Experiment: - 1

Objective: - To study of 650nm Fiber optics Analog link.

In this experiment we will study the relationship between the input signal and received signal.

Equipment Required: -

➢ Scientech 2501 Techbook with Power supply cord

➢ Optical fiber

➢ Scientech Oscilloscope with necessary connection Probe

Connection Diagram: -

1
Procedure:

➢ Connect the power supply cord to the main power plug & TechBook Scientech 2501

➢ Ensure that all the switches are fault off

➢ Make the connection as above in the figure

➢ Connection the Function Generator 1KHz sin wave output to emitter input

➢ Connect the fiber optic cable between emitter output and detector input

➢ Connect the detector output to the AC amplifier input

➢ On the board, put switch SW1 emitter driver to Analog mode

➢ Switch ‘On’ the power Supply of the TechBook and Oscilloscope

➢ Observe the input to emitter with the output from AC amplifier on CRO

Observation:

Observe the waveform as shown below

Input to Emitter Circuit

(CH1-2V/div; TB 0.5mS)

2
 Output to Detector Circuit Output to AC Amplifier circuit

(CH1-0.2V/div; TB 0.5mS) (CH1-2V/div; TB 0.5mS)

Results:

Study of 650nm fiber optics Analog Link has been completed successfully. Both the input and

output waveform are same.

We have also verified the link by connecting external microphone at input side and speaker at the

output side.

3
Experiment: - 2

Objective: - To study of 650nm Fiber optics Digital link.

In this experiment we will study the relationship between the input signal and received signal.

Equipment Required: -

➢ Scientech 2501 Techbook with Power supplycord

➢ Optical fiber

➢ Scientech Oscilloscope with necessary connection Probe

Connection Diagram: -

4
Procedure :

➢ Connect the power supply cord to the main power plug & TechBook Scientech 2501

➢ Ensure that all the switches are fault off

➢ Make the connection as shown in next figure

➢ Connect the Function Generator 1KHz Square wave output to emitter input

➢ Connect the fiber optic cable between emitter output and detector input

➢ Connect the detector output to comparator input

➢ On the board, put switch SW1 emitter driver to Digital mode

➢ Switch ‘On’ the power Supply of the TechBook and Oscilloscope

➢ Monitor both the input to comparator. Slowly adjust the comparator bias present, until DC

level on input lies Mid-way between the high and low level of the signal on the positive input.

Observation: -

Input to Emitter Circuit Output of Detector circuit

(CH1-5V/div; TB 0.5mS) (CH1-2V/div; TB 0.5mS)

5
 Output Of Comparator Circuit

(CH1-5V/div; TB 0.5mS)

Results:

Study of 650nm fiber optics Digital Link has been completed successfully. Both the input and

output waveform are same.

We have also verified the link by connecting external microphone at input side and speaker at the

output side.

6
Experiment: - 3

Objective: - To obtain intensity Modulation of the Analog signal, transmit it over a fiber optics

cable and demodulated the same at the receiver end to retrieve the original signal.

Equipment Required: -

➢ Scientech 2501 Techbook with power supply cord

➢ Optical fiber cable

➢ Scientech Oscilloscope with necessary connecting probe

Connection Diagram: -

7
Procedure:-

➢ Connect the power supply cord to the main power plug & TechBook Scientech 2501.

➢ Make the connection as shown in next figure.

➢ Connect the function Generator 1KHz sine wave to input of emitter.

➢ Plug in a fiber optic link from output of emitter LED to the photo transistor of the detector.

➢ Connect the detector output to input of the amplifier.

➢ On the board put switch SW1 in emitter circuit to Analog mode.

➢ Turn the 1KHz preset in Function Generator block to fully clockwise (maximum amplitude)

position.

➢ Switch ‘on’ the power supply of Techbook and Oscilloscope.

➢ With the help of dual trace oscilloscope observe the input signal at emitter.

Also, observe the output from the detector. It should carry a smaller version of the original 1KHz

sine wave, illustrating that modulated light beam has been reconverted back into an electrical signal.

➢ The output from detector is further amplified by AC amplifier this amplifier increases the

amplitude of the received signal and also removes the DC component, which is present at detector

output. Monitor the output of amplifier and adjust the gain preset until the monitored signal has the

same amplitude as that applied to emitter input.

