Minerals In India

Minerals are natural substances of organic or inorganic

origin with definite chemical and physical properties two
type of Minerals are metallic and Non-metallic.

UNIQUE Characteristics of Minerals:

a) They are not evenly distributed over space.
b) They are exhaustible over time.
c) They have inverse relationship in quality & quantity.

IMPORTANCE OF MINERALS:
i) The economic development of a country is dependent on
minerals
ii) They form the base of several large-scale industries.
iii) Fertilizers are also made from minerals.
IRON ORE - Most widely
distributed mineral. Forms the
backbone of modern civilisation
and foundation of our basic
industry. India is one of the
largest irons producing country.
VARIETIES OF IRON ORE -
a) Haematite - 'red ore' contain 60 - 70% pure iron. Odisha,
Jharkhand.
b) Magnetite - 'black ore' contain > 70% pure iron Tamil
Nadu, Karnataka.
c) Limonite - 'brown ore' contain 35 - 50% pure iron.
Uttarakhand, U.P.
USES OF IRON ORE -
1) 90% of it make steel as it is strong and hard.
2) Used in metallurgy products like magnets, auto parts.
3) Radioactive iron is used in
medicine and research.

DISTRIBUTION
Chhattisgarh- Bailadilla in
Dantewada and Durg.
Jharkhand - Singhbhum and
Palaman.
Odisha - Keonjhar, Mayurbhanj,
Sambalpur.
Karnataka - Chikmagalur, Bellary,
Hospet.
Tamil Nadu - Salem, North Arcot,
Tiruchirapalli.
Manganese - Black, iron
like metal.
Uses:
1) To make steel hard
and rust-free.
2) To make black
enamel, bleaching
powder.
3) To make dry cells batteries.
4) To make enzymes for metabolism of fats & protein. It
regulates sugar and support immune system.

Distribution
Andhra Pradesh -
Vishakhapatnam, Srikakulam
Telangana - Adilabad
Jharkhand - Singhbhum, Palamau
Karnataka - Sandur, Shimoga,
Chitradurga, Bellary
Madhya Pradesh - Chhindwara,
Balaghat, Mandla
Maharashtra - Nagpur, Bhandara
COPPER - An important non-
ferrous metal and the earliest
used by
USES:
1) Used for making electric wire
and equipment.
2) Used in automobiles and
defence industry.
3) Used to make stainless steel
which is used for making utensil.
4) With zinc it forms brass and with tin forms bronze.

Distribution
M.P. - Balaghat Betul,
Jabalpur.
Rajasthan - Alwar,
Ajmer, Bharatpur,
Bhilwara, Bundi etc.
Maharashtra - Bhandara,
Chandrapur
Andhra Pradesh -
Guntur, Kurnool

Agriculture I

Agri - Land, Culture cultivation. Agriculture is defined as cultivation of the soil

in order to grow crops and rear livestock.
Importance of Agriculture:
1. It provides food for our expanding population & fodder for livestock.
2. It provides raw material to agrobased industries like Sugarcane to Sugack.
3. It provides market to industrial goods such as fertilizers, pesticides, etc.
4. It accounts for large amount of India's export.
5. It provides employment to millions of people.

Reforms - Government has set up Indian Council of

Agriculture Research (ICAR), Agriculture
Universities, Veterinary services and animal
breeding centres, Kisan Call Centre etc.

The Green Revolution - It refer to drastic

increase in the production of food grains
(wheat) during the 1960 - 70.

Elements of New Agriculture Strategy:

1. Use of Large Capital and technological inputs.
2. Use of Modern scientific methods of farming.
3. Use of High Yeilding Varieties of seeds.
4. Use of Irrigation facilities.
5 Use of chemical fertilizer & pesticides.

IMPACT OF GREEN REVOLUTION:

1. It helped to change agriculture from subsistence to commercial
2. It made India self-sufficient in food grains.
3. It created more employment.
4. It gave higher profits to farmers so villages also prospered.

Adverse Impact- causes land degradation due overuse fertilizers, pesticides.

loss of biodiversity.

