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 THE B USI NE SS MAG AZ IN E FOR TH E OILS AN D FATS IN D UST RY

CONTENTS
VOL. 34 NO. 5 JUNE 2018
FEATURES
AFRICA
EDITORIAL:
Editor: Serena Lim
Tel: +44 (0)1737 855066 15 Rising potential
E-mail: serenalim@quartzltd.com

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Assistant Editor: Ilari Kauppila
Tel: +44 (0)1737 855157
E-mail: ikauppila@quartzltd.com

SALES:
Sales Manager: Mark Winthrop-Wallace
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E-mail: markww@quartzltd.com
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E-mail: anitarevis@quartzltd.com WHEN PACKAGING EDIBLE OILS, THE MATERIAL OF THE
PACKAGE MUST BE CONSIDERED, ALONGSIDE OTHER FACTORS
PRODUCTION: SUCH AS FILLING AND CAPPING SYSTEMS P34
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Production Editor: Carol Baird
E-mail: carolbaird@quartzltd.com
PLANT, EQUIPMENT & TECHNOLOGY
CORPORATE:
Managing Director: Steve Diprose 18 Plant & technology NEWS & EVENTS
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SUBSCRIPTIONS: Elizabeth Barford
2 Comment
BLEACHING EARTHS
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WHO urges trans fat ban
Address: Subscriptions, Quartz House, 20 Clarendon
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22 Removing MCPDs and by 2023
GEs from edible oil 2 News
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Brazil fines five grain
© 2018 Quartz Business Media 28 The road to healthier firms for deforestation
ISSN 0267-8853
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Website:
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biodiesel in probe
A member of FOSFA
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year by Quartz Business Media Ltd and distributed
in the USA by DSW, 75 Aberdeen Road, Emigsville PA dropped as Bayer
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Contents June 18.indd 1 6/14/2018 9:40:55 AM

 NEWS

EDITOR’S COMMENT
Brazil fines five
WHO urges trans grain firms for
fat ban by 2023 deforestation
B
T
razil’s governmental environment agency Ibama has fined local
he World Health Organization farmers and five grain traders – including Bunge and Cargill – for
(WHO) is calling for the elimination carrying out grain trading activities linked to illegal deforestation.
of artificial trans fats in the world The farmers and ABC Indústria e Comércio, Bunge, Cargill, JJ Samar
by 2023, in the first time it is Agronegócios Eireli and Unigger Protecão de Plantas were fined a total
targeting a lifestyle factor behind a non- of 105.7M reais (US$29M), of which 24.6M reais (US$6.5M) was
communicable disease (see news story, p3) imposed on the five grain traders, reported Reuters on 23 May.
Non-communicable or chronic diseases – According to Ibama, the firms had purchased nearly 3,000 tonnes of
which include heart disease and diabetes – grains – including soyabeans – that had been grown in off-limits areas of
are the world’s leading cause of death and the Cerrado savannah in central Brazil’s Matopiba region.
resulted in 72% of deaths globally in 2016, The Cerrado was one of the largest growing soya farming regions
according to WHO. Consumption of trans in Brazil due to cheap and widely available land subject to less strict
fat causes more than half a million deaths/ deforestation rules than the Amazon rainforest, Reuters said.
year from cardiovascular disease. The fines were part of Operation Soy Sauce, which in April saw Ibama
Our industry, of course, is all too familiar with artificial trans fats clamp down on illegal land use in areas of the Cerrado that had been
– formed from the partial hydrogenation of vegetable oil – and found illegally deforested and designated as off-limits for agriculture to allow
in hardened vegetable fats like margarine or vanaspati, and in fried, native vegetation to regrow.
baked and snack foods. Trans fats are linked to raising levels of ‘bad’ Ibama said deforestation in Matopiba was advancing much faster
LDL cholesterol and increasing risk of heart disease, stroke and type than in other regions of the biome.
2 diabetes. The trading firms had purchased soyabeans under advanced
Leading food companies such as Danone, Ferrero, General purchase agreements that in come cases had financed illegal farming,
Mills, Mars, Mondelez, Nestlé, Kellog’s, PepsiCo and Unilever are said Ibama.
already working towards reducing industrial trans fats from partially Cargill told Reuters that it had not received any notification from
hydrogenated oils (PHOs) to no more than 1g per 100g of product by Ibama about the illegal soya purchases and that it would look into the
the end of 2018. matter.
However, it is in low and middle income countries where the risk is Bunge said that its purchases complied with agricultural best
higher, with PHOs still widely used in Africa, India, the Middle East and practices and it had consulted databases on banned areas, adding that
Russia. it supported Ibama and Brazil’s environmental conservation efforts.
“The reality is that global food companies have done an amazing job In addition to the five companies, dozens of farmers were fined for
reducing trans fats in rich countries but they have largely ignored Asia growing crops in the off-limits areas, preventing the regrowth of native
and Africa,” says Barry Popkin, a professor of nutrition at the University vegetation or otherwise seeking to trade products originating from the
of North Carolina. banned areas.
South Asian countries have a very high risk of heart disease and Public prosecutors in Brazil were planning to take legal action beyond
high intakes of trans fats, according to Dr Francesco Branca, director the fines to ensure that the farmers and agri traders repaired all
of the Department of Nutrition for Health and Development at WHO. environmental damage, said Reuters.
Mexico was a country where intake was very high but has taken action,
along with some Latin American countries, she says.
The evidence is there that taking action against trans fat can save Mitsui to close Brazil grain operation
lives. Denmark became the first country in the world to regulate the
content of artificial trans fat in certain food products and in the three
years after its policy was implemented in 2004, deaths attributable to
J apanese commodity trader
Mitsui & Co will close its
Brazilian Multigrain business by
restructuring of Multigrain was
likely and, in March, it revealed
that the Brazilian unit had
cardiovascular disease decreased on average by 14.2 per 100,000
the end of this year after several dragged the company’s full year
Danes annually, according to a study published in the American Journal
years of financial losses due to earnings down by 47.7bn yen
of Preventive Medicine in 2015.
stiff competition in the sector. (US$434.83M), leading to greater
Some New York counties also banned trans fat in 2007 and a report
Soyabean and corn trader losses than what Mitsui originally
in JAMA (Journal of American Medical Association) Cardiology found that
Multigrain – which was acquired paid for Multigrain.
there was a 6.2% decline in hospital admissions for heart attack and
by Mitsui in 2011 for 47bn yen Nonetheless, Mitsui’s
stroke in counties with the ban, compared with counties without.
(US$431.47M) – had been losing consolidated net profits rose 37%
Meanwhile, the USA’s ban on trans fat, announced in 2015, is due
money for the past four years, in the financial year ended on
to come into force on 18 June, albeit with an extension for some food
wrote Reuters on 8 May. 31 March, due to stronger prices
applications (see story, p4).
Mitsui chief financial officer in iron ore and coal.
All in all, the elimination of industrial trans fats can prevent millions
Takakazu Uchida said the direct According to Reuters, Japanese
of premature deaths and chronic diseases worldwide, says Dr Walter
reason for the continuous losses traders, such as Mitsui and its
Willett, a professor of medicine at Harvard Medical School.
was “excessive competition” after rival Marubeni Group, had invested
However, although WHO is providing guidelines to countries, it
the number of new entrants in the enthusiastically in foreign grain
cannot enforce any policy – it is up to governments to do that.
sector – including Chinese and businesses some years ago but,
But as the public becomes more informed and industry responds
other global grain operators – had for the most part, they had so far
to consumer health concerns, the tide continues to turn against
grown rapidly. failed to turn the investments into
industrial trans fat.  l
In February, Mitsui warned that profits.

2 OFI – JUNE 2018 www.ofimagazine.com

Comment and News.indd 1 6/14/2018 9:59:56 AM

 NEWS

New WHO guidelines against trans fats IN BRIEF

T he World Health Organization
(WHO) is calling for a global
ban on industrially produced trans
fats by 2023, in its latest move to
combat cardiovascular disease.
The WHO‘s six-step guideline –
titled REPLACE – was announced
on 14 May, with a public
consultation lasting until 1 June,
reported Food Navigator.
The REPLACE guidelines
encourage governments to
review dietary sources of trans
fats and their regulatory policies,
promote replacing trans fats with
healthier options, enact legislation
to eliminate trans fats, monitor
their content in food, create
public awareness of their effects
and to enforce compliance with
regulations.
The WHO estimates that trans
fats are responsible for more
than half a million deaths from
cardiovascular disease every year.
The International Food and
Beverage Alliance (IDFBA) said
its members – which included
Danone, Ferrero, General Mills,
Mars, Mondelez, Nestlé, Kellog’s,
PepsiCo and Unilever – were
already committed to reducing
industrially produced trans fats
from partially hydrogenated oils
(PHOs) to no more than 1g per
100g of product by the end of
2018.
The IDFBA also said that its
members would replace PHOs
with unsaturated fats whenever
possible.
Peter G Lurie, president of the
Centre for Science in the Public
Interest (CSPI) said PHO was still
widely used in Africa, India, Middle
East and Russia.
n The WHO has recommended
that adults and children receive
less than 10% of their daily
energy intake from saturated fats
and less than 1% from trans fats,
in a draft guideline published
on 4 May. The guideline
recommended replacing these
fats by using polyunsaturated
fatty acids, such as those found in
sunflower and soyabean oils.
“Reduced intake of saturated
fatty acids has been associated
with a significant reduction in risk
of coronary heart disease when
replaced with polyunsaturated
fatty acids or carbohydrates from
whole grains,” said the WHO.
Additionally, total fat
consumption should not exceed
30% of total daily energy intake to
avoid unhealthy weight gain.
A public comment period for the
proposal was set to run until
1 June, giving any relevant
stakeholders a chance to make
their voice heard.
WHO recommendations are
not legally binding and any
possible regulatory responses are
left for individual governments to
decide.
PAKISTAN: Pakistan’s Federal
Board of Revenue (FBR) has
proposed a more than 30%
increase in the import duty for
soyabean and palm cooking oil
for the 2018-19 financial year.
The FBR had asked the
government to raise the
customs duty on soyabean
oil from the current Rs9,050
(US$77.8)/tonne to Rs12,000
(US$103.2), an increase of
32.5%, said Pakistan Today in a
3 May report.
For palm oil, the proposal
would raise the import
duties from Rs10,200/tonne
(US$87.7) to Rs13,200 (US$
113.5), an increase of 29.5%.
The duty hikes would impact
imports of the oils and the
industry believed it could
increase cooking oil prices by
Rs55/kg (US$0.47), making
it more expensive for some
consumers to buy.

