and
structure of communities of an area with
the changing environment.

It is predictable, sequential and in accordance

with the changing physical environment.
 Discussion

Ecological succession

Grasses and small Bigger plants begin to Climax community

plants begin to appear appear
 Which of the following statements regarding
19 ecological succession is correct?

It is the rapid change that takes

A place only in the abiotic components
of an ecosystem

It is the gradual and predictable

B change in species composition that
occurs in a given area

It always occurs in areas where no

C
living organisms ever existed

The numbers and types of different

D species remain constant during
ecological succession
 The symbiotic association between which
20 of the following pairs of organisms is an
example of a pioneer species?

A Algae and phytoplanktons

B Algae and fungi

C Rhizobium and legumes

D Fungi and trees

 Discussion

Lichen: Symbiotic
association

Lichens are the most common pioneer

species in the case of a ecological
succession that occurs on land.

Photosynthetic algae/ Gets protection from

cyanobacteria (photobiont) fungal partner

Fungus(mycobiont) Gets nutrition from

photosynthetic partner
 The symbiotic association between which
20 of the following pairs of organisms is an
example of a pioneer species?

A Algae and phytoplanktons

B Algae and fungi

C Rhizobium and legumes

D Fungi and trees

Thank
You