NATIONAL AGRICULTURE POLICY:

1. It aims over 4% p.a. growth rate.
2. Private sector to promote contract farming & land leasing.
3. High priority to Animal Husbandry, poultry, dairy & aquaculture.
4. Restriction on movement of agricommoditic be removed.
5. Rural electrification to be intensified & promote crop insurance.

Types of farming in India:

1. Subsistence Farming - Key features are:
a) Land holding are small and scattered.
b) Farmers use traditional method of
farming.
c) Output is low and it is consumed
within family.
d) Mostly farmers grow food crop which
is never surplus.

2. Commercial Farming - Rice is com. crop in

Punjab but subsistence in Odisha. Key features:
a) Landholding are large.
b) Farmers use modern method of farming.
c) Output is high and sold in the market.
d) Farmers grow the crops which is surplus and
sold.
3 Shifting Agriculture - also known as 'slash &
burn method'.
a) A patch of forest land is cleared by burning,
ash is spread.
b) Seeds are sown. Ploughing & other farm
activity is not done.
c) After 2/3 year when soil fertility is lost, field
is left.
d) Another patch of land is cleared & process is repeated.
Jhum in Assam, Poonam in Kerala, Podu in A.P. etc. Maize, wheat, millet, dry
paddy is grown.

4. INTENSIVE FARMING - Key features are:

a) Small farms are intensively cultivated.
b) Multicropping/more than 1 crop is grown.
c) Rich manure, good fertilizer, good seeds &
irrigation is used.
d) It is labour intensive system.

5. EXTENSIVE FARMING - Key feature are.

a) Farms are large in size.
b) Usually, one grown on large scale.
c) Natural fertility of soil so environment
friendly.
d) It is capital intensive system so large
machines are used.

6. PLANTATION FARMING - Key features are: -

a) One crop in large field is grown
scientifically.
b) Chemical fertilizers & pesticides are used.
c) Commercial crops are grown such as tea or
coffee plantations.
d) Latest technique and heavy capital is
invested.
7. MIXED FARMING - Key features are:
a) Crops and animals both are raised
together.
b) Two or more crops are grown
together.
c) Rotation of crops is practised.
d) It ensures steady income to farmers.

Agriculture II
Agricultural Seasons:
Season Sowing Season Harvesting Crops
Season
Kharif June – July Sep – Oct Rice, maize,
(Start of Rainy jowar, bajra,
season) sugarcane
Rabi Oct – Nov March – April Wheat, barley,
(Start of Winter) green linseed,
potato
Zaid Aug – Sep (Zaid Dec – Jan Oilseeds
(Throughout the Kharif)
year) Feb – March (Zaid April – May Summer
Rabi) Vegetable of
fruits

CEREALS – All kinds of grass like plants, which have starchy, edible seeds. Ex-
rice, wheat, maize etc
Rice Cultivation The most important staple
crop of India.It is a Kharif crop in North but
full year in South where irrigation is available.
Temperature and Rainfall – 18 to 32 C,
rainfall-:150 – 300cm
SOIL – Deep fertile Clayey or Loamy soil
Methods of Rice Cultivation:
1) The dry method - areas of heavy rainfall, seed is scattered with hands or
drills.
2) The puddled or wet method - areas have irrigation facility, water is filled.

Sowing of Seeds:
1. Broadcasting Method - seeds are scattered in field
after ploughing it.
2. Drilling Method - seeds are sown in the furrows with
help of drill.

3 Dibbling Method - seeds are sown at regular intervals

with help of dibble.

Transplantation Method:
- Seedlings are grown in nursery.
- After 4/5 weeks they become sapling.
- These saplings are transplanted into rice fields.

Advantages:
i) weeds are removed
ii) less wastage of seed.
iii) higher yield.

Japanese Method:
- HYV seeds Japonica are used.
- rest all methods are similar to transplantation method.
Harvesting → Threshing → Winnowing → Milling
Cutting ripe crop – beating the Sheaves—removing the husk from grains---
remove yellow husk from the grains.

Wheat:–
Second
most

important food crop. 14% of Total cropped

area.