Dairy bodies call UK approves new Palm Oil Free certification scheme
for naming ban T he UK Intellectual Property
Office has approved the Palm
Approval in nine further countries
was pending, said POFCAP.
Trademark will be as recognised
as other major international

T hree European dairy groups
are urging the EU to block
companies producing plant-based
dairy alternatives from using
words associated with dairy
products – such as ‘milk’ and
‘butter’ – in their marketing.
The European Dairy Association
(EDA), Eucolait and Copa-Cogeca
were asking the EU to protect
dairy products from “misleading
sales descriptions” in legislation
and the European Common
Agricultural Policy, wrote just-food
on 27 April.
“The issue is not about having
plant-based innovative produce on
the market, it is about ensuring
that consumers are not misled or
Oil Free Certification Accreditation POFCAP was launched in certification trademarks, such
Programme (POFCAP), allowing Australia in August 2017 as as Fair Trade or Gluten Free,” Luf
it to officially certify UK products an independent certification added.
and food services as being palm programme for palm oil free Together with the governmental
oil free. products. approval, POFCAP also announced
POFCAP is the world’s first “While some companies it had handed out the first UK
international palm oil free have for some time made their Palm Oil Free certification to York-
accreditation programme that own palm oil free claims, until based vegan restaurant El Piano.
certifies products, allowing them now there has not been an “This international certification
to carry its Certification Trademark independent, international, is the cornerstone to building
logo, POFCAP said in a 28 May government approved certification trust with our customers while
press release. programme,” said POFCAP co- creating transparency about each
Along with the UK, Austria, founder Bev Luff. and every ingredient in our award
Spain, Sweden and the USA had “Our goal is that, one day, winning food,” said El Piano
also approved the programme. our Palm Oil Free Certification founder Magdalena Chávez.
Adani Wilmar top bidder for troubled Ruchi Soya
A dani Wilmar has emerged as the top bidder for
PHOTO: RUCHI SOYA

confused vis-à-vis the nutritional

Indian edible oils producer Ruchi Soya, which is
characteristics of livestock
undergoing bankruptcy proceedings.
produce and plant-based produce,”
The 50/50 joint venture between Singapore
said Pekka Pesonen, Copa-Cogeca
agribusiness group Wilmar International and India’s
secretary general.
Adani group offered over 60bn rupees (US$887.4M)
EDA secretary general
for Ruchi, the Times of India reported on 13 June.
Alexander Anton agreed, saying
Patanjali, which already has a three-year agreement
that it was misleading to market
with Ruchi to process and pack its oils, has been
products as, for example, soya
declared the second highest bidder, with an offer of
milk or tofu butter when they were
57bn rupees (US$843M).
“absolutely different” from dairy
The bids were opened on 12 June after the source close to the case telling Business Standard
products with differing nutritional
company’s creditors decided to allow the two that the bidding process could be completed in
characteristics, including macro-
contenders to revise their previous offers so that seven to 10 days.
and micronutrients.
maximum value could be derived from the sale of Best known for its Nutrela soya products
The three bodies were calling for
Ruchi, the Times of India said. and Sunrich edible oil, Ruchi was admitted to
the EU to protect dairy terms and
Following the Swiss auction method, the two the corporate insolvency resolution process in
marketing standards in legislation
companies would be given the opportunity to match December 2017 and has debts of over 100bn
and ensure they were respected
each other’s offer or improve their bids, with one rupees (US$1.48bn).
throughout the supply chain.

3 OFI – JUNE 2018 www.ofimagazine.com

Comment and News.indd 2 6/14/2018 9:59:56 AM


FDA extends deadline for some trans fats
T he US Food and Drug
Administration (FDA) has
extended certain compliance
deadlines in its 2015 ban on
industrially produced trans fatty
acids (IP-TFA) in food, while
denying a petition to amend the
rules.
The petition, submitted by
the Grocery Manufacturers
Association (GMA), asked the
FDA to include the use of partially
hydrogenated oils (PHOs) in
certain food applications, Food
Business News said on 18 May.
The FDA denied the petition but
IN BRIEF
USA: Seeds and agrichem firm
DowDuPont is in the final stages
of developing a high protein
canola variety to compete with
soyabean, which dominates the
oilseed meal market.
The company was aiming to
sell ProPound canola as early as
2019, Reuters wrote on 18 May.
Soyabeans are currently the
number one protein meal crop
due to their 47% protein content,
significantly higher than the
average 37% protein in canola.
ProPound canola could narrow
the gap by producing a canola
meal with 44% protein.
So far, developing high protein
canola varieties had always
come with the downside of
diminished seed or oil yield,
but with ProPound – developed
through traditional plant
breeding – DowDuPont had been
able to increase protein levels
without lowering either seed or
oil production, the firm said.
UKRAINE: According to a
16 May US Department of
Agriculture (USDA) GAIN report,
a new Ukrainian tax policy would
make soyabeans less profitable
for farmers, which would result
in a planted area of 1.5M ha
this season, 23% less than in
2017/18.
The planted areas for
sunflower and rapeseed
were projected to increase in
2018/19, partly at the expense
of the lower soyabean area.
“Production of sunflower
seed in Ukraine for 2018/19
is forecast to reach 15.6M
tonnes, 16% higher compared
to the estimated 13.5M tonnes
for 2017/18,” the USDA report
read.
Comment and News.indd 3
NEWS
extended the compliance date
until 18 June 2019 for companies
that make products falling under
three specific applications:
n PHO or a blend of PHOs used as
a solvent or carrier, or component
thereof, for flavouring agents,
flavour enhancers and colouring
agents intended for food use,
provided the PHOs contribute no
more than 150ppm of IP-TFA to
the final product.
n PHO or a blend of PHOs used as
a processing aid, or a component
thereof, provided the PHOs
contribute no more than 50ppm
Swiss snack firm to use HOLL oil
Z weifel Pomy-Chips, one of
Switzerland’s largest snack
food manufacturers, has
replaced imported sunflower oil
with a high oleic rapeseed oil to
improve quality, traceability and
sustainability.
Since November 2017, Zweifel
had been using a High Oleic Low
Linoleic (HOLL) rapeseed oil in its
range of potato crisps, produced
from domestic Swiss rapeseed,
wrote Hospitality & Catering News
on 21 May.
The change came ahead of
an expected EU-wide 2% limit on
partially hydrogenated oil (PHO)
content in food products.
According to Zweifel, the HOLL
oil had benefits for heart health
and cholesterol reduction and
was also more stable at higher
temperatures.
“We first heard about HOLL
rapeseed oil some five or six
years ago. Although we had never
used PHOs in crisp production,
we had already been using high
oleic sunflower oil. We realised
Canola farmers sue oilseed firm
S ix Canadian canola farmers
have filed a class action
lawsuit against Regina,
Saskatchewan-based oilseed and
grain trader Input Capital Corp,
accusing it of predatory lending.
According to the lawsuit, Input’s
streaming canola contracts – in
which the company paid up front
for certain amounts of future
production – were unfair and the
plaintiffs asked the Regina Court
of Queen’s Bench to find them
illegal, reported The Western
Producer on 10 May.
The plaintiffs said Input set too
high interest rates, did not provide
4 OFI – JUNE 2018 www.ofimagazine.com
of IP-TFA to the final product.
n PHO or a blend of PHOs used as
a pan release agent for baked
foods at levels up to 0.2g/100g
in pan release spray oils,
provided the PHO contributes no
more than 0.14g of IP-TFA per
100g of spray oil.
“We have denied a trade group’s
petition to maintain these uses,
and manufacturers will be legally
required to remove even these
small amounts from food,” said
FDA PhD commissioner Scott
Gottlieb.
that HOLL could give us the
chance to set up a 100% Swiss
production chain,” said Pietro
Realini, Zweifel production and
logistics director.
Realini said HOLL had high
stability with a lower free fatty
acid content than the sunflower
oil it was previously using, which
was due to the oil’s inherent
properties and also to the
shorter domestic supply chain,
meaning the oil spent less time
in storage.
A two-year process of securing
oil supply and industrial and
consumer testing resulted in
improvements in both traceability
and oil quality, added Realini.
Zweifel had started using the
oil in more than 100 product
lines, with only its organic line
remaining non-HOLL, reported
Hospitality & Catering News.
HOLL rapeseed oil was
developed by Monsanto through
conventional breeding methods
to provide a rapeseed oil with a
specific fatty acid profile.
sufficient information to those
entering into a contract, and did
not share risk.
The lawsuit claimed that Input’s
contracts did not account for
factors outside of the farmers’
control, such as weather, moisture
and equipment failure.
Input told The Western Producer
that it “completely denies” all
of the “false allegations” and
intended to vigorously defend
against the class action.
The company insisted it had
“hundreds” of satisfied clients
and a reputation for honesty and
fair dealing, the publication said.
“However in order to provide
food makers time to reformulate
their products and adjust their
manufacturing processes, we’re
giving manufacturers extra time
to comply for the uses of PHOs
requested in the petition.”
All other food products would
have to be compliant with the new
rules by 18 June 2018.
In 2015, the FDA gave the
US food industry three years
to eliminate IP-TFAs from the
country’s food supply.
Trans fats are linked to
increased heart disease risk.
Olive oil most
stable frying oil
V irgin olive oil produces the
lowest amount of toxic
compounds at high cooking
temperatures, an Australian study
has found.
In the study, a team from the
Modern Olives Laboratory Services
heated a range of commonly used
cooking oils.
The tested oils included extra
virgin (EVOO), virgin (VOO) and
refined olive oil, as well as
grapeseed, avocado, coconut,
sunflower, rice bran, peanut and
canola oils.
They were heated for six hours
at 180°C and in temperatures
increasing from 25°C to 240°C
over 20 minutes.
When frying, oil decomposed
into a variety of volatile
compounds that could influence
the sensory and health quality and
shelf life of the fried product, the
study said.
The results revealed that EVOO
developed the lowest amount of
polar compounds after heating,
closely followed by coconut and
peanut oils, while the highest
amounts were found in grapeseed
and canola oils.
Additionally, the results
suggested that smoke points were
not relevant when determining
how oils would degrade during
heating and that the level of
unsaturated fats, oxidative stability
and UV coefficients were more
accurate predictors.
6/14/2018 9:59:58 AM
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 NEWS

IN BRIEF
INDONESIA: The Indonesian
US agri sector fears retaliation
government is planning to
expand an oil palm replanting
T he US agriculture sector warns
that the Trump administration’s
tariffs on steel and aluminium
already begun implementing
countermeasures.
Canada said it would impose
after the US Ambassador Terry
Branstad said the countries were
“very far apart” from resolving
programme it launched last
imports from Canada, China, retaliatory tariffs up to C$16.6bn their dispute, wrote Reuters.
year to cover 185,000ha of
the EU and Mexico could end up (US$12.8bn) on US steel, “While we understand the
plantations in 2018.
hurting the country’s agricultural aluminium and other products – administration’s intent is to
The scheme, which had the
producers, such as soya farmers. such as yogurt, prepared foods generate substantive bilateral
ultimate goal to replant
The agri group US Grains and coffee. Mexico, meanwhile, dialogue, we are concerned that
5.61M ha worth of palm trees
Council (USGC) said US farmers intended to impose “equivalent this approach will not effectively
older than 25 years, was
would be among the first to face measures” on flat steel, lamps, advance the goal of addressing
intended to help smallholders
retaliation after the tariffs on pork meat, sausages and certain distortive trade practices,” said
struggling with much lower yields
Canada, the EU and Mexico came prepared foods. Cargill vice president of global
than plantations owned by large
into effect on 1 June, reported President of the EU corporate affairs Devry Boughner
companiess, wrote Reuters on
World Grain. Commission Jean-Claude Junker, Vorwerk.
9 May.
“We had strong hopes this on his part, said: “The US now Another US agri trader Bunge
But the programme – funded
situation would be averted leaves us with no choice but told Bloomberg on 2 May that
through the Indonesian Oil
permanently, but it now appears to proceed with a WTO dispute China had already stopped buying
Palm Plantation Fund (BPDP-
we need to prepare for retaliation settlement case and with the US soyabeans and switched to
KS) – had come under fire from
and its direct impact on US imposition of additional duties on countries such Brazil and Canada.
smallholders who sued the
farmers,” said USGC president a number of imports.” According to the US
government in April, claiming
and CEO Tom Sleight. On the Chinese side, US Department of Agriculture, China
that funds were used to illegally
The US government said it was agri giant Cargill said it had had cancelled 62,690 tonnes
subsidise the biodiesel industry,
ready to continue negotiations, “significant concerns” about worth of soyabean purchases in
according to Mongabay.
but the three countries had potential US trade action on China the two weeks ending on 19 April.