➢ While monitoring the output of amplifier change the amplitude the amplitude of modulating

sine wave by varying the 1KHz preset in the function Generator block. Note that as expected, the

amplitude of the r3eceiver output signal varied.

8
Observation:

Observe the waveform as shown below.

Input to Emitter circuit Output of Dectector circuit

Output of AC amplifier circuit

Results:-

We have successfully performed the experiment to obtain intensity Modulation of the Analog

signal, by transmitting it over a fiber optics cable and demodulated the same at the receiver end.

We have also verified the link by connecting external micropone at input side and speaker at the

output side.

9
Experiment: - 4

Objective: - To obtain intensity Modulation of the Digital signal, transmit it over a fiber optics

cable and demodulated the same at the receiver end to retrieve the original signal.

Equipment Required:-

➢ Scientech 2501 Techbook with power supply cord

➢ Optical fiber cable

➢ Scientech Oscilloscope with necessary connecting probe

Connection Diagram: -

10
11
Procedure:-

➢ Connect the power supply cord to main power plug and to TechBook Scientech to 2501

make the connection as shown in figure

➢ Connect the 1KHz square waves socket in function generator block to ammeter and input

➢ Connect an optic fiber link between emitter Input and detector and put with the help of a

connector provided

➢ Connect the detector output to comparator non inverting input

➢ Put the mode switch in ammeter block through digital mode this ensure that signal applied

to the driver input cause the emitter LED to switch quickly between ‘ON’ and ‘OFF’ States

➢ Switch on the power supply of textbook and oscilloscope

➢ Examine the input to emitter on an oscilloscope this 1KW square wave is now being used to

amplitude modulates emitter LED

➢ Examine the output of detector this should carry a smaller version of original 1 kilowatt

wave illustrating that the modulated light beam has been reconverted into an electrical signal

➢ Monitor both input to comparator and slowly adjust the comparative bias present until the

DC level on the negative input lies Midway between the high and low level of the signal on the

positive input this DC level is comparators threshold level

➢ Examine the output of comparator not that the original digital modulating signal has been

reconstructed at the receiver

➢ Once again carefully flex the fiber optic cable we can see that there is no change in input on

bending the fiber the output amplitude is now an independent of the band radius of the cable and

that of length of cable provided that detector output signal is large enough to cross the comparative

threshold level this illustrate one of the advantages of amplitude modulation of a light beam by

12
Digital rather than and a log means also nonlinear ties within the ammeter LED and photo transistor

cause distortion of the signal at the receiver output are the disadvantages associated with amplitude

modulating in a light source by analogy means linearity is a problem if the light beam is switched

ON and of the digital signals that actor output is simply squared up by a comparator circuit to

overcome problems associated with Amplitude Modulation of a light beam by analogue means

analog signals are often used to very or modulate some characteristics of a digital signal example

frequency or pulse with the Digital Signal being used to switch the light beam on and of the next to

experiments with how and unlock signal can be used to modulate to specific characteristics of a

digital signal

Observation:-

Input to emitter circuit Output to Detector Circuit

(CH1-5V/div; TB-0.5 mS) (CH1-2V/div; TB-0.5 mS)

13
 Output to Comparator circuit

(CH1-5V/div; TB-0.5 mS)

Results:-

We have successfully performed the experiment to obtain intensity Modulation of the Digital signal,

by transmitting it over a fiber optics cable and demodulated the same at the receiver end.

14
 Experiment:- 5

Objective:- Study of Bending loss.

Equipments Required:-

 Scientech 2501 Techbook with power supply cord

 Optical fiber cable
 Scientech oscilloscope with necessary connecting probe
 Mandrel

Connection Diagram:-

Fig:- Scientech 2501 circuit with connections.

Procedure:-

 Connect power supply cord to the main power plug & to TechBook Scientech 2501.
 Make the connections as shown in next figure.
o Function generator 1KHz sine wave output to input socket of emitter circuit
via 2mm Patch cords.
o Connect 1m optic fiber between emitter output and detectors input.
o Put the mode switch in emitter block to analog mode.
 o Switch ‘ON’ the power supply of the TechBook and Oscilloscope.

o Set the Oscilloscope channel 1 to 0.2V/Div and adjust the amplitude to 6 division
by using X 1 probe with the help of variable pot in function generator block at
input of emitter.
o Observe the output signal from detector on CRO
o Wind the fiber optic cable on the Mandrel and observe the corresponding
detector output on CRO, it will be gradually reducing, showing loss due to bends.