Climatic Conditions - cool winters for growing & warm dry climate for
ripening.
Temp: 10- 15°C for sowing, 20-25°C for harvesting.
Rainfall: 80 cm.
Soil : well drained to loams and clay loams.
Sowing: fields are ploughed & seeds are sown by drilling or broadcasting.
Distribution: UP, Punjab, Haryana Rajasthan and MP.

PULSES:-
It is very important part of Indian diet because its vegetable protein. It is
leguminous crop; it fixes atmospheric nitrogen in the soil & increases the
natural fertility. It serves as an excellent
forage and grain concentrates.
Gram and arhar / tur are most important
pulser. Urad, moong, masur.

Temp: 20°C. 25°C

Soil: Dry light soil
Rainfall: 50 to 75cm
Distribution: India is largest producer and consumer of pulses.
Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, UP, Rajasthan & AP

Cash Crops: Those crops which are meant for sale & not used by farmer his
family. Ex Sugarcane. Tobacco, Oilseeds etc

Agriculture III & IV

Sugar Cane: It is in the main
member of grass family Sugar
(sucrose) stored stem. India is IInd
largest producer. It is source of
sugar, gur and Khandsari.

Temp: 20 °C to 26 °C
Soil: Alluvial soil, lava soil
Rainfall: 100 - 150 cm , irrigation
needed.
Distribution: UP, Maharashtra, TN,
Karnataka

METHODS OF CULTIVATION
SOWING → HARVESTING →
PROCESSING)

TYPES:
(a) Sett Method: New cane is grown from cutting of
old plant called Sett.

(b) Ratooning Method: During the first harvest, a

little bit of stalk is left in soil. New cane grows
out of old stalk called Ratoon.

(c) By Seed Method: Sugarcane is planted by seed.

This method is outdated.

Que:- Why Sugarcane Cultivation in South India has higher yield per hectare?
Ans:- Longer growing season, frost, better irrigation and maritime climate
free from summer loo and winter new farming techniques.
Tamil Nadu is largest producer of sugarcane in South India.

PROBLEMS OF SUGARCANE CULTIVATORS

1. It is soil exhaustive crop so cost of fertilizer increase cost of production. 2.
The farms are far away from the mills.
Oil Seed Temperature Rainfall Oil Leading
States
Groundnut 20 °C to 25 °C 50 to 100 cm Loam – Sandy Gujarat,
Telangana,
Tamil Nadu
Mustard 10 °C to 20 °C 25 to 40 cm Loam UP, Rajasthan,
Punjab, MP
Soyabean 13 °C to 24 °C 40 to 60 cm Loam MP,
Rajasthan,
Maharashtra
3. The cost of transport increase the cost of production.
4. It is annual crop so farmers are unable to grow another crop.
5. It require irrigation facility.

ROLE OF GOVERNMENT IN SOLVING FARMERS PROBLEMS

(a) Cooperative societies have been set up to help farmers.
(b) Rural Credit Bank provide cheap loan to farmers.
(c) Irrigation facilities are developed by government.

Oilseeds: Seeds which contain oil. Such as

groundnut, Soyabean, mustard etc. They are
used as industrial raw materials in the
manufacture of paints, varnishes, hydrogenated
oil, soap and lubricants. Oil cake is used as
fodder for animals & used as manure. Vegetable
oils made from groundnut, mustard, sunflower etc. are edible.

GROUNDNUT - Also known as peanut or monkey nut. It is used as cooking

medium. It is kharif crop sown in June - July & harvested in November -
December.
MUSTARD - It is used as cooking medium. Also called 'Sarsoon'. It is rabi crop
grown along with wheat, gram and barley.
SOYABEAN - It has high protein content. It is eaten as vegetable or made into
creauce. It is consumed as soya milk or cheese.

Cotton: It is a cash crop & is raw material for textile

industry. It is a Kharif crop. 200 frost free days are
required for growing.