Xylella olive tree High fat diet, not genes, impact ability to taste fat
disease spreads People on high fat diets become less sensitive to
the taste of fat, which could lead to an overtly
included the same amount of daily kilojoules of
energy.
to Spain, France high energy intake and obesity, an Australian study
has found.
The participants were tested at the start, middle
and end of the study and were asked to taste three
I n addition to once again ravaging
olive trees in Italy this spring,
the deadly Xylella plant disease is
Conducted by the University of Deakin and
published in the American Journal of Clinical
different liquids and identify the one that contained
a fatty acid, with those unable to do so given a
Nutrition, the study found that a person’s ability to larger concentration of fatty acid until a difference
showing signs of spreading further
taste fat was influenced by their diet rather than was noted.
in the Mediterranean olive growing
genetics, Food Navigator reported on 25 May. The study discovered that by the middle and end
regions.
According to lead researcher Russell Keast, tests, the twins eating a low fat diet were able to
In a containment zone in
director of Deakin’s Centre for Advanced Sensory identify lower concentrations of fatty acids than
Salento, in southern Italy, the
Science, there was a preconception that the genes their siblings.
number of trees infected with the
a person was born with affected their appetite for “People who have a lower sensitivity to the fat
Xylella fastidiosa bacterium had
fat, but the study had proven otherwise. taste end up eating far more kilojoules from fat
quadrupled, according to The Olive
In the eight-week study, 44 pairs of adult twins because they need more to feel satiated.
Oil Times.
were fed a low and high fat diet, with one twin “That’s why it’s vitally important we’re careful
The bacterium had spread from
receiving less than 20% of their daily energy from with what we’re eating, otherwise we will get in a
its containment zone and there
fat while the other received more than 35% of daily bad cycle of our bodies becoming accustomed to
were fears that it would make its
energy from fat and was encouraged to eat dairy high levels of fat and requiring high levels of fat to
way further inland.
products, meat and oils. become satisfied. That can then lead to obesity,”
Spanish authorities had also
Despite the different fat intakes, both diets said Keast.
reported that they had found
a Xylella infected olive tree on
Spanish mainland near Madrid.
The disease had earlier been
UK may introduce a range of anti-obesity measures
discovered on the Balearic island
T he UK government could be relied on setting voluntary targets,
PHOTO: PIXABAY

of Mallorca, according to Xylella
expert Alexander Purcell from
the University of California at
Berkeley.
Xylella had also made its
first ventures into France this
spring, with the Corsica chapter
of the Interprofessional Union of
Oleiculturists reporting in April
that olive trees on the island had
been infected.
According to the International
Olive Council, the Mediterranean
Xylella outbreak led to a global
drop in olive oil production last
year.
planning to introduce new
anti-obesity measures for shops
and food services in its ongoing
campaign to combat obesity and
unhealthy diets in the country.
According to a draft proposal
seen by The Sunday Times, the
government was planning to make
it mandatory for restaurants to
display the calorie content of their
dishes, reported just-food on
29 May.
Additionally, the draft proposed
banning ”unhealthy snacks” at
store tills and checkouts, blocking
junk food advertisements on TV
before 9pm and introducing a
sugar tax on milk-based drinks by
2020.
According to the original report,
the measures had the support of
health secretary Jeremy Hunt.
The proposed measures
indicated a tougher stance by the
UK government, which so far had
such as its call in March for food
companies to cut calories in
products consumed by UK families
by 20% by 2024.
In 2017, the UK set a target
for food manufacturers and
retailers – alongside food service
establishments – to reduce sugar
by 20% in the top nine product
categories that contributed to
children’s sugar intake by 2020.
However, according to a May
report, the food firms had missed
the government’s target of a 5%
reduction between August 2016
and August 2017, said just-food.

6 OFI – JUNE 2018 www.ofimagazine.com

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 BIOFUELS NEWS

EU registers Argentine biodiesel imports

T he European Commission (EC) began
registering Argentine biodiesel imports
on 25 May in the context of its ongoing
investigation into subsidised biodiesel imports
entering the EU.
The registration followed the EU’s removal
and reduction of anti-dumping duties on
Argentina and Indonesia earlier in the year and
a complaint by the European Biodiesel Board
(EBB) in December 2017, Platts reported on
24 May.
According to an EC spokeswoman,
the registration allowed the EC to react
appropriately in the future “in case imports
rise sharply during the investigation” and also
made it possible for anti-subsidy tariffs to be
applied retroactively due to the EBB complaint.
However, she told Platts that the decision
to register the imports did not “prejudice the
outcome of the case”.
“As regards subsidisation, the EC has at its
disposal sufficient evidence tending to show
that imports of [biodiesel] from Argentina are
being subsidised,” she said.
According to the EC, these subsidies
consisted of things such as the Argentine
government providing goods – including
soyabeans – to biodiesel producers without
appropriate remuneration and purchasing
biodiesel at a higher price than appropriate.
Evidence at this point indicated that
Argentine biodiesel exports were benefiting
from countervailable subsidies, but the final
decision in the case would not be given until
later in the year.
n In Argentina, the government will raise the
export tax on biodiesel from 8% to 15% from
1 July, Reuters reported on 28 May.
This would make the export of soya-based
biodiesel from Argentina into Europe more
expensive, potentially cutting the arbitrage
that has been open since the WTO ruled
that the EU had to reduce its anti-dumping
duties against Argentina in September 2017,
according to Post Online Media.
With the price of soya biodiesel (SME) in
Argentina lower than biodiesel in Europe, much
had been booked as a blendstock for FAME
(Fatty Acid Methyl Ester) into Europe, with
almost 1.2M tonnes booked since the initial
reduction of anti-dumping duties.
The boost in the export tax would most
likely curtail some EU imports, said Post Online
Media.
The top exporter of biodiesel – with 1.65M
tonnes exported in 2017 – had been hit by
retaliatory tariffs recently, Reuters said.
Earlier in the year, the USA imposed
anti-dumping duties of 60.44-276.65%
on biodiesel imports from Argentina and
Indonesia, in addition to already high anti-
subsidy taxes.
The Argentine exporters’ association CIARA-
CEC was also expecting the EU to impose new
tariffs in September or October.
According to Argentine President Mauricio
Macri, lowering the biodiesel export was meant
to “continue fostering convergence” between
biodiesel and soyabean oil export taxes.

IN BRIEF
Call for EU to support crop fuels St1, SCA to use
BULGARIA: Bulgaria is set multiple counting. tall oil for fuel
PHOTO: ADOBE STOCK

to implement a 6% biodiesel “With a grounded RED II,

blending mandate for all
transportation fuel on
1 September.
At least 1% of the blend
would have to come from “next
generation” biofuels, according
to EU Scoop on 30 May.
The mandate was intended
to help reach the national goal
of introducing a new generation
of biofuels produced from
feedstocks such as waste and
residues.
USA: The US Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA)
submitted its proposal on 2019
Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS)
blending obligations to the White
House on 11 May.
The White House Office of
Management and Budget (OMB)
was the last step in setting
renewable volume obligations
(RVOs) before the launch of a
public comment period, Biodiesel
Magazine wrote on 14 May.
The OMB said a final ruling
was scheduled for December.
USA: Boeing has flown the first
ever commercial flight on 100%
U S agri trader Bunge is cutting
biofuel, K5 News said on
10 May.
The fuel used on a flight from
Seattle to Memphis and back
was produced from waste animal
fats and plant oil and matched
Type A jet fuel in molecular
structure.
A central European group of
biofuel producers is calling
for the EU to maintain the
share of crop-based fuel in its
Renewable Energy Directive II
(RED II), while supporting the
removal of palm oil from the list
of sustainable fuels.
The Visegrad 4+3 (V4+3)
group urged the EU to ensure
the use of proven crop-based
fuels was not reduced or capped
and they would have a 12%
share in transport by 2030, a
25 April statement said.
The group also specified
that the 12% share would need
to be an actual percentage of
total biofuel use without
Bunge halves production at German biodiesel plant
biodiesel production at
its German facility, the latest
company to do following a surge
of imports from Indonesia and
Argentina.
The firm said it was expecting
to cut production at its 120,000
tonnes/year Mannheim refinery
by 50% in the second quarter of
2018, Reuters wrote on 16 May.
we would continue to invest,
including in exactly the advanced
biofuels that everyone is hoping
will flourish and become viable
in coming years,” the group said.
V4+3 also called for the same
sustainability requirements to
be applied to all biomass under
the RED I, as woody biomass
currently had stricter restrictions
than others.
“Applying this restriction
selectively not only makes no
climate sense but would also
invalidate the restriction under
World Trade Organization (WTO)
rules,” V4+3 said.
The group also gave its
support for the proposal to
remove the sustainable status
of palm oil-based biodiesel,
but advised that the legal text
should give a clear reason for
the phase-out to withstand any
legal challenges.
Bunge added that it would
review production and make
further changes if necessary as
time went on.
Bunge joined Archer Daniels
Midland (ADM) and German
biofuels firm Natural Energy West
(NEW) in cutting production after
the EU removed import tariffs
on Argentine and Indonesian
biodiesel in March, leading to a
F innish energy firm St1, with
Swedish forestry company SCA,
is developing a new large scale
facility at its Gothenburg refinery
to produce renewable fuels from
residual tall oil.
The new plant would have the
capacity to produce 100,000
tonnes/year of fuel from tall oil,
a waste product created when
pulping wood through the kraft
process, St1 said in a statement
on 21 May.
The construction of the facility
was expected to cost roughly
500M SEK (US$57M) and it would
become operational in 2021.
SCA produces tall oil at its
kraft mills in Munksund, Obbola
and Östrand and, in the latter, tall
oil production was projected to
increase by more than 100% as a
result of ongoing expansion.
The project partners said they
would be able to establish a full
value-chain for tall oil.
surge of imports into the European
market.
In March, ADM suspended
production at its 275,000 tonnes/
year facility in Mainz, while NEW
slashed production by half at its
Marl plant in April.
EU biodiesel producers
had called the Argentine and
Indonesian imports unfair due to
state support, said Reuters.

8 OFI – JUNE 2018 www.ofimagazine.com

Biofuel news.indd 1 6/14/2018 9:41:52 AM

 BIOTECH NEWS

US GMO rules
draft under fire
T he US Department of
Agriculture’s (USDA) rule
proposal for the standard
governing the labelling of
genetically modified (GM) foods
has been criticised by the
industry for opening up more
questions than it answers.
A public comment period for
the proposal would run until
3 July, missing the USDA’s
Congress-mandated deadline to
finalise the GMO ruling by 29
July, wrote Food Navigator USA
on 3 May.
The current proposal did not
address whether highly refined
foods and ingredients – such
as canola, corn and soyabean
oils – that might contain no
detectable modified DNA, should
be covered by the labelling
requirements.
The second major issue was
the threshold at which GM
labeling should be triggered,
with the USDA asking the public
to provide opinions on three
options to exempt foods based
on the proportional weight of GM
Monsanto name to be dropped
as Bayer completes acquisition
G erman chemicals giant
Bayer closed its US$62.5bn
acquisition of US agrichem firm
Monsanto on 7 June, officially
forming the largest single player in
the agrichemicals sector.
Bayer would become the sole
owner of Monsanto, which would
have its shares cease trading on
the New York Stock Exchange,
Bayer said in a statement.
“We aim to live up to the
heightened responsibility that a
leadership position in agriculture
entails and to deepen our
dialogue with society,” said
Werner Baumann, chair of the
Bayer board.
Bayer would immediately drop
the ‘Monsanto’ name and operate
simply under the name ‘Bayer’,
with all of Monsanto’s products
retaining their brand names but
moving under the Bayer portfolio,
EU upholds ban on ‘bee killer’ neonicotinoid pesticides
T he EU General Court has upheld the region’s
said Reuters.
The integration process of
Bayer and Monsanto would begin
in approximately two months, said
Bayer.
Monsanto would operate
independently until Bayer
had completed its US¤2.2bn
worth of divestments to BASF,
required under the conditional
merger approval given by the US
Department of Justice (DOJ) and
the EU.
As part of the agreement
with the DOJ, Bayer would sell
roughly US$9bn worth of assets,
which DOJ Antitrust Division
head Makan Delrahim called the
“largest divestiture ever required
by the USA,” wrote Reuters on
29 May.
The US approval had been
delayed for several months but,
in April, Bayer said it had reached
PHOTO: PIXABAY
an agreement in principle with the
DOJ.
Bayer has committed to selling
its entire cotton, canola, soyabean
and vegetable seeds businesses
and digital farming business,
alongside its Liberty herbicides
that compete with Monsanto’s
Roundup herbicide.
n A French beekeeping company
filed a lawsuit against Bayer after
traces of the herbicide glyphosate
– manufactured by Monsanto –
were found in honey, wrote Taipei
Times on 10 June.
The case was filed on 7 June
to coincide with the closing of the
Bayer-Monsanto merger.
According to the L’Abaille de
l’Aisne Beekeeping Union, its
member cooperative Famille
Michaud found the pesticide
in honey grown near sunflower,
rapeseed and beet fields.

ingredients in final products. partial ban on three neonicotinoid pesticides

The rule did not mention
whether crops and ingredients
produced through gene editing –
by using new technologies such
as CRISPR or TALEN – would
meet the rule’s definition of a
‘bioengineered’ product, thus
mandating labelling.
The proposal defined GM
foods as containing genetic
material that has been modified
through in vitro recombinant
DNA techniques in ways that
could not occur nautrally, which
in theory would exempt gene
editing from regulation.
The USDA said the final rule
was expected “later this year”.
that have been blamed for killing off bees,
dismissing cases brought by agrochemical
manufacturers Bayer and Syngenta.
On 17 May, the court confirmed the validity of
the partial ban on clothianidin, thamethoxam and
imidacloprid insecticides, introduced in 2013 for
crops including rapeseed, maize, wheat, barley, oats
and some spring cereals.
The court said the EU’s “precautionary principle”
meant that the EU could take measures if there
was scientific uncertainty about risks to human
health or the environment, and did not have to wait
until it was clear harm had been caused, Reuters
reported.
According to studies, neonicotinoids could
disorient bees and prevent them from finding their
way back to their home hives, while also weakening
their resistance to disease, Business Live said.
In recent years, there had been growing concerns
over the health of bees – which pollinate 90% of
the world’s major crops – with pesticides blamed
for colony collapse disorder, along with mites, virus
and fungus.
In April, the EU banned all outdoor use of
clothianidin, thamethoxam and imidacloprid, limiting
their use to crops in greenhouses.
Reuters said imidacloprid was developed by
Bayer CropScience, clothianidin developed by
Takeda Chemical Industries and Bayer CropScience
and Syngenta was behind thiamethoxam.