Observation:- Observe the waveforms as shown below.

Input to Emitter Circuit (CH1-0.2V/Div;TB-0.5mS)

Detector output (Before Bending) Detector Output (After Bending)

(CH1-0.1V/Div; TB-0.5mS) (CH1-0.1V/Div;TB-0.5mS)

Result:-

We have successfully performed the experiment of bending loss using Scientech 2501 circuit &
output signal showing loss in signal amplitude.
 Experiment 6

Objective: Measurement of Propagation or Attenuation Loss in the optical fiber

Equipments Required:

1-Scientech 2501 Tech Book with Power Supply Cord

2-Optical Fiber Cable

3-Scientech Oscilloscope with necessary connecting probe

Connection Diagram:

Fig. Kit with 1m optical fiber cable

 Fig. Kit with 0.5m optical fiber

Procedure:

 Connect Power Supply cord to the main power plug & to TechBook Scientech 2501.
 Make the connections as shown in next figure.

 Function Generator 1 KHz sine wave output to input socket of emitter Circuit via 2 mm
Patch cords.

 Connect 0.5 m optic fiber between emitter output and detector input.

 Put the mode switch in emitter block to Analog mode.

 Switch 'On' the Power Supply of Tech Book and Oscilloscope. Set the Oscilloscope
channel 1 to 0.2 V/ Div and adjust the amplitude to 6 division by using X I probe with the
help of variable potentiometer in Function. Generator block at input of emitter.

 Observe the output signal from detector on CRO. Note this amplitude and name it V₁. .

 Now replace the previous fiber optic cable with I m cable without disturbing any previous
setting.
  Measure the amplitude at the receiver side again at detector output socket.

 Note this value end name it V₂.

 Calculate the propagation (attenuation) loss with the help of following formula.

V1/V2 =e-a (L1+L2)

Where

a = loss in nepers/meter
1 nepers = 8.686 dB
L1 = length of shorter cable (0.5 m)
L2 = Length of longer cable (1 m)

Observation:

Fig. Output for 1m cable

Fig. Output for 0.5m cable

Calculation:

Recorded values are as follows.

V₁ = 0.8V; V₂=0.7V; L1=0.5m; L2= 1.0m

a= -[ln (V₁/V₂)]/(LI+L2)

=-ln(0.8/0.7)/(1.5) nepers/meter

=-(0.089)*8.686 dB

=0.773 dB approx.

Result:
We have successfully performed the experiment and measured the Propagation or Attenuation
Loss in the optical fiber
 Experiment 7

Objective: Study of Pulse Width Modulation

Equipments Required:
● Scientech 2501 TechBook with Power Supply cord
● Optical Fiber cable
● Scientech Oscilloscope with necessary connecting probe
Connection Diagram:

Procedure:
● Connect the Power Supply cord to the main power plug & to TechBook
Scientech 2501.
● Ensure that all switched faults are set to off.
● Make the connections as shown in next figure.
• Function Generator 1 KHz sine wave signal to the pulse width modulator
input.
• Pulse width modulator output to emitter input.
• Connect the optic fiber between the emitter circuit and detector circuit.
• Detector output to comparator & input.
• Comparator output to the LPF detector input.
 •LPF output to A C amplifier input.
● Put the mode switch in emitter block to digital mode. This ensures that fast
changing digital signals applied to the driver input cause the emitter LED to
switch quickly between ‘On’ & ‘Off’ states.
● Turn the 1 KHz preset in Function Generator block to fully anticlockwise (zero
amplitude) position.
● Switch ‘On’ the Power Supply of TechBook and Oscilloscope.
● Monitor the output of the pulse width modulator block. Note that the pulse
width of this digital signal is at present constant, since the modulating 1 KHz
sine wave has zero amplitude.
● Examine the output of the detector and check that the transmitted digital pulses
are successfully detected at the receiver.
● Monitor both input comparator and if necessary, slowly adjust the comparator
bias preset, until the DC level on the negative input lies mid-way between the
high and low level of the signal on the positive input.
● The average level of comparators output is extracted by LPF and then amplified
by AC amplifier, which also removes the DC off set. Since the average level of
the comparator output is proportional to the pulse width, the original analog
signal appears at the amplifiers output. Examine and note that the output voltage
is zero. This is expected since there is currently no modulating voltage at the
transmitter.
● While monitoring the input to the pulse width modulator block and the output
from AC amplifier turn the 1 KHz preset to its fully clockwise (maximum
amplitude position.). Note that the modulating 1 KHz signal now appears at the
amplifier output. If necessary, adjust the amplifier gain adjust preset until the
two monitored signals are equal in amplitude.
● In order to fully understand how this pulse width modulation transmitter/
receiver system works, examine the inputs and outputs of all functional blocks
within the system using an Oscilloscope
Observations:
Observe the waveforms as shown below.