Temp: 21°C 30°C (frost free)

Rainfall: 50 - 70 cm
Soil: Black soil, Alluvial soil
Leading States: Gujarat, MP,
Maharashtra

VARIETIES OF COTTON
i) Superior Long Staple longer than 27 mm.
ii) Long Staple length between 24.5 to 26 mm.
iii) Superior Medium Staple: length between 20 to 24mm.
iv) Medium Staple: 20 to 21.5 mm.
v) Short Staple: less than 19 mm.

Jute: It is most important fibre in India obtained from

inner bark of white & tossa Jute. It is used in making
of rough quality cloth, sacks, carpet, rugs, twine
upholstery, tarpaulin etc. It is called Golden Fibre as it
provides huge revenue. to the government.
Temp: 24 °C - 35 °C
Soil: Light sandy or
clayey alluvial soil
Rainfall: heavy rainfall
of 150 cm.
Leading States: WB,
Bihar, Assam, Odisha.

METHOD OF CULTIVATION
SOWING → HARVESTING → PROCESSING
Sown in feb – In September The cut stem is submerged
March by drilling into pond for 20 - 25 days.
or broadcasting. This softens the outer bark
and fibre is removed.

TEA: It is an important beverage like by all

because of unique taste and property of
tranquiliser and stimulant. It is a shade
loving plant & quickly gran under shade.
TEMP: 24°C - 30°C
RAINFALL: at least
150cm.
DISTRIBUTION:
Assam, WB, Tamil
Nadu, Kerala
SOIL: forest soil
rich in humus and
iron.

Mᴀɴᴜғᴀᴄᴛᴜʀɪɴɢ Iɴᴅᴜsᴛʀɪᴇs

Meaning of Manufacturing Industries:

Industry involved in creation of new products from raw
material or components. Ex – Sugar Industry, Iron & Steel
Industry.

𝐍𝐞𝐞𝐝 𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐑𝐚𝐩𝐢𝐝 𝐈𝐧𝐝𝐮𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐥𝐢𝐬𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐢𝐧 𝐈𝐧𝐝𝐢𝐚:

i) Agriculture cannot support the growing population and only
rapid industrialisation can solve the problem of rising
unemployment.

ii) Rapid industrialisation provides support and strength to our

agricultural base.

iii) Industries produce goods and equipment required for the

defence of the country.

iv) Industries are required to keep pace with the fast-moving

world in terms of advanced technology and know-how.

Classification of Industries:
1. On the Basis of Raw Material:

(a) Agro-Based Industries: This group of industries depends on

the raw material produced by the agricultural sector. The major
agro-based industries are cotton, jute and textile industries,

(b) Mineral-Based Industries: These industries use minerals,

both metallic and non-metallic, as raw materials and are based
on ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgical processes. The major
mineral based industries include iron and steel, heavy
engineering and machine tool, cement, basic and light
chemicals, fertilisers, etc.

(c) Forest-Based Industries: These industries. Utilise forest

resources like wood, rubber, lac, resin, etc.

(d) Animal-Based Industries: These industries utilise the raw

materials provided by animals like woollens, silk, dairy
products, hides, skin and leather industry, poultry, etc.

2. On the Basis of Nature of Products:

(a) Heavy Industries: These industries produce capital goods
and consumer durables which are quite bulky like iron & steel
industries.

(b) Light Industries: These industries produce goods which are

light in weight like cycles.

3. On the Basis of Size and Investment:

(a) Large-Scale Industries: These industries require huge

infrastructure and large number of workers. They produce
machinery and goods on a large scale like the iron and steel
industry.

(b) Medium-Scale Industries: These industries are neither very

big not very small like paper mills.

(c) Small-Scale Industries: These industries are small industries

managed mostly by private individuals like weaving industry.

4. On the Basis of Ownership:

(a) Public Sector Industries: These industries are owned and

managed either by the Central or State Government like
railways, post and telegraph.

(b) Private Sector Industries: These industries are owned and

managed by an individual like Reliance India Limited (RIL)

(c) Joint Sector Industries: These industries are owned,

managed and controlled jointly by the private entrepreneur and
the government like Ipitata Sponge Iron Ltd.