UK allows trial planting of gene engineered omega 3-producing camelina

T he UK has become the first
European country to allow
the test planting of a genetically
engineered (GE) crop – a GE
camelina oilseed – after deeming
that the plant does not count as a
genetically modified (GM) crop.
The Department of Environment,
Food and Rural Affairs (Defra)
approved the GE camelina – which
will produce omega 3 oils – due
to the fact that it contained
no foreign DNA, The Telegraph
reported on 22 May.
Johnathan Napier, leading the
trial at Rothamstead research
centre in Hertfordshire, said
getting the plant to produce
omega 3 was important due to
dwindling wild fish stocks, which
are the traditional source of
omega 3.
During the trial, the research
team would grow both GM
camelina that had had omega 3
producing genes added and the
GE camelina, which had them
removed, in an attempt to find a
‘sweet spot’ for maximum omega
3 production.
The trial had been arranged
in collaboration with a French
research team due to the French
government’s ban on releasing
genetically altered plants into the
environment for research.
Environmental campaigners
were calling the UK government’s
decision a mistake.
“Instead of putting public
health and the environment first,
Defra has handed out a free
pass to plant highly experimental
genetically engineered crops
in open fields without a proper
risk assessment,” said Liz O’Neil,
director of GM Freeze.
The UK approval came ahead
of the European Court of Justice’s
(ECJ) decision on whether GE
crops, which have no foreign DNA,
should be regulated in the same
way as GM crops or if they could
be considered as conventionally
bred.
Argentina, Brazil, Canada and
the USA have all so far indicated
that GE crops would be free from
GM regulation as long as they
contained no introduced DNA.

10 OFI – JUNE 2018 www.ofimagazine.com

Biotech News.indd 1 6/14/2018 9:42:22 AM

 TRANSPORT & LOGISTICS NEWS

Canada passes law to improve rail transport

T he Canadian government has
approved a new act that aims
to make the rail transport of
in a timely manner, the second
time in five years the two major
railway operators failed to meet
by 1 October on how they intended
to keep shipments moving in bad
winter weather.
new grain cars but now that it
was gone, companies would get
100% of their investments back in
grains – including canola – more their customers’ expectations CN said it was preparing to revenues.
efficient throughout the country. due to what they called hard purchase “hundreds” of new CP executive Murray Hamilton
Passed on 23 May, the winter conditions and a lack of grain hopper cars now that the said CP had also announced plans
Transportation Modernization locomotives and staff. maximum revenue entitlement to invest in new higher capacity
Act (TMA) included provisions The TMA made it a fineable system – which had capped rail cars and in network changes
to move oilseeds and grains offence for railway companies to the total revenues railway that included a 2.5km loop system
to the market more quickly, fail to deliver promised rail cars companies could earn annually at grain elevators. The 2.5km loop
according to World Grain. It for shipments on time, World through moving grain – had been meant tracks at grain elevators
came after Canadian National Grain said. It also required them scrapped. could accommodate 134 rail cars
Railway Co (CN) and Canadian to report each summer on their Ghislaine Houle, CN’s chief instead of the current 112, a 20%
Pacific Railway (CP) struggled last ability to move that year’s crop financial officer, said the system increase in delivered crops per
winter to ship harvested crops and to publish a contingency plan been a disincentive to invest in train, he said.

Ceres and CGB to run oilseeds terminal Koole expands block rail
T wo US agri goods handling firms – Ceres
Global Ag and Consolidated Grain and
Barge Co (CGB) – have signed an agreement
to set up a joint venture to manage an
oilseeds and grains terminal.
The joint venture company, called Savage
Riverport LLC, was previously owned and
operated by Ceres subsidiary Riverland Ag,
Ceres said in a 1 May statement.
Through the Savage terminal, Ceres and
CGB said they would buy, store and ship
oilseeds and grains arriving through railroad
and truck connections, including soyabeans,
corn, wheat, oats and rye.
According to Ceres, the facility – located
in Savage, Minnesota, on the Minnesota
River – had a storage capacity of 9.3M
bushels with high speed truck and rail
receiving capacity, alongside rail and barge
Wilmar makes oil, oilseed investments at Yuzhny
D elta Wilmar Group, the Ukrainian subsidiary
of Singapore’s Wilmar International, is
planning a series of investments at Yuzhny
Port, the Ukrainian Sea Ports Authority (USPA)
reported on 1 June.
Wilmar would build a 2,000 tonnes/day
soyabean processing plant, a 40,000 tonne
shipping capabilities.
“Partnering with CGB at the Savage
location is a strategic move for Ceres.
By maximising total volume from all the
products each of our companies provide our
customers with, we will significantly lower
cost per unit handled,” said Ceres president
and CEO Robert Day.
Ceres, headquartered in Minneapolis,
Minnesota, procures and provides North
American agri commodities, industrial
products, fertilisers, energy products and
supply chain logistics services.
Mandeville, Louisiana-based CGB operates
97 grain facilities and has dedicated
operations in logistics and transportation,
fertilisers, crop insurance, agri finance,
soyabean processing and producer risk
management.
grain storage terminal, and a new ship berth
with a throughput of up to 3M tonnes/year
for the transhipment of vegetable oil and bulk
cargoes such as grain crops.
USPA said the new project would have a
turnover of at least 1.2M tonnes/year and
create 200 jobs in the Odessa region.
facility at Rotterdam
D utch storage and transport company
Koole said on 4 June that it would further
expand its biodiesel storage portfolio and
block train rail facility at Koole Tankstorage
Minerals in the Port of Rotterdam.
“This new development will enable
customers to centralise their biodiesel and
diesel storage portfolio at one site with high
end logistics and increase rail capacity to an
unprecedented level in Rotterdam harbour,”
the company said.
‘Koole will be the first terminal operator
in the Amsterdam/Rotterdam/Antwerp (ARA)
area to offer block train capabilities of this
magnitude and could become a serious
competitor to the Port of Hamburg, which
is currently the only high throughput diesel
block train distribution location among the
larger ports in North West Europe,” said
Koole Terminals CEO John Kraakman.
The new facility would be operational in
the second half of 2018.
Koole specialises in the storage and
transport of vegetable oils and fats,
oleochemicals, waxes, biodiesel and base
oils. It has storage facilities at five locations
in the Netherlands, two in the UK and one in
Poland, with a total capacity over 2M m3.

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11 OFI – JUNE 2018 www.ofimagazine.com

Transport News June.indd 1 6/14/2018 9:42:44 AM

 R E N E WA B L E M AT E R I A L S N E W S

IN BRIEF
USA/CANADA: US sustainable
chemicals firm BioAmber Inc
filed for bankruptcy in the USA
on 4 May and its two Canadian
subsidiaries – BioAmber Sarnia
Inc and BioAmber Canada
– have also filed a notice of
bankruptcy intention in Canada.
“The filing of these
procedures imposes an
automatic stay of proceedings
that will protect the company,
its Canadian subsidiaries and
their assets from the claims
of creditors while the company
pursues its restructuring
efforts,” BioAmber said.
BioAmber utilises
fermentation and its proprietary
yeast to convert sugar
feedstocks into succinic acid,
which can be use to make
polyurethanes, paints and
coatings, adhesives, sealants,
plastics, nylons, industrial
lubricants, pharmaceutical
France requires recycled oils
and fats at Total biofuel plant
R ecycled animal fat, cooking oil and industrial oil
will account for 30-40% of the feedstock at French
oil and gas giant Total SA’s new biofuel refinery in
La Mede.
A license for Total to use palm oil at its La Mede
refinery – granted on 16 May – came with a caveat
that at least 25% of its feedstock would come from
recycled oils, wrote Reuters.
However, French farmers began a three-day
blockade of Total’s oil depots and refineries on
11 June over La Mede’s planned use of imported
palm oil as a feedstock. The farmers, who grow crops
such as rapeseed which is also used for biodiesel,
are concerned that allowing cheaper palm oil imports
for biodiesel would result in unfair competition and
work against biofuels’ environmental goals.
Farm minister Stephane Travert said the farmers’
DuPont, ADM open first bio-based FDME facility
D uPont Industrial Biosciences
blockade was illegal and the government would not
rescind the decision to allow Total to use palm oil.
Total had said that it would buy 50,000 tonnes/
year of French rapeseed oil for the 650,000 tonnes/
year La Mede refinery, Reuters wrote on 1 June.
Total said the facility’s feedstock would comprise
60-70% vegetable oils, with a limit of 300,000
tonnes/year of crude palm oil, and the other
vegetable oils coming from oilseeds such as
rapeseed, sunflower and corn.
The remaining 30-40% share of recycled animal
fat, cooking oil and industrial oil could also rise,
depending on their availability, the company said.
La Mede’s launch was still expected in early
September, Total added. In 2015, Total converted
the La Mede facility from a crude oil refinery into a
biodiesel plant with a US$200M investment.
was used to manufacture