PWM output (without input) PWM output (with input)

(CH1-2V/div; TB- 10uS) (CH1-2V/div; TB- 10uS)

Input and output of PWM in Dual mode Output of Photo Detector

(CH1/CH2 - 2V/div; TB- 50uS) (CH1-0.1V/div; TB- 20uS)

Output of Detector circuit Output of Comparator circuit

(CH1-1V/div; TB- 20uS) (CH1-2V/div; TB- 20uS)

64
Result :

We have successfully performed the experiment of Pulse Width Modulation using

Scientech 2501 circuit & output signal are shown in the observation
 Experiment 8

Objective: Measurement of Optical Power using optical power meter

Equipments Required:
● Scientech 2501 TechBook with Power Supply cord
● Optical Fiber cable
● Scientech Oscilloscope with necessary connecting probe
● Power Meter Scientech 2551 with Power Supply cord
Connection Diagram:

Procedure:
● Connect the Power Supply cord to mains supply and to the TechBook Scientech
2501.
● Ensure that all switched faults are ‘Off’.
● Connect the fiber optic cable between emitter output & power meter.
● Put the mode switch in emitter block to analog mode.
● Keep the power meter wavelength selector switch in 660 nm.
● Switch ‘On’ the Power Supply of the TechBook and Oscilloscope.
 ● Note the reading displayed in power meter. It will be -13.4dB approximately.
● Switch the wavelength selector switch to 950 nm positions
● Observe the difference in the reading due to wavelength mismatching shows the
importance of the wavelength selection in measurement of light.

Result :

We have successfully performed the experiment of Measurement Optical power

using optical power meter

 Experiment 9

Objective: Measurement of Propagation Loss in optical fiber using optical power

meter
Equipments Required:
● Scientech 2501 TechBook with Power Supply cord
● Optical Fiber cable
● Scientech Oscilloscope with necessary connecting probe
● Power Meter Scientech 2551 with Power Supply cord
Connection Diagram:
 Procedure:
● Connect the Power Supply cord to mains supply and to the TechBook Scientech
2501.
● Keep the mode switch in emitter circuit in analog mode.
● Connect the 0.5m fiber cable in between the emitter LED & input of power
meter.
● Switch ‘On’ the Power Supply of TechBook Scientech 2501& Scientech 2551
(Keep the wavelength switch in 660 nm, position).
● Note the reading in power meter. It will be -13.4dB approximately.
● Replace the 0.5m fiber cable with the 1m cable without disturbing any setting.
● Again note the reading in power. It will be -14.0dB approximately. This reading
will be lesser then the previous one, indicating that the propagation loss
increases with increase in length.

Result :

We have successfully performed the experiment of Propogation Loss using

optical power meter

 Experiment 10

Objective: Measurement of Numerical Aperture (NA) of optical fiber

Equipments Required:
● Scientech 2501 TechBook with Power Supply cord
● Optical Fiber cable
● Numerical Aperture measurement Jig
Connection Diagram:
Observation and Calculation:

2 2
Sr. Diameter ‘W’ Distance ‘L’ NA= W / √( 4L + W )
1 10 13 0.35

2 15 20 0.35

3 20 27 0.35

4 25 34 0.35

Inferences:
The numerical aperture as recorded in the manufacturer's data sheet is 0.5
typically. The value measured here is 0.35. The lower reading recorded is mainly
due to the fiber being under filled.

Result :

We have successfully performed the experiment of Measurement of Numerical

Aperture of optical fiber