(d) Co-operative Sector Industries: Co-operatives are the means

by which people with limited resources can pool their physical
and material resources like AMUL.
5. On the Basis of Location and Market:

(a) Village Industries: These industries fulfil the basic needs of

the local markets like handloom.

(b) Cottage Industries: These are also known as household

industries and are organised by individuals and with the help of
members of the households like carpet weaving.

6. On the Basis of Finished Product or Function:

(a) Basic Industries: These industries form the core industries

on which other industries depend like iron and steel industry.

(b) Secondary or Consumer Industries: These industries process

the basic raw materials into primary goods like textiles.

(c) Tertiary Industries: These industries provide public utility-

based services like railways.

(d) Ancillary Industries: These industries provide spare parts or

components required by big industries.

Agro – Based Industries

Industries that have agricultural produce as raw materials are

known as Agro-based Industries. These are consumer-based
industries.

Sugar Industry: Sugar industry is India’s second largest

organised industry next to cotton textiles! India is the second
largest producer of sugarcane in the world.
Products: Sugarcane is an important cash crop which is crushed
in the factories to produce sugar. A fairly large amount is also
used to make gur and khandsari.

By products: Besides proving sugar, gur and khandsari, it also

supplies molasses, bagasse and press mud.

Molasses is used in the alcohol industry for the distillation of

liquor (rum), power alcohol, etc.

Bagasse is used for producing steam which is used as a source

of power for sugar industry.

Press mud is utilised for making wax, carbon paper and shoe
polish.

Distribution of Sugar Industry

Maharashtra:

Maharashtra is the leading producer of sugar in India. Due to

marine impact, the climate is ideal for the cultivation of
sugarcane and the crushing season is longer.

Northern India:

Uttar Pradesh is the second largest producer of sugar in India.

In the Ganga-Yamuna doab area, the main sugar producing
centres are Saharanpur, Meerut, Muzaffarnagar, Bagpat,
Bulandshahar and Ghaziabad.

Peninsular India:

Peninsular India has emerged as the leading producer of sugar

in the country. Tamil Nadu has higher per hectare yield of
sugarcane, higher sucrose content and longer crushing season.

Tendency of the Industry to Migrate to the South:

1. South India has the favourable maritime climate free from the
effects of summer loo and winter frost.

2. The black soil here is more fertile than the alluvial soil.

3. The cane is of superior quality with higher yield.

4. The excellent transport facilities in relation to export

markets.

5. The sugarcane farms in South India have bigger area and are
managed by the co-operative societies.

6. Longer crushing season.

Problems of the Sugar Industry:

1. The sugarcane cultivated in India is of poor quality giving low
yield per hectare and low sucrose content.

2. The cost of production is quite high.

3. There is excess pressure on factories during harvest time.

4. The supply of raw materials to sugar factories is irregular.

5. Instead of sugar, the demand for gur and khandsari is more.

Cotton Textile:
India is one of the largest cotton textile manufacturing
countries in the world. Cotton textile industry is divided into
powerloom and handloom sectors. The most important
powerloom are located in Maharashtra, Gujarat and Tamil Nadu.
Handloom industry is located in Mumbai, Ahmedabad.
The Main Cotton Manufacturing Centres :
Maharashtra and Gujarat are the foremost cotton textile
manufacturing states. Mumbai has become the most important
centre of cotton textile in the country and is rightly called the
‘cottonpolis of India. It is also known as the Lancashire of India.
Ahmedabad, being the second largest cotton manufacturing city
in India is referred to as Manchester of India

Mumbai and Ahmedabad have emerged as the most important

cotton manufacturing centres because of the following reasons:

(i) Proximity to Raw Material

(ii) Climatic Conditions

(iii) Transport Facilities

(iv) Port Facilities

(v) Labour

Problems of Textile Industry :

(a) Shortage of Raw Material: There is a shortage of raw
material.

(b) Sick Industrial Units: The cotton industry faces constant

threat of sickness and consequent closure, because of (i)
uncertainty of raw material; (ii) low productivity of machines
and labour; (iii) increasing competition from powerloom sector.