compounds and cosmetic and
personal care products.
According to Green Chemicals
Blog, the firm has a 30,000
tonnes/year bio-succinic acid
plant in Sarnia and a cellulosic
sugar collaboration with Comet
Biorefining, Canada.
USA: US industrial bioscience
firm Amyris Inc and Chevron
Products Company announced
on 18 May that Chevron and
renewable oils producer Novvi
LLC had agreed to develop and
produce new renewable base oil
technologies.
Novvi LLC is a joint venture
of Amyris, American Refining
Group, Chevron USA Inc, Brazil’s
Cosan SA Industria e Comercio,
and Hansen & Rosenthal Group.
It produces targeted
hydrocarbon molecules from
plant sugars for automotive,
industrial, marine and
construction applications
including base oil products for
the global lubricant market.
Chevron Products Company,
a subsidiary of US energy giant
Chevron USA, is a leading
premium base oils producer
and one of the world’s largest
suppliers of finished lubricants.
Brent Lok, manager of
Chevron base oils marketing
and business development, said
Novvi would bring its expertise
in working with renewable
feeds to the partnership, and
and Chevron its expertise in
hydroprocessing technology.
and agri trader Archer Daniels
Midland Co (ADM) announced the
opening of the world’s first pilot
plant producing bio-based furan
dicarboxylic methyl ester (FDME)
in Decatur, Illinois on 30 April.
“This new, innovative product
will help customers replace
plastics with materials that
are more environmentally
friendly, better performing and
cost efficient,” said ADM chief
technology officer Todd Werpy.
FDME is a fructose-derived
molecule that can be utilised
to produce a variety of bio-
based chemicals and materials,
including plastics.
Neste buys controlling stake in
animal fats trader IH Demeter
R enewable fuels producer Neste
has acquired sole control and
the majority of shares of Dutch
animal fats and proteins trader
IH Demeter BV in a move to
improve its raw material supply.
The Finnish oil refining
company would acquire 51% of
IH Demeter’s shares, making it
the controlling shareholder, while
the current owners would remain
co-owners.
Neste executive vice president
of renewable products Kaisa
Hietala said on 25 May that the
move was an “important step” in
Neste’s strategy to build a global
waste and residue raw material
platform to secure feedstock
PHOTO: DUPONT
THE DUPONT/ADM FDME PILOT PLANT IS
LOCATED IN DECATUR, ILLINOIS
DuPont said nearly one-tenth
of global crude oil consumption
availability and competitiveness.
“With an efficient Europe-wide
logistical setup, IH Demeter is
well positioned to serve Neste
in delivering future raw material
volumes to our renewable product
refineries,” Hietala said.
IH Demeter would be renamed
Neste Demeter BV as part of the
sale, the monetary cost of which
was not disclosed.
Founded in 1924, IH Demeter
has 150 rendering facilities
throughout Europe and its own
animal fat and protein storage
facilities.
Neste operates three renewable
diesel refineries in Finland, the
Netherlands and Singapore.
plastic products, which made
avoiding fossil-based plastics
virtually impossible due to a
lack of commercially available
alternatives, which bio-based
FDME could help address.
One of the first FDME-
based polymers DuPont was
developing was polytrimethylene
furandicarboxyate (PTF) for
bottling. The FDME-based PTF
had up to 10-15 times better CO2
barrier performance than regular
PET plastic, which resulted in
a longer shelf life and could
help companies design more
light-weight packages and lower
shipping costs, the company said.
Verdezyne bankrupt
U S synthetic biology company
Verdezyne went bankrupt in
May due to its primary investor –
Malaysian planting conglomerate
Sime Darby – withdrawing its
funding, reports Bio-Based
World News. The news came
ahead of the opening of its first
commercial facility, a bio-based
plant in Malaysia that would
have used crude palm oil, palm
byproducts and other plant-based
raw materials to produce around
6,000 tonnes/year of industrial
grade dodecanedioic acid (DDDA).
Verdezyne joins BioAmber (see
Brief) and Rennovia, which both
entered liquidation this year as
the bio-based industry faced high
scale-up costs, Bio-Based World
News said.

12 OFI – JUNE 2018 www.ofimagazine.com

Renewable news.indd 1 6/14/2018 9:43:04 AM

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13 OFI – JUNE 2018 www.ofimagazine.com

 D IARY OF EVEN TS

27 JUNE 2018 15-18 SEPTEMBER 2018 20 SEPTEMBER 2018

2 International Sunflower Oil & Meal Trade
nd
The International Exhibition of Edible Oil, Black Sea Oil Trade 2018
Conference Oilseeds, Related Products, Machineries & VENUE: Hilton Hotel, Kiyv, Ukraine
VENUE: Marriott Riverside, Shangai, China Related Industries CONTACT: UkrAgroConsult, Ukraine
CONTACT: APK-Inform, Ukraine VENUE: Tehran, Iran Tel: +38 044 451 46 34
Tel: +380 562 320795 CONTACT: Nikatis, Iran E-mail: conference@ukragroconsult.org
E-mail: info@apk-inform.com Tel: +98 21 2265 7072 www.ukragroconsult.com/bso/2018/en/
www.sunoil-conference.com E-mail: info@Nikatis.ir conference
www.seedex.nikatis.ir/en
25-27 JULY 2018 26-28 SEPTEMBER 2018
15-16 SEPTEMBER 2018
INAPALM Asia 2018
20th Practical Short Course: Novel Globoil India 2018
VENUE: JIExpo, Jakarta, Indonesia
Technologies in Oilseed Processing, Edible Oil VENUE: Renaissance Mumbai, India
CONTACT: PT GEM Indonesia
Refining and Oil Modification CONTACT: Tefla’s, India
Tel: +62 21 5435 8118
VENUE: Belfast, UK Tel: +91 22 6223 1245
E-mail: info@gem-indonesia.com
CONTACT: ID&A Ignace Debruyne & Associates E-mail: events@teflas.com
www.inapalm-asia.net
VOF, Belgium www.globoilindia.com

4-6 SEPTEMBER 2018 Tel: +32 51 311 274

AusCanola2018, 20th Australian Research
Assembly on Brassicas
VENUE: Perth, Australia
CONTACT: Grain Industry Association of
Western Australia
Tel: +61 8 6262 2128
E-mail: RNash@giwa.org.au
www.australianoilseeds.com/conferences_
workshops/ARAB/AusCanola_2018
2-7 SEPTEMBER 2018
FOSFA Basic Introductory Course 2018
VENUE: Royal Holloway University, Egham, UK
E-mail: info@smartshortcourses.com
www.smartshortcourses.com
3-4 OCTOBER 2018
Bulk Liquid Storage Conference 2018
16-19 SEPTEMBER 2018 VENUE: Cartagena, Spain
CONTACT: Active Communications
16th Euro Fed Lipid Congress
International, UK
VENUE: Belfast Waterfront Congress Centre,
Tel: +48 61 646 7058
Northern Ireland
E-mail: mkielerska@acieu.net
CONTACT: Euro Fed Lipid, Germany
www.wplgroup.com/aci/event/european-
Tel: +49 69 79 17 533
bulk-liquid-storage
E-mail: info@eurofedlipid.org
www.eurofedlipid.org/meetings/belfast2018
11-12 OCTOBER 2018
18-20 SEPTEMBER 2018
2 ICIS Indian Surfactants Conference
nd

4th Advanced Biofuels Conference VENUE: Mumbai, India

CONTACT: FOSFA, UK VENUE: Conference Centre Wallenberg
Tel: +44 20 7374 2346 CONTACT: ICIS, UK
Gothenburg, Sweden Tel: +44 20 8652 2182
E-mail: amy.morrell@fosfa.org CONTACT: Svebio, Sweden
www.fosfa.org E-mail: kathryn.bloxham@icis.com
Tel: +46 8 441 7083 www.icisevents.com/ehome/
E-mail: tomas.ekbom@svebio.se indiansurfactants
4-6 SEPTEMBER 2018 www.svebio.se/en/events/
advanced-biofuels-conference
5th High Oleic Oils Congress (HOC2018)
VENUE: Montreal, Canada 22-26 OCTOBER 2018
CONTACT: FAT & Associés, France
19-20 SEPTEMBER 2018 National Renderers Association 85th Annual
Tel: +33 567 339 206 5th International Palm Oil Sustainability Convention
www.higholeicmarket.com/hoc-2018 Conference (IPOSC) 2018 VENUE: Ritz-Carlton, Laguna Niguel, USA
VENUE: Shangri-La’s Tanjung Aru Resort & Spa CONTACT: National Renderers Association,
5 SEPTEMBER 2018 Kota Kinabalu, Malaysia USA
CONTACT: MPOC, Malaysia Tel: +1 703 683 0155
Sunflower Oil Production, Quality and Tel: +60 603 7806 4097 E-mail: co@martycovert.com
Applications www.mpoc.org.my/International_Palm_Oil_ www.nationalrenderers.org
VENUE: Balkan Congress Center, Edirne, Turkey Sustainability_Conference_(IPOSC)_2018.
CONTACT: ISOA, Italy aspx
Tel: +38 0676 3426 39 14 NOVEMBER 2018
E-mail: info@isoa-sunoil.org 19-20 SEPTEMBER 2018 China International Oils and Oilseeds
www.isoa-sunoil.org/events/sunflower-oil-
production-quality-and-applications-1-1/about- 7th ICIS European Surfactants Conference Conference (CIOCEN) 2018
program VENUE: Marriott Amsterdam, the Netherlands VENUE: Shangri-La Hotel, Guangzhou, China
CONTACT: ICIS, UK CONTACT: Dalian Commodity Exchange, China
Tel: +44 20 8652 465 Tel: +86 411 8480 8408 07
11-13 SEPTEMBER 2018 E-mail: events.registration@icis.com E-mail: cydh@dce.com.cn
Global Grain South America 2018 www.icisevents.com/europeansurfactants www.dce.com.cn/CIOCEN
VENUE: São Paulo, Brazil
CONTACT: Global Grain, UK
Tel: +44 20 7779 7222 For a full events list, visit our website at:
E-mail: registration@ggrain.com www.ofimagazine.com
www.globalgrainevents.com/south-america

14 OFI – JUNE 2018 www.ofimagazine.com

Diary June 2018.indd 1 6/14/2018 9:43:37 AM


A rapidly growing population
is fuelling African demand for
vegetable oils, with an import
boom expected in the next few
years. Where the additional
imports will come from and what
oils they consist of will depend
on the target region
E
merging markets hold globally
dominating positions in both oilseeds
and grains origination and as trade
destinations, a situation that stands true
for – among others – soyabeans, palm
oil and wheat. China, for example, has become a
key trading partner for Brazil, replacing the EU.
Southeast Asia is producing more and more palm
oil and has begun to engage more closely with India
to offload its supply.
Africa is also bursting into the global market,
Rabobank’s director of grains and oilseeds, Vito
Martielli, told the audience at the Palm & Lauric
Oils Price Outlook Conference & Exhibition
(POC2018), held in Malaysia in March. The
continent’s development possibilities are outlined
in the Rabobank report ‘Rising African Vegetable Oil
Imports in the Next Decade’, presented by Martielli
at POC2018.
As it stands, Africa plays a relatively minor role in
global vegetable oil consumption and production,
according to Martielli. “Per capita consumption
of vegetable oils in Sub-Saharan Africa is low
compared to major global consumers. North and
southern Africa have similar consumption to other
15 OFI – JUNE 2018 www.ofimagazine.com
AfricaRabobank_new.indd 1
AFRIC A
Rising potential
emerging markets, but East, West and central
Africa are lagging behind,” he says.
In 2016, per capita consumption in North and
southern Africa stood at around 24 and 21kg/
person, respectively. In the rest of the Africa,
consumption figures were much lower, with West
Africa reaching 12kg/person and Central and East
Africa both below the 10kg line at approximately
8 and 6kg/person, respectively. On a global scale,
North Africa accounts for 2.5% of total global
vegetable oil consumption, while Sub-Saharan
Africa together racks up 4.9% of the global total.
Consumption ahead of production
But Martielli says this pattern is about to change.
Within the next 10 years, Africa is expected to see
population growth of 500M people. Taken together
with projected economic growth on the continent,
this should drive vegetable oil consumption up
significantly. West Africa is looking to overtake the
North as the largest African vegetable oil consumer,
with East Africa also on a strong rise.
Such development will further widen the already
large gap between consumption and domestic
production. In 2016, West Africa produced around
3.3M tonnes of vegetable oils, while production
in all other areas was below 1M tonnes. African
vegetable oil production is therefore centred in
West Africa, where 68% of production is related to
palm oil.
However, Rabobank does not expect significant
growth in local oil production. “At the moment,
palm production in Africa is not really taking off
for a number of reasons,” Martielli says. “Factors
such as highly fragmented palm plantation
structures, low yields of around 0.6tonnes/ha, lack
of tropical conditions needed for palm growing, and
difficulties in attracting and retaining work force
are some contributing factors. Also, Africa’s low
rank in terms of the ease of doing business hampers
investments.”
Consumption, on the other hand, is expected to
skyrocket in West Africa alone from 4.1M tonnes
in 2016 to nearly 6M tonnes by 2030, followed by
North African consumption growing from 4.3M
tonnes to 5.1M tonnes and East Africa rising from
2.4M tonnes to 3.5M tonnes (see Figure 2, p16).
Central and southern African consumption is
projected to see more modest growth, estimated at
around 1.9M and 1.2M tonnes by 2030, respectively.
This being the case, imports should grow fast
over the coming decade. Africa is already one of
the largest single importers of vegetable oils in the
world. For example, in 2016/17, it took in 13% of
global palm oil imports, behind the EU (15%) and
India (21%). Now, Rabobank projects vegetable oil
imports to Africa to grow by an additional 3.5M u
6/14/2018 9:44:28 AM

