SECTION 17

Fluid Flow and Piping

FIG. 17-1
Nomenclature

17-1
 FIG. 17-1 (Cont’d)
Nomenclature

Bernoulli’s Theorem

Eq 17-3

Flow in Pipes and Reynolds Number

Eq 17-1

Eq 17-2

Fluid Physical Properties

Eq 17-4

Eq 17-5

Pressure Loss Due to Friction

17-2
 Friction Factor and Effect of Pipe Roughness

Eq 17-8
Eq 17-6

Eq 17-7 Eq 17-9

Eq 17-10

Eq 17-11
FIG. 17-2
Friction Factors5

17-3
Equivalent Length of Valves and Fittings

Compressibility of Gases
Eq 17-16

Eq 17-12
The AGA Equations

Eq 17-13

Eq 17-17

Eq 17-14

SINGLE PHASE FLOW

Transmission Line Gas Flow
Eq 17-18
Isothermal Flow

Eq 17-15 Eq 17-19

The Weymouth Equation

Eq 17-20

Eq 17-21

Eq 17-22

17-4
 FIG. 17-3
Relative Roughness of Pipe Materials and Friction Factors for Complete Turbulence5

17-5
 FIG. 17-4
Equivalent Length Le for Valves and Fittings

Eq 17-25

Panhandle B Equation

Eq 17-26

Eq 17-27

Conclusions

Panhandle A Equation

Eq 17-23

Eq 17-24

17-6
 FIG. 17-5 Eq 17-29
Deviation Factors8

Plant Piping Gas Flow

Eq 17-30

Eq 17-31

Note: Refer to Section 23 for more accurate compressibility factors.

Low Pressure Gas Flow

Example 17-1

Solution Steps

Eq 17-28

17-7
 FIG. 17-6a
Gas Flow Based On Weymouth Formula

17-8
 FIG. 17-6b
Gas Flow Based On Weymouth Formula

17-9
 FIG. 17-7
Comparison of Gas Equation Transmission Factors for Nominal 500 mm Pipe

Example 17-2

Solution Steps Eq 17-32

Water

Eq 17-33

Liquid Flow

Hydrocarbon

17-10
 FIG. 17-8
TWO PHASE FLOW
Simplified Flow Formula for Compressible Fluids5
Values of C1

Flow Regime Determination

Eq 17-35

Eq 17-36

Steam Flow

Eq 17-34

Fire Stream Flow

Eq 17-37

Eq 17-38

Eq 17-39

17-11
 FIG. 17-9
Simplified Flow Formula for Compressible Fluids5
Values of C2

Nominal Nominal Nominal

Schedule Value Schedule Value Schedule Value
pipe size pipe size pipe size
number of C2 number of C2 number of C2
in. in. in.

17-12
 FIG. 17-10
Pressure Drop for Flowing Water

17-13
 FIG. 17-11
Pressure Drop for Hydrocarbon Liquids in Smooth Pipe

17-14
 FIG. 17-12
Pressure Drop in Steam Pipes by Fritzsche’s Formula11

17-15
 FIG. 17-13
Table of Effective Fire Streams

Smooth nozzles, size 18 mm (3 4 21 mm (7 8 25 mm (1")

Smooth nozzles, size 28 mm (11 8") 31 mm (11 4") 34 mm (13 8")

FIG. 17-14 FIG. 17-15

Two Phase Flow Regimes Horizontal Flow Regime Map12

Slug
Bubble

Annular Mist

Stratified Wave

17-16
 FIG. 17-16
Vertical Up-Flow Regime Map14

Pressure Drop Calculation

Frictional Component

Eq 17-40
Eq 17-41

Eq 17-42

Eq 17-43

Eq 17-44

Example 17-3 Eq 17-45

Eq 17-46

Solution Steps Eq 17-47

Eq 17-48

17-17
 Eq 17-57
Elevation Component

Example 17-4
Eq 17-49

Eq 17-50

Solution Steps

Eq 17-51

Liquid Holdup

Eq 17-52

Eq 17-53

Eq 17-54

Eq 17-55

Eq 17-56

17-18
 FIG. 17-17
Two-Phase Friction Factor Ratio19

FIG. 17-18
Liquid Holdup Correlation19

17-19
 FIG. 17-19
Flanigan Liquid Holdup Correlation20

FIG. 17-20
Eaton Liquid Holdup Correlation21

17-20
 FIG. 17-21 FIG. 17-22
Multiple Pipe Slug Catcher Example Line Drip

IN
LE
T

GRADE

GAS FLOW

D
O PE DRIP
SL BELOW
LINE
V DRIP LIQUID
OUAPO DRIP
TL R VESSEL
ET
DRIP
VALVE NO

LI
OU QU
TL ID
ET

Slug Catchers

Liquid Slugging
Purpose of Separators

Mechanisms of Slug Generation

Pigging

17-21
 FIG. 17-24
PIPE AND FLANGE DATA
Working Pressures Transmission Lines

FIG. 17-23
Working Pressures Refinery Piping

17-22
 FIG. 17-25
Allowable Stresses in Tension for Materials (1)
(Excerpted from ANSI B31.3a-1985, Appendix A, Tables A-1, A-1B)

17-23
 FIG. 17-26
Design Properties and Allowable Working Pressures for Piping
ASTM A106, grade B seamless pipe—Petroleum Refinery Piping Code
for Pressure Piping ANSI B31.3-1984—Corrosion allowance = 0.05

Nom Allowable working pressures for temperatures (in °C) not to exceed, Mpa (ga).
pipe Weight
size Sch. of pipe O.D. Wall thk. I D mm –29 to 38 93 149 204 260 316 371
2
in. No. kg/meter mm mm (d)

17-24
 FIG. 17-27
Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping
Code for Pressure Piping ANSI B31.8-1982
Carbon Steel and High Yield Strength Pipe
(Values apply to A106, API 5L and API 5LX pipe having the same specified minimum yield strength as shown)

Allowable Working Pressures up to 120°C, in MPa (ga)

Nom Construction Type Design Factors
Pipe Wall
Size O.D. Thk. Type A, F = 0.72* Type B, F = 0.60 Type C, F = 0.50 Type D, F = 0.40
in. mm mm GR.B GR.B GR.B GR.B
241.4 289.7 317.2 413.8 289.7 317.2 358.6 413.8 241.4 317.2 358.6 413.8 289.7 358.6 413.8

17-25
 FIG. 17-27 (Cont’d.)
Gas Transmission and Distribution Piping

Allowable Working Pressures up to 120°C, in MPa (ga)

Nom Construction Type Design Factors
Pipe Wall
Size O.D. Thk. Type A, F = 0.72* Type B, F = 0.60 Type C, F = 0.50 Type D, F = 0.40
in. mm mm GR.B GR.B GR.B GR.B
241.4 289.7 317.2 413.8 289.7 317.2 358.6 413.8 241.4 317.2 358.6 413.8 289.7 358.6 413.8

17-26
 FIG. 17-28
Pressure-Temperature Ratings for Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings from ANSI B16.5-1981

CLASS 150 300 400 600 900 1500 2500 See Notes
A105 A216 WCB A515 70
Material Group 1.1 (Carbon Steel) A516 70
A350 LF2, A537 C1.1
°C

A182 F304 A182 F304H

Material Group 2.1 (Type 304) A240 304 A351 CF8
A351 CF3

17-27
REFERENCES

BIBLIOGRAPHY

17-28