(c) Loss of Foreign Markets: The Indian cotton textile industry

has lost some of the foreign markets because of continued
increase in the cost of production.
(d) Inadequate Production: The cotton textile industry faces
inadequate production because of the lack of adequate and
unfailing power supply.
(e) Obsolete Machinery: In India most of the cotton textile mills
are working with old and obsolete machinery.
Mineral Based Industry

Mineral means a naturally occurring inorganic substance found

in the earth crust having its specific characteristic properties.
Ex- iron ore, etc

Iron and Steel Industry:

Iron and steel is a basic industry and forms the backbone of
industrial development in any country. It provides raw material
for making industrial machinery, electrical machinery, defence
equipment, railway tracks, railway engines. The quantity of
steel produced and its per capita consumption reflects the level
of industrialisation and economic development of a country.

The setting up of the Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO) at

Sakchi (now in Jamshedpur) by Jamshedji Tata in 1907.

Raw Materials: The main raw materials used in iron and steel
industry are iron ore, coal, manganese, limestone, silica,
chromate, feldspar, scrap iron, flux and fuel. Manganese is used
for hardening of steel.

Steel Making: Iron ore is always found with some impurities like
sulphur, silica, phosphorus, lime, etc. So the impurities have to
be removed to get pure iron ore that is used for making steel.
The following process is used for converting iron ore into steel:
1. Ore Reduction

2. Steel Making Furnaces

3. Rolling Mills

Large Integrated Iron and Steel Plants: An integrated steel plant

is the one in which all the processes from providing raw
materials, basic fuels, water supply, etc., to the conversion to
steel, rolling, etc., are all done at one place.

Major Iron and Steel Plants: Steel Authority of India (SAIL) is the
largest steel making company in the Public Sector.

1. Tata Iron and Steel Company:

Tata Iron and Steel Company (TISCO) is one of the largest
manufacturing plants in Asia.

a) Availability of Raw Materials: Iron Ore from Gurumahisani,

Manganese from Joda, limestone, dolomite and fire-clay from
Sundargrah and coal from Jharia.

b) Water Supply: The two rivers Kharkai and Subarnarekha

never run dry throughout the year, supply a continuous stream
of water for cooling purposes.

c) Labour Force: The labour force for the plant is recruited from
the densely populated valley of Ganga.

Products: It produces high grade carbon steel used in structural

fittings and tin plates.

2. Rourkela Steel Plant:

The Rourkela Steel Plant was built with technical cooperation
from the German firm. Krupps and Demag in 1959.

a) Location: The plant is located in the Sundargarh district.

b) Raw Materials: Manganese is obtained from Baramad.

c) Power Supply: Coal is obtained from Jharia, Talcher and

Korba fields and electricity from Hirakund Project.

d) Water is obtained from the Mandira dam across the Sankha

river and also from Mahanadi.

e) Transport Facilities: Rourkela is situated on the Kolkata-

Nagpur rail line. This provides easy access to raw material
producing areas and also to the markets.

Mini Steel Plants : These plants generally use ferrous scrap, pig
iron or sponge iron as their raw material. They work through
electric furnaces and have a capacity from 10,000 tonnes to
about 5 lakh tonnes per year.

Problems of Iron and Steel Industry:

a) Capital Intensive

b) Obsolete Technology

c) Limited Availability of Coking Coal

d) Sick Industries

e) Control of Prices

Electronics:
1. The Indian Telephone Industries (ITI):

It was the first government undertaking to be set up after

Independence near Bengaluru in 1950. It produces equipment to
meet the needs of the post and telegraph departments,
railways, defence.

2. The Electronics Corporation of India Ltd. (ECIL): It is an

indigenous unit. It was set up in Hyderabad in 1970. It has a
well equipped laboratory.

3. The Bharat Electronics Ltd. (BEL): It was set up in the Public

Sector in 1956 in Bengaluru to fulfill the needs of the
electronics in defence services. It also caters to the needs of
the All India Radio and the Meteorological Department.