FIGURE 1: VEGETABLE OIL CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION IN AFRICA, 2010-2030
SOURCE: UNITED NATIONS, USDA RABOBANK
FIGURE 2: VEGETABLE OIL CONSUMPTION AND PRODUCTION IN AFRICA, 2010-2030
SOURCE: RABOBANK
FIGURE 3: NORTH AFRICAN VEGETABLE OIL DISTRIBUTION LOGISTICS, 2016
u tonnes by 2030, marking a 33% increase over
the current levels. However, how this growth will
materialise and in which oils depends on the region.
The diversified north
North Africa, says Martielli, is the largest vegetable
oil importing region on the continent with highly
diversified imports. Soyabean oil is the dominating
import, responsible for 53% of the region’s total
imports of 4.1M tonnes in 2016 (see Figure 3,
above). Soyabean is followed by palm oil at 25% and
sunflower oil at 14%, with the remaining 8% filled by
various minor imports.
16 OFI – JUNE 2018 www.ofimagazine.com
AfricaRabobank_new.indd 2
AFRIC A
The diversified oil imports are reflected in the
countries of origin. Out of the three key trading
partners of African oil importers – the Black Sea
region (BSR), Southeast Asia and South America
– North Africa is closest to the BSR, a strategic
position for the area’s growing sunflower oil
exports. Additionally, being situated by the Suez
Canal opens up trade with Southeast Asian palm oil
producers.
Egypt is by far the largest oil importer in North
Africa. The country imported roughly 2M tonnes of
vegetable oils in 2016. Palm oil was the top import
at around 800,000 tonnes, followed closely by the
regional favourite, soyabean oil. Behind Egypt are
Algeria, which imported approximately 990,000
tonnes of oils in 2016, and Morocco at 510,000
tonnes. The most significant importing ports
include Cairo in Egypt, Tripoli in Libya, Tunis in
Tunisia, Algiers in Algeria and Rabat in Morocco
(see Figure 3, left).
Going forward, Martielli says North Africa will
see some “interesting dynamics developing”. The
region will remain a net importer due to its dry
climate being unfavourable for the development of
significant local oilseed production.North Africa’s
high 24kg/person vegetable oil consumption rate
equals that of China and other emerging economies
and Rabobank says the region could soon reach
levels rivalling those of North America and Europe.
While North Africa is likely to remain the
largest vegetable oil importer within Africa, its
growth rate will be slower than that of most other
regions. Nonetheless, the growth in oil imports will
also drive the North African crushing sector, says
Martielli. Most future growth is expected to come
from population growth, which is expected to
increase by 44M or 24% by 2030.
Palm rules the east
“East Africa, I think, is the most interesting region
with trade opportunities for palm oil,” Martielli
said at the POC2018. Despite the region’s lowest
per capita consumption of vegetable oil in Africa,
it houses the continent’s largest population and is
also expected to see the highest population growth
by 2030 at 204M people, marking a 47% increase
from current numbers. Additionally, East Africa has
no large-scale edible oil production, meaning the
large increase in consumption must be supplied
through imports.
Palm oil is the largest oil import. It made up
85% of the total of 2.6M tonnes imported in 2016,
with soyabean oil holding second place at 8% and
sunflower oil third with 6%. According to Rabobank,
palm oil’s domination will continue into the future
due to East Africa’s proximity to the Indian Ocean.
The main receiving ports include Djibouti City,
Mombasa in Kenya, Dar es Salaam in Tanzania and
Beira in Mozambique (see Figure 4, p17).
Palm oil’s dominating position and East Africa’s
favourable geographical position relative to
Southeast Asia contribute to palm oil’s competitive
price advantage. Currently, Southeast Asia is the
largest supplier of palm oil to Africa.
Kenya is the most significant importer in East
Africa, with total oil imports surpassing 600,000
tonnes in 2016, according to Rabobank. Ethiopia
is showing strong growth, but is still clearly lagging
behind Kenya at nearly 500,000 tonnes of oil
imports. With Tanzania (400,000 tonnes in 2016),
this is the trio that Rabobank says will continue to
take the lion’s share of future vegetable oil imports,
fuelled by their high population growth. Another
economy of note in East Africa is Uganda, which is
approaching 300,000 tonnes of imported oil.
Imports and exports in the west
Like East Africa, the west coast of the continent is
set to witness significant growth in both population
and vegetable oil imports. With a population growth
of 47% – or 166M individuals – by 2030, West Africa
is likely to require an additional 1.4M tonnes of
vegetable oils. The region is likely to overtake North
Africa in vegetable oil consumption within the next
6/14/2018 9:44:31 AM
 AFRIC A

five years, projects Rabobank.
Another similarity with East Africa is the import
profile of oils. Palm oil stands as the sovereign ruler
even more so than in the east, contributing to a
massive 97% of the total 2016 vegetable oil imports
of 2.3M tonnes (see Figure 5, below).
Nigeria is the largest importer in the region,
with palm oil imports at around 1.15M tonnes in
2016. This marked a decrease from the nearly 1.6M
tonnes reached in 2014. Behind Nigeria is Benin
with approximately 500,000 tonnes of palm oil in
In the medium term, Rabobank expects Africa
to remain a strong net importer. The dependency
on imports can only be alleviated through the
discovery of viable development paths to boost local
– mostly West African – palm oil production. This
would require developing special oil palm varieties
that can withstand the typical African climate.
“At the moment, foreign-exchange reserves are
sufficient and do not pose major threats to import
of staple commodities, like vegetable oils, wheat
and rice. If this changes, it can have implications
on trade flows, potentially accelerating local palm
production and driving more investment into
African refining capacity,” concludes Rabobank. l
This article is based on the report, ‘Rising African
Vegetable Oil Imports in the Next Decade’, presented
at POC2018 by Vito Martielli, director of grains and
oilseeds at Rabobank

SOURCE: RABOBANK
FIGURE 4: EAST AFRICAN VEGETABLE OIL DISTRIBUTION LOGISTICS, 2016
2016. The other two major markets in West Africa
– Ghana and Côte d’Ivoire – have significantly lower
imports at roughly 300,000 and 100,000 tonnes in
2016, respectively.
In a quirk in import/export rates, Benin and
Côte d’Ivoire both export large volumes of palm oil,
mostly to other West African countries. In Benin,
imports and exports broke nearly even in 2016, with
exports being only slightly lower at approximately
425,000 tonnes. Côte d’Ivoire exported roughly
300,000 tonnes of palm oil in 2016, three times
more than it imported, making the country the only
net exporter of palm oil in West Africa.

New oil palm strains needed

Altogether, Martielli expects trade of vegetable
oils into Africa to increase significantly in the
coming decade. While per capita consumption
is not expected to grow in meaningful amounts,
the growing population in nearly all parts of
Africa will emerge as the driving factor fuelling
the need for additional vegetable oil supply. Most
of the increased demand is expected to be met
by increased vegetable oil imports due to several
factors resulting in low growth potential in West
African palm oil production.
Multiple emerging markets are likely to step in
to supply the African demand, but price advantage
will, for the most part, favour Southeast Asian palm
oil. An exception to this rule could be North Africa,
where increasing supplies from the Black Sea
region could make sunflower oil more competitive.

SOURCE: RABOBANK, USDA

FIGURE 5: WEST AFRICAN VEGETABLE OIL DISTRIBUTION LOGISTICS AND PALM OIL PRODUCTION VOLUMES, 2016

17 OFI – JUNE 2018 www.ofimagazine.com

AfricaRabobank_new.indd 3 6/14/2018 9:44:33 AM

 PL ANT, EQU IPM EN T & TEC H N OLOGY

Plant & technology listing 2018

Oils & Fats International features Haarslev Industries AS
China Bogensevej 85, Søndersø 5471
a fully updated global selection Tel: +45 63831100
of plant and equipment suppliers Crown Asia Engineering
3rd Floor, Block A, Building 18
E-mail: info@haarslev.com
www.haarslev.com
to the oils and fats industry, Innovation Base HUST Science Park
accompanied by a chart of No 33 Tangxunhu Bei Road SPX Flow Technology Danmark AS
Donghu High-Tec Zone, Wuhan City, Hubei Oestmarken 7, Soeborg DK-2860
company activities Province Tel: +45 70278222
Tel: +86 27 87223888 E-mail: ft.dk.soeborg@spxflow.com
E-mail: sales@crownironasia.com www.spxflow.com
Austria www.crownironasia.com

BDI-BioEnergy International GmbH Famsun Oils&Fats Engineering Co Ltd France

Parkring 18, Raaba-Grambach No 1 Huasheng Road, Yangzhou
Styria 8074 Jiangsu 225127 Promill
Tel: +43 316 4009100 Tel: +86 514 87770799 RN 12, Serville 24810
E-mail: sales@bdi-bioenergy.com E-mail: myoil@famsungroup.com Tel: +33 2 37389193
www.bdi-bioenergy.com www.famsungroup.com E-mail: info@promill.fr
Other: White flakes, fermenting meal, full fat www.promill.fr
GIG Karasek GmbH soya
Neusiedlerstrasse 15-19
Gloggnitz 2640 Guangzhou Scikoon Industry Co Ltd Germany
Tel: +43 2662 42780 Building C, Zengzailing, Huagang Avenue, Maxi
E-mail: office@gigkarasek.at Village Xinhua St Air Liquide Engineering & Construction
www.gigkarasek.at Huadu District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Olof Palme Strasse 35
Other: Thin film, short path and plate falling film 510800 Frankfurt am Main 60439
evaporators; thin film dryers Tel: +86 20 368 690788030 Tel: +49 69 58080
E-mail: export@scikoon.com E-mail: oleo@airliquide.com
KEMIA GmbH www.scikoon.com www.engineering-airliquide.com/
Hietzinger Hauptstrasse 50 oleochemicals
Vienna 1130 Myande Group Co Ltd Other: Multi-seed sliding cell extractors; oil, fatty
Tel: +43 1 8770553 No 199 South Ji’an Road, Yangzhou acid and methyl ester hardening; fatty alcohol
E-mail: kondor@kemia.at Jiangsu 225127 production; glycerine to propyl glycol production
www.kemia.at Tel: +86 514 87849000
Other: Triglycerides of modified structure E-mail: lxd@myande.com Buss-SMS-Canzler GmbH
www.myandegroup.com Kaiserstrasse 13-15, Butzbach 35510
Tel: +49 6033 850
Belgium E-mail: info@sms-vt.com
Czech Republic www.sms-vt.com
Desmet Ballestra Group - Oils, Fats and Other: Monoglyceride production, thin film and
Oleochemicals Division Farmet AS short path evaporators, molecular distillation
Belgicastraat 3 - B-1930 Zaventem Jirinková 276, Ceská Skalice, 55203
Tel: +32 2 7161111 Tel: +420 491 450116 Centrimax – Winkelhorst Trenntechnik GmbH
E-mail: info@desmetballestra.com E-mail: oft@farmet.cz Kelvinstrasse 8, Cologne, NRW 50996
www.desmetballestra.com www.farmet.eu Tel: +49 2236 393530
Other: Oilseeds and vegetable processing and E-mail: info@centrimax.com
De Smet SA Engineers & Contractors feed extrusion technologies www.centrimax.com
Waterloo Office Park, Building O, Box 32
Drève Richelle 161, Waterloo 1410 Crown Europe - CPM SKET
Tel: +32 2 6342500 Denmark Niederbieberer Str 126, Neuwied 56567
E-mail: info@dsengineers.com Tel: +49 2631 97710
www.dsengineers.com GEA Process Engineering Denmark E-mail: branchoffice@cpm-sket.de
Other: EPC/EPCM contractor Gladsaxevej 305, Soeborg 2860 www.cpm-sket.net/en/contacts/neuwied
Tel: +45 41748485
E-mail: sascha.wenger-parving@gea.com GEA Group - Product Group Separation
Bulgaria www.gea.com Werner-Habig-Strasse 1
Other: Vacuum and dry condensing systems Oelde 59302
Elica-elevator Ltd Tel: +49 2522 770
Promishlena Zona Zapad, Silistra Gerstenberg Services AS E-mail: www.gea.com/contact
Silistra 7500 Vibeholmsvej 21, PO Box 196 www.gea.com
Tel: +359 899 943497 Broendby 2605 Other: Miscella clarification, aquaeous
E-mail: k.radulov@elica-elevator.com Tel: +45 43432026 extraction, press oil clarification, soap stock
www.elica-elevator.com E-mail: info@gerstenbergs.com splitting, alkali neutralisation and fractionation,
Other: Sunflower dehulling equipment www.gerstenbergs.com dewaxing, centrifugal separators and decanters
18 OFI – JUNE 2018 www.ofimagazine.com

