Professional Documents
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20131149296
All stacked loads must be correctly piled and cross-tiered, where possible.
Precautions also should be taken when stacking and storing material. Stored materials must
not create a hazard. Storage areas must be kept free from accumulated materials that cause
tripping, fires, or explosions, or that may contribute to the harboring of rats and other pests.
When stacking and piling materials, it is important to be aware of such factors as the
materials’ height and weight, how accessible the stored materials are to the user, and the
condition of the containers where the materials are being stored. Non-compatible material
must be separated in storage. Employees who work on stored materials in silos, hoppers, or
tanks, must be equipped with lifelines and safety belts. All bound material should be
stacked, placed on racks, blocked, interlocked, or otherwise secured to prevent it from
sliding, falling, or collapsing. A load greater than that approved by a building official may not
be placed on any floor of a building or other structure. Where applicable, load limits
approved by the building inspector should be conspicuously posted in all storage areas.
Used lumber must have all nails removed before stacking. Lumber must be stacked
and leveled on solidly supported bracing. The stacks must be stable and self-supporting.
Stacks of loose bricks should not be more than 7 feet in height. When these stacks reach a
height of 4 feet, they should be tapered back 2 inches for every foot of height above the 4-
foot level. When masonry blocks are stacked higher than 6 feet, the stacks should be
tapered back one-half block for each tier above the 6-foot level. Bags and bundles must be
stacked in interlocking rows to remain secure. Bagged material must be stacked by stepping
back the layers and cross-keying the bags at least every ten layers. To remove bags from the
stack, start from the top row first. Baled paper and rags stored inside a building must not be
closer than 18 inches to the walls, partitions, or sprinkler heads.
Boxed materials must be banded or held in place using cross-ties or shrink plastic
fiber.
Drums, barrels, and kegs must be stacked symmetrically. If stored on their sides, the
bottom tiers must be blocked to keep them from rolling. When stacked on end, put planks,
sheets of plywood dunnage, or pallets between each tier to make a firm, flat, stacking
surface. When stacking materials two or more tiers high, the bottom tier must be chocked
on each side to prevent shifting in either direction. When stacking, consider the need for
availability of the material. Material that cannot be stacked due to size, shape, or fragility
can be safely stored on shelves or in bins.
Structural steel, bar stock, poles, and other cylindrical materials, unless in racks,
must be stacked and blocked to prevent spreading or tilting. Pipes and bars should not be
stored in racks that face main aisles; this could create a hazard to passers-by when removing
supplies.
Mechanical strength.
Low cost.
Disposable
Optimum size.
Universal in application.
Stackable
Easy to store.
Versatility
Ease of unitising or de-unitising.
Low maintenance
Bulk load
Bulk material equipment and systems are manufactured according to the task that
each unit is supposed to accomplish, but most systems incorporate the same general
components and features. A full system generally features:
An unloading station. The system must have an access point where materials can be
discharged into the system. This portion of the system can take many forms, ranging from
railcar unloading stations to a simple bag dumping station.
Material storage equipment. From huge storage silos to small bins or hoppers, a bulk
material handling system should have a location where materials are stored until they are
needed for processing.
A filling or packaging station. Once the bulk materials have been processed, the system
needs a method for offloading the final product for packaging, shipment, or sale.
While practically all bulk material systems incorporate these main kinds of equipment, each
system may use slightly different variations of the equipment and incorporate additional
components to fit the specific needs of the application at hand.
Principle of Unit Load states that, “it is quicker and economical to move a lot of items
at a time rather to move each one of them individually”. In other words this principle
suggested that, the larger the load handled, the lower the cost per unit handled.
For small parts, or parts where machines are engaged for handling, movements are made in
containers. When machines are used for materials handling, units can be made machine size
rather man size. Unit load principle implies that materials should be handled in most
efficient, maximum size unit, mechanical means to reduce the number of moves needed for
a given amount of material.
A number of items, or bulk material, so arranged or restrained that the mass can be picked
up and moved as a single object too large for manual handing, and which upon being
released will retain its initial arrangement for subsequent movement.
For designing (planning) the unit load system following factors should be considered:
Industrial vehicles/truck
carrier designed to transport materials within a factory area with maximum flexibility
in making moves. Most industrial trucks permit mechanized pickup and deposit of the loads,
eliminating manual work in lifting as well as transporting. Depending on their means of
locomotion, industrial trucks may be classified as hand trucks or power trucks.
Hand trucks
Hand trucks with two wheels permit most of the load to be carried on the wheels,
but some of the load must be assumed by the operator to balance the truck during
movement. Common two-wheel hand trucks include the barrel, box, drum, hopper,
refrigerator, paper-roll, and tote-box trucks. Four-wheel hand trucks are found in many
more varieties, including dollies, high- and low-bed flat trucks, carts, rack carriers, wagons,
and various hand-lift trucks having mechanical or hydraulic lifting mechanisms for raising
and lowering a load.
Powered trucks
Straddle carrier
Time management plays a major role in the functioning of ports and their auxiliary
facilities. Bottlenecks and high turnaround times are major reasons for
certain ports gradually losing their relevance and their market to competition from
neighboring ports. Thus, their entire fortune hinges on the amount of time that they take to
handle cargo, whether it be containers or other bulk items such as oil and natural gas. The
time taken by a ship to berth, be unloaded, refueled and reloaded is known as the
turnaround time. Long turnaround times contribute to bottlenecks in ports that can choke
the influx of trade. This can have a major impact on commerce for the country. Thus,
technological advancements that can aid in reducing turnaround times are important.
Generally, to lift containers off ships, spreader cranes are used. These are large cranes that
lift containers by latching on to supports at the top edges.
Forklift trucks
Forklift is a small industrial vehicle, having a power operated forked platform
attached at the front that can be raised and lowered for insertion under a cargo to lift or
move it. Forklifts serve the needs of various industries including warehouses and other large
storage facilities.
Forklifts are powered by electric battery or combustion engines. Some Forklifts allow the
operators to sit while driving and operating the machine while others require the operator
to stand. It is being extensively used throughout the industry for transporting materials and
goods.
Tractor
is an engineering vehicle specifically designed to deliver a high tractive
effort (or torque) at slow speeds, for the purposes of hauling a trailer or machinery such as
that used in agriculture, mining or construction. Most commonly, the term is used to
describe a farm vehicle that provides the power and traction to mechanize agricultural
tasks, especially (and originally) tillage, and since many more. Agricultural implements may
be towed behind or mounted on the tractor, and the tractor may also provide a source of
power if the implement is mechanized
Types of conveyor
Aero-mechanical conveyors
Automotive conveyors
Belt conveyor
Belt-driven live roller conveyors
Bucket conveyor
Chain conveyor
Chain-driven live roller conveyor
Drag conveyor
Dust-proof conveyors
Electric track vehicle systems
Flexible conveyors
Gravity conveyor
Gravity skate wheel conveyor
Lineshaft roller conveyor
Motorised-drive roller conveyor
Overhead I-beam conveyors
Overland conveyor
Pharmaceutical conveyors
Plastic belt conveyors
Pneumatic conveyors
Screw or auger conveyor
Spiral conveyors
Vertical conveyors
Vibrating conveyors