Space Technology: The Indian Space Research

Organisation (ISRO) at Bengaluru. INSAT and APPLE are India’s
indigeniously built Satelites. The Satellite launching Station at
Sriharikota and National Remote Sensing Agency at Hydrabad

Petrochemical Industry:
Petrochemicals are important organic chemicals, derived from
petroleum products, LPG and coal. These chemicals are used
for manufacturing a large variety of articles such as synthetic
fibres, synthetic rubber, ferrous and non ferrous metals.

The products are widely used today in domestic, industrial and

agricultural fields. In particular, this industry produces:

(i) Fertilizers and insecticides.

(ii) Resins, adhesives for industries.

(iii) Plastic sheets, plastic foam, bowls and baskets, paints and
furniture coverings for household items.

(iv) Carbon black is used in printing inks, paints, carbon paper

and gramophone records.

Advantages of Petrochemical Products:

Cost effective and economically stable.

Natural Material Petrochemical

Product
1. Leather Plastic,
footwear chappals, and
synthetic
footwear
2. Natural Synthetic
Rubber rubber
3. Jute fibre Synthetic fibre
4. Steel pipes PVC
5. Steel Utensils Plasticware /
containers
6. Cloth and Polythene bags
Jute bags

Production Units:

1. Herdillia Chemicals Ltd.- Chennai

2. National Organic Chemicals Industries Ltd.-Mumbai

3. Petrofils Cooperative Limited- Vadodara & Naldhari

4. The Reliance Industries - Hazira

5. The Indian Oil Corporation- Panipat

 TRANSPORT

It is movement of human, animal and goods

from one location to another. Transport system
is like arteries and veins in the human body.

IMPORTANCE OF TRANSPORT:
1) It helps in better utilisation of resources.
2) It helps in process of industrialization and
urbanisation.
3) Removes scarcity of good during any crisis.
4) Helps in reducing road in the world.

ROADS:
Sher Shah Suri built Grand
Trunk Road (GT) to strengthen
his empire. This road connected
Kolkata and Pareshwar. India
has IInd largest network of road
in this world.

CATEGORY OF ROADS:
NATIONAL HIGHWAYS - The main
highway running through the
length & breadth of country
connecting major cities. It is
constructed & maintained by
Central Government. Longest NH is
NH7 (7700 km) The NHAI was set
up in 1988. It is responsible for
development, maintenance and
management of NH.

1. Golden Quadrilateral: The Golden

Quadrilateral (GQ) is the largest
express highway project in India. It connects India's four largest metropolis:
Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai and thus, forms a quadrilateral of sorts.
Bengaluru, Pune, Ahmedabad and Surat are also served by this network.
The main economic benefits of the Golden Quadrilateral Project are the
following:
• This highway interconnects many major cities and ports;
• It provides an impetus to truck transport throughout India;
• It enables the industrial growth of all small towns through which it passes;
• It provides vast opportunities for transport of agricultural produce from the
hinterland to major cities and ports for export.

2. North-South and East-West

Corridors: The North-South-East-
West Corridor (NS-EW) is the largest
highway project in India. It consists
of four/six lane expressways which
connect Srinagar to Kanyakumari
and Porbandar to Silchar.

STATE HIGHWAYS - It
connect NH, district
headquarters, important
towards tourist centres and
minor port within the state.

RAILWAYS:
It is main mode of transportation for
freight and passengers. First railway line
between Mumbai to Thane was introduced
in 1853. In 1951, 42 rail systems were
nationalised.

ADVANTAGES OF RAILWAYS
• Easy movement of heavy goods and perishable goods to for off places.
• transport R Material to factory and finished goods to market.
• helps in reducing sufferings during natural calamities.
• easy movement of police, troops and defence equipments.
• comfortable journey, one can
sleep, stretch arm & legs.

DISADVANTAGES OF RAILWAYS
• It lacks flexibility of routes.
Difficulty to lay track in hilly
areas remote forested areas.
• very long journey can be tiring.
• Steam engine causes air and noise pollution.
• They cannot cross oceans.