P&E listing 2018.indd 1 6/18/2018 9:07:06 AM

 P L A NT, E Q UI PME NT & TE CH N OLOGY
www.dsengineers.com

GekaKonus GmbH
Siemensstrasse 10, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344
Tel: +49 721 943740
E-mail: info@gekakonus.net
www.gekakonus.net

HF Press+Lipidtech
Seevestrasse 1, Hamburg 21079
Tel: +49 40 77179122
E-mail: service-plt@hf-group.com
www.hf-press-lipidtech.com
Other: Screw presses, spare parts and services

HTI-GESAB GmbH
Sauerbruchstrasse 11, Ellerau, Schleswig-Holstein DE-25479
Tel: +49 4106 70090
E-mail: info@hti-ellerau.de
www.hti-ellerau.de

INTEC Engineering GmbH

John-Deere-Strasse 43, Bruschsal D-76646
Tel: +49 7251 9324312
E-mail: christian.daniel@intec-energy.de
www.intec-energy.de
Other: Biomass- and coal-fired power plants, sludge drying and incineration
systems, ORC-based power generation modules, thermal oil heaters, steam
generators
Serving the
Körting Hannover AG
Badenstedter Str 56, Hannover 30453 Vegetable Oil Industry
Tel: +49 511 21290
E-mail: st@koerting.de
www.koerting.de

Maschinenfabrik Reinartz GmbH & Co KG From Basic Engineering

Industriestrasse 14, Neuss 41460 to
Tel: +49 2131 976113
E-mail: info@reinartz.de Full Turnkey Project
www.reinartz.de
Other: Screw presses, screw dryers, seed conditioning, oil storage, animal
feed and bioenergy production
Single Point Responsibility through
Schneider Engineering GmbH
Hildburghauser Strasse 70, Berlin 12249 EPC or EPCM+® with guaranteed:
Tel: +49 30 754493990
E-mail: info@schneider-kessel.de
www.schneider-kessel.de
� Process Performances
Other: Waste heat boilers, natural circulation boilers, electrical heated
boilers, three-pass steam and hot water boilers � Time Schedule
VTA GmbH & Co KG
Bernrieder Strasse 10, Niederwinkling 94559 � Budget
Tel: +49 9962 95980
E-mail: info@vta-process.de
www.vta-process.de
Other: Wiped film and short path distillation, distilled monoglycerides

India
Kumar Metal Industries Pvt Ltd
Plot No 7, Mira Industrial Estate, Western Express Highway, Mira Road (E)
Mumbai, Maharashtra 401104
Tel: +91 98 60272757 Engineers & Contractors
E-mail: dilip@kumarmetal.com
www.kumarmetal.com
Brussels • Belgium
Mectech Process Engineers Pvt Ltd Tel.: +32 (0)2 634 25 00
66 Udyog Vihar, Phase 2, Gurgaon, Haryana 122016 Fax: +32 (0)2 634 25 25
Tel: +91 88 26091466; E-mail: anik.roy@mectech.co.in info@dsengineers.com
www.mectech.co.in
Other: Hydrogenation and IE plants u
19 OFI – JUNE 2018 www.ofimagazine.com Reliability through Experience

P&E listing 2018.indd 2 6/18/2018 9:07:06 AM

 PL ANT, EQU IPM EN T & TEC H N OLOGY

u Sharplex Filters (India) Pvt Ltd Binacchi & Co Srl Servizi Industriali Srl
R-664, Rabale MIDC Via Gramsci 84 Marie Curie N 19, Ozzano Dell’Emilia
Navimumbai 400701 Varese Bologna 40064
Tel: +91 22 69409850 Gazzada-Schianno 21045 Tel: +39 051 795080
E-mail: sales@sharplexfilters.com Tel: +39 0332 461354 E-mail: commerciale@macfuge.com
www.sharplexfilters.com E-mail: mail@binacchi.com www.macfuge.com
www.binacchi.com
United Engineering (E) Corporation Other: Soap and detergent processing plants
Plot 75, Sector 3, IMT Manesar, Gurugram and equipment, packaging machinery Malaysia
Haryana 122051
Tel: +91 1244273011 CM Bernardini International SpA Besteel Berhad
E-mail: sales@uec-india.com Via Appia km 55.9 Lot 9683 Kawasan Perindustrian Desa Aman
www.uec-india.com Cisterna di Latina Batu 11, Desa Aman,
Other: Complete turnkey oilseed processing LT 04012 Sungai Buloh, Selangor 47000
plants, skid-mounted vacuum dryers Tel: +39 06 96871028 Tel: +6012 6729683
E-mail: info@cmbernardini.it E-mail: michaelchan@besteerlberhad.com
Veendeep Oiltek Exports Pvt Ltd www.cmbernardini.it www.besteelberhad.com
N-16/17/18 Additional MIDC Other: Oil hydrogenation Other: Turnkey contractor for palm oil mills
Patalganga, Maharastra 4102097
Tel: +91 9769315463 CMBITALY-TECHNOILOGY JJ-Lurgi Engineering Sdn Bhd
E-mail: mbhandari@veendeep.com Via D Federici 12/14 No 7-13A-01, Jebsen & Jessen Tower
www.veendeep.com Cisterna di Latina UOA Business Park (Tower 7) Jalan
Lazio 04012 Pengaturcara U1/51A, Seksyen U1
Tel: +39 06 9696181 Shah Alam, Selangor 40150
Italy E-mail: info@technoilogy.it Tel: +60 3 50306363
www.technoilogy.it E-mail: jj-lurgi_enquiry@jjsea.com
Andreotti Impianti Spa www.jj-lurgi.com
Via Di Le Prata 148, Calenzano Desmet Ballestra SpA - Detergents, Surfactants
Florence 50041 and Chemicals Division Muar Ban Lee Group
Tel: +39 055 44870 Via Piero Portaluppi 17 JR52, Lot 1818, Jalan Raja
E-mail: info@andreottiimpianti.com 20138 Milano Kawasan Perindustrian Bukit Pasir Muar
www.andreottiimpianti.com Tel: +39 02 50831; 84300 Johor
Other: Complete hydrogenation and process E-mail: mail@ballestra.com Tel: +60 6 9859998; E-mail: mbl@mbl.com
plants www.desmetballestra.com www.mbl.com

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20 OFI – JUNE 2018 www.ofimagazine.com

P&E listing 2018.indd 3 6/18/2018 9:07:07 AM

 PL ANT, EQU IPM EN T & TEC H N OLOGY

OILTEK Sdn Bhd unloaders, filters, throw & drum sieves, hull Oxford Instruments
Lot 6, Jalan Pasaran 23/5 41200 Klang separators, drum magnets, cylindrical case Tubney Woods, Abingdon
Shah Alam aspirators Oxfordshire OX13 5QX
Selangor 40300 Tel: +44 1865 393200
Tel: +60 162091608 Buss ChemTech AG E-mail: magres@oxinst.com
E-mail: beenah@oiltek.com.my Hohenrainstrasse 12A, Pratteln 4133 www.oxford-instruments.com
www.oiltek.com.my Tel: +41 61 8256462
E-mail: info@buss-ct.com
www.buss-ct.com USA
Netherlands Other: Hydrogenation process design
Anderson International Corp
CPM Europe BV Sulzer Chemtech Ltd 4545 Boyce Parkway
Rijder 2 1507 DN, Zaandam Neuwiesenstrasse 15, Winterthur 8401 Stow, Ohio 44224
Noord-Holland Zaandam Tel: +41 52 2623722 Tel: +1 216 6411112
Tel: +31 75 6512611 E-mail: chemtech@sulzer.com E-mail: eric.stibora@andersonintl.com
E-mail: info@cpmeurope.nl www.sulzer.com www.andersonintl.com
www.cpmeurope.nl
Blackmer
Geelen Counterflow Turkey 1809 Century Avenue SW
Windmolenven 43, Haelen 6081 PJ Grand Rapids, Michigan 49503
Tel: +31 475 592315 Keller & Vardarci Industries Ltd Sti Tel: +1 616 2411611
E-mail: info@geelencounterflow.com Cinar Sok No 12 Ege Serbest Bolgesi E-mail: info@blackmer.com
www.geelencounterflow.com Gaziemir Izmir, Izmir 35410 www.blackmer.com
Other: Coolers and dryers Tel: +90 232 4784814
E-mail: gulservardarci@vardarci.com.tr Crown Americas - Crown Iron Works
Van Mourik Crushing Mills www.keller-vardarci.com 2500 W County Road C
Boylestraat 34, Ede 671 8XM Other: Delinting machinery and equipment Roseville, Minnesota 55113
Tel: +31 318 641144 Tel: +1 651 6398900
E-mail: info@crushingmills.com E-mail: sales@crowniron.com
www.crushingmills.com Ukraine www.crowniron.com

TAN LLC The Dupps Company

Serbia 20 Ushynskogo Street 548 North Cherry Street
Chernihiv 14014 Germantown, Ohio 45327-0189
T-1 Ada Tel: +380 462 672112 Tel: +1 937 8556555
Karadordeva 60, Ada 24430 E-mail: tan@tan.com.ua E-mail: info@dupps.com
Tel: +381 24 854585 www.tan.com.ua www.dupps.com
E-mail: sales@t-1.rs Other: Process drying
www.screw-presses.com
Other: Screw presses, spare parts, refurbishing United Arab Emirates French Oil Mill Machinery Company
1035 W Greene Street
Metan FZCO PO Box 920
Singapore Office 2203, Jafza View 18 Jebel Ali, Piqua, Ohio 45356
Dubai 61389 Tel: +1 937 7733420
LIPICO Technologies Pte Ltd Tel: +971 4 8895647 E-mail: oilseedsales@frenchoil.com
61 Bukit Batok Crescent #06-03 to #06-06 E-mail: m@metan.ae www.frenchoil.com
Heng Loong Building, Singapore 658078 www.metan.ae Other: Mechanical screw presses, conditioners/
Tel: +65 631 67800 cookers, animal feed, rate bins, oil settling
E-mail: sg.enquiry@lipico.com tanks, oil filters, cleaners, cake coolers
www.lipico.com United Kingdom
Pope Scientific Inc
Chemtech International POB 80018
Sweden Crown House, 1A High Street Saukville, Wisconsin 53080
Theale, Berkshire RG7 5AH Tel: +1 262 2689300
AAK AB Tel: +44 01189 861 222 E-mail: dsegal@popeinc.com
Skrivaregatan 9, Malmö 215 32 E-mail: nigel@chemtechinternational.com www.popeinc.com
Tel: +46 40 6278300 www.chemtechinternational.com Other: Degassers, evaporators, reactors, foods,
E-mail: info@aak.com flavours, fragrances, portable vessels, pilot
www.aak.com Crown Europe - Europa Crown plants and turnkey processing systems, Nutsche
Waterside Park, Livingstone Road filter-dryers
Hessle, East Yorkshire HU13 0EG
Switzerland Tel: +44 1482 640 099
E-mail: sales@europacrown.com The above companies are a selection of plant,
Bühler AG www.europacrown.com equipment and technology suppliers to the oils
Gupfenstrasse 5, Uzwil, St Gallen 9240 and fats industry who have replied to an Oils
Tel: +41 71 9551111 Lovibond Tintometer & Fats International questionnaire this year.
E-mail: media@buhlergroup.com Lovibond House, Sun Rise Way Please refer to ‘Summary Table of Company
www.buhlergroup.com Amesbury, Wiltshire SP4 7GR Activities’ chart for companies’ areas of
Other: Cracking & flaking mills, vertical seed Tel: +44 1980 664800 operation.
conditioners, horizontal & vertical impact E-mail: sales@tintometer.com
dehullers and hammer mills, fluidising beds, www.lovibond.com ‘Other’ refers to other activities selected in the
bagging stations, chain conveyors, ship loaders/ Other: Colour measurement for quality control accompanying chart