AIR TRANSPORT:
It started between Allahabad and
Naini in 1911. The Airports Authority
of India is the nodal agency
responsible for creating, upgrading,
maintaining & managing civil
aviation infrastructure.

ADVANTAGES OF AIRWAYS
• Air transport is particularly significant for a country like India.
• It is the fastest and comfortable mode of transport.
• Air transport is of particular
importance during natural calamities.
• The speed and ease with which
aeroplanes can cross mountain
barriers, sandy deserts, large
expanses of water or forests make the
air transport indispensable.

DISADVANTAGES OF AIRWAYS
• Air transport is costly.
• It depends on weather conditions.
Flights are often delayed due to bad weather.
• Air transport is run on petroleum which is a non-renewable source of
energy.
• Air transport can carry small tonnage but it has high freight charges.

WATER TRANSPORT:
India is endowed with an extensive
network of waterways in the form of
rivers, canals, backwaters, creeks and a
long coastline accessible through the
seas and the oceans.

ADVANTAGES OF WATERWAYS
• It is the cheapest means of transport.
• It is most suitable for carrying heavy
and bulky material.

DISADVANTAGES OF WATERWAYS
• It depends on weather conditions.
• It needs long travelling hours which causes sea sickness.
• Water transport is limited to the areas where rivers are navigable and
oceanic routes exist.

Waste Management

Waste - any substance which is discarded after primary use or is worthless,

defective and of no use.

Segregation - Dividing the waste into categories like Dry Waste and Wet waste
or Biodegradable and Non-biodegradable.
Dry Waste - waste which does not decay and is non-biodegradable. Ex: Iron
nail, medicine, plastic bottle, glasses,
pin etc.

Wet Waste - waste which can be

decomposed and is biodegradable. Ex:
dry leaves. banana peel, a piece of pizza
or bread, paper etc.
The waste is separated before it is
disposed of. Different types of dustbins are used. Types: Recyclable wastes,
Toxic waste, Soiled waste.

Open Dumping- Waste materials are dumped in

open low lands far away from the city. Although it is
cheapest method but it is not environment friendly.
It becomes breeding ground for insect, flies, etc.
Burning is causes air pollution.

Sanitary Landfill- waste materials is

packed and dumped and covered to
prevent insects. or rodents from entering.
It causes minimum damage to the
environment and it will decompose.

Municipal Waste Management

(a) Collection of Municipal Solid Waste:
• organising House to House collection of
waste.
• Separation of waste as Dry & Wet waste.
• Transport of waste through vehicles for
storing.
(b) Storage of Municipal Solid Waste:
• Storage of waste is set up at different
places.
• Different types of bins are used for
storage.

(c) Transport of Municipal Solid Waste:

• Vehicles with facilities to carry waste
are used.
• Waste should not be visible to public.

(d) Community Participation in segregation:

• The municipality conduct various awareness
programme to community.

COMPOSTING
It is method of decomposing organic
waste into soil like material called
Compost.

INDORE METHOD - Vegetable waste regularly

and night soil are kept in different layers. It is
regularly mixed for 3 month in air. Then left for
1 month without farm.
BENGALURU METHOD - Vegetable waste is kept
in layers in a 1-metre-deep pit. It is not mixed at
all but it decomposed in 5 months.

Reduce – Reuse - Recycle Waste:

It is popularly known as 3 R's of Waste
Management.

(a) Reducing the Waste -

following methods. can
help reduce the waste.
i) Change of Process:
Waste Change the R.M. /
better utilising.
ii) Concentration -
Incinerators can do it.
iii) Segregation of waste-
separating Wet & Dry
waste.

(b) Reusing the waste - Some waste

materials can be put to another use by
processing. Eg: old newspaper, metal
piece, etc. Fly ash can be used for
making roads & bricks.
(c) Recycling the waste - It is
process of converting waste into
new & useful material. Paper
industry recycle wood waste,
cloth waste and used paper. Even
Roads are made from Plastic
waste.

Advantages of Using Waste Plastic for Road Construction

• The process is easy & no new machines are required.
• Bitumen use is reduced.
• The roads from plastic are flexible so less damage to them.