21 OFI – JUNE 2018 www.ofimagazine.com

P&E listing 2018.indd 4 6/18/2018 9:07:07 AM


Bleaching earths alone cannot
provide a complete solution to
the formation of 3- and 2-MCPDs
and GEs in edible oils. Preston
Shanks explains how different oil
types and their quality can affect
the level of these potentially
carcinogenic compounds and the
role that heat- and acid-activated
bleaching earths can play
22 OFI – JUNE 2018 www.ofimagazine.com
PrestonShanks.indd 1
BLEAC H IN G EAR TH S
Removing
MCPDs and
GEs from
edible oil
T
he reduction of 3-MCPD esters and
glycidic esters (GE) is a high priority
for the oils and fats industry. On
26 February 2018, the EU enacted
Regulation (EU) 2018/290, amending
the earlier Regulation (EU) 1881/2006.
The amendment sets maximum limits for glycidyl
fatty acid esters or GEs, with the level for edible oils
and fats set at 1ppm (see annex to regulation EC
No 1881/2006). It covers:
 Vegetable oils and fats placed on the market for
the final consumer (maximum 1,000µg/kg)
 Vegetable oils and fats for the production of
baby food and processed cereal-based food for
infants and young children (maximum
500µg/kg)
 Powder infant formula, follow-on formula and
foods for special medical purposes (75µg/kg
until 30 June 2019, then 50µg/kg from
1 July 2019)
 Liquid infant formula, follow-on formula and
foods for special medical purposes (10µg/kg
until 30 June 2019, then 6µg/kg from
1 July 2019)
In addition, the European Food Safety Authority
(EFSA) published the “Update of the risk assessment
on 3-monochloropropane diol (3-MCPD) and its
fatty acid esters” in January 2018. In its scientific
assessment, the EFSA set a tolerable daily intake
(TDI) of 2µg/kg body weight per day (0.002ppm/kg
body weight) for free 3-MCPD.
The EFSA found palm oil and palm fats to have
the highest levels of 3-MCPD, 2-MCPD (including
esters) and GEs. Roughly 6M tonnes of tropical
fats are refined across Europe, with 90% refined in
the EU. Given the EFSA findings, it is likely to be a
question of when, rather than if, the EU regulates
3- and 2-MCPDs as well. Palm oil is found to have
3-MCPD esters in its refined oil and the esters are
also present in soft oils. Glycidol is considered a
genotoxic carcinogenic compound and 3-MCPD is
a non-genotoxic carcinogen.
To solve or comply with this issue of carcinogenic
compounds, each step from the plantation to the
final refined bleached deodorised (RBD) product
must be considered. GEs are produced during the
deodorising stage from partial glycerides, such as
diacyl glycerides (DAG) at temperatures in excess
of 230°C. Bleaching earth does not affect the
production of GE but does remove it from RBD
palm oil.
A post-deodorising bleaching step adds significant
cost incurred by effectively double-refining the RBD
oil. This route also means that during the required
additional deodorisation step, GE may again form
and would have to be monitored. Post-deodoriser
bleaching with activated bleaching earth can also
convert GEs to monoglyceride by acid catalysis
(there is no reduction of 3-MCPD during this
bleaching step).
The alternative is to deodorise at a lower
temperature to prevent the production of GEs.
However, this has concerns of free fatty acid
(FFA) reduction, organoleptic quality and stability
criteria. Adding additional refinery capacity would
overcome any production bottleneck but at a cost.
Caustic refining remains an expensive choice
with high refinery losses and greater environmental
considerations of soap-stock treatment. As far as u
6/14/2018 9:45:12 AM
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THE EU SET MAXIMUM LEVELS FOR GE CONTENT IN FOOD IN FEBRUARY AND IT IS LIKELY THAT IT WILL ALSO ENACT REGULATIONS
FOR 3- AND 2-MCPDS, BASED ON FINDINGS BY THE EUROPEAN FOOD SAFETY AUTHORITY (HEADQUARTERS PICTURED ABOVE)
u GE is considered, a lower deodorising temperature
is the preferred route. For 3-MCPD, the EU awaits
the outcome of further assessments of 3-MCPD and
its fatty acid esters.
3-MCPD precursors
The mitigation of 3-MCPD depends on several
criteria, including production of crude palm oil
(CPO) from the fruit bunches, the design of the
refinery, the oil/fat in question, processing criteria
and the type of bleaching earth used. All have their
parts to play.
The chlorine precursors leading to the formation
of 3-MCPD esters are reported as inorganic chlorine
from water treatment, including ferric chloride,
fertilisers, acid conditions that give rise to organo-
chlorine compounds in the CPO, and hydrochloric
acid (HCl)-activated bleaching earth containing
chloride. A low partial glycerides content assists in
mitigating 3-MCPD formation.
GEs may be formed from DAG during deodorising
at high temperatures of more than 230°C. CPO
typically has a DAG content greater than 5% within
a range of 5-12%. Reports of no apparent correlation
between mono acyl glycerides (monoglycerides)
and 3-MCPD formation leave the DAG as a source of
24 OFI – JUNE 2018 www.ofimagazine.com
PrestonShanks.indd 2
BLEAC H IN G EAR TH S
3-MCPD formation during deodorising. A high FFA
content will also increase levels of 3-MCPD esters
during deodorisation.
GEs can also be formed from MCPD mono-esters
but due to the almost total lack of this mono-ester
compound and low conversion rates (approximately
20%) they are not discussed further. CPO with a
low DAG content (max 4%) and low FFA (<1.5%)
is desirable to assist in reduced 3- MCPD formation,
but this level of DAG and FFA in the CPO is difficult
to guarantee.
Bleaching earth considerations
Acid activated bleaching earths have traditionally
been the most effective products in the bleaching
of edible oils and fats. Furthermore, acid activated
calcium montmorillonite (bentonite) clay products
have been dominant in this area.
Other natural activated bleaching earths
(NABEs), such as attapulgite and sepiolite clays, are
alternatives. They are not acid activated but may
also be utilised in the bleaching process.
Acid activated clays are capable of bleaching
the most challenging of oils but, during the 1980s,
attapulgite/sepiolite heat activated clays were
increasingly promoted. These clays were not acid
activated with mineral acid but were capable of heat
activation, which increased the surface area.
Whilst effective on good quality oils, the heat
activated NABE products were found to be less
effective with the more challenging edible oil
applications, especially in respect to colour removal
in general and chlorophyll more specifically.
Acid activated clays provide a large surface area
ranging from 160m²/g to more than 300m²/g.
The large surface area accommodates acid sites
and pores of varying sizes and volumes. These sites
greatly contribute to the bleaching performance.
The optimum pore sizes and volumes are more
specifically located within a particle size distribution
band, which is responsible for conducting the main
bleaching process.
Natural clays have a more neutral pH with a much
smaller surface area of around 60-160m²/g, along
with reduced quantities of sites with optimum pore
sizes and volumes. Although these natural clays
exhibit reduced pore size, pore volumes and surface
area, they have proved capable in bleaching a range
of edible oils, notably in the physical refining of
CPO to a colour specification, provided the CPO is
of good quality.
With improvements seen in CPO production in
recent decades and refineries adopting improved
oil pre-treatment and refining techniques, natural
bleaching earths are effective in bleaching good
quality pre-treated edible oils and fats.
When considering 3-MCPD mitigation, natural
activated clays can be useful due to their neutral
pH and, although having a reduced surface area,
can be adequate in terms of overall colour removal.
Where CPO quality is lower than desired, acid
activated earth remains the preferred choice as it is
consistently more effective at the same or reduced
dosage levels relative to natural bleaching clays.
Edible oil refineries processing a mixture of
soft and tropical oils and fats prefer acid activated
clays, due to their ability and flexibility to bleach
a variety of oils and fats and, where the crude oil
proves challenging due to higher levels of oxidative
damage, FFA and trace metals.
For soft oils in general – and rapeseed oil
containing chlorophyll – acid activated earths
are also preferred due to their higher affinity for
chlorophyll. There has been increased use of NABEs
at refineries processing palm oil via the physical
refining route, which requires CPO of good,
consistent quality.
Some of these refineries also have a second
bleaching earth silo for acid activated clay, used to
achieve specification when the CPO is difficult to
bleach with natural clay.
Acid activation considerations
Acid activated bleaching earth has been the main
bleaching earth utilised in refineries and is produced
from high purity calcium montmorillonite clays.
This clay is capable of activation to consistently high
levels when using mineral acids, such as sulphuric or
hydrochloric acid (HCl), in the activation process.
The activated clay is subsequently water washed to
remove salts and free acidity.
Acid activation increases the surface area with
the aluminium and iron salts being substituted
with hydrogen cations, increasing silicic acidity. It
is these silicic acid sites that are responsible for
bleaching the colour of edible oils and fats.
However, traditionally acid activated clay impacts u
6/14/2018 9:45:16 AM
TAIKO CLAY MARKETING SDN BHD TAIKO ACTIVATED CLAYS EUROPE B.V.
B2-05-01, Block B2, Meritus @ OASIS Corporate Park, Dellaertlaan 24,
No.2, Jalan PJU 1A/2, Ara Damansara, 47301 Petaling Jaya, 1171 HG Badhoevedorp,
Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia. Netherlands.
T: +60 3 7660 7716 F: +60 3 7660 9913 T: +31 20 659 7501 F: +31 20 659 7392

25 OFI – JUNE 2018 www.ofimagazine.com


u on 3-MCPD, especially when considering clays
based on HCl activation that have both a residual
chloride value and a relatively high free acidity
(approximately 0.8%).
The acidity and chloride from HCl activated
bleaching earth has been demonstrated to increase
the 3-MCPD level. When palm oil is bleached
with HCl activated clay, the MCPD ester content
increases together with chloride levels. With
chloride levels of 7.1mg/100g, the MCPD produced
after heating the bleached palm oil to 220°C is
2.6ppm, which rises to 3.9ppm when the bleaching
earth has a chloride content of 14.20mg/100g.
At a chloride dose of 67.5mg/100g, the MCPD
content increases to 9.7ppm. When bleaching the
same oil under the same conditions with natural
bleaching earth containing zero chloride, the
MCPD increases to just 1.7ppm.
Today, acid and heat activated clays are being
considered with the aim of reducing 3-MCPD
formation by acting to remove or reduce the
chlorine precursors during the bleaching step,
which lead to the formation of 3-MCPD during the
deodorising process at temperatures above 180°C.
Natural raw clays are mixtures of different
clay types. For example, attapulgite may contain
calcium montmorillonite. This means the overall
bleach effect and mitigation of 3-MCPD production
will depend on the clay and degree and type of
activation.
By successfully reducing the precursors during
the bleaching step it may be possible to mitigate
the formation of 3-MCPD to low ppm levels, with
less than 1ppm being reported in RBD palm oil
when using an activated clay with a low free acidity,
large surface area, good pore size and pore volumes.
The acidity displayed by this clay is pH 3-4, meaning
it is acidic, but there is little buffer action.
This acidity, when expressed as free titratable
acidity, is very low at 0.05-0.1% expressed as
sulphuric acid. A clay with a pH of 3-4 may also
have a much higher free acidity, for example 1.2%
expressed as sulphuric acid. When selecting an
acid activated clay type for 3-MCPD mitigation,
the low free acidity value may be worth greater
consideration over the actual pH value.
The nature of the raw clay to be activated has a
great influence on the colour and oxidative stability
of the RBD oil.
The bleaching earth has the challenge of
removing the precursors leading to the formation
of 3-MCPD whilst at the same time possessing
26 OFI – JUNE 2018 www.ofimagazine.com
PrestonShanks.indd 3
BLEAC H IN G EAR TH S
enough bleaching ability to reduce colour to the
specification required in, for example, the RBD
palm oil.
Bleaching with normal quantities of acid activated
earth (typically 0.5%-1.5%) has been shown to have
little effect on reducing 3-MCPD, but reports that
larger amounts of acid activated bleaching earth
reduced the 3-MCPD formation indicate that
the bleaching earth is removing or reducing the
3-MCPD precursors in the bleaching step.
Selecting a bleaching earth that is acid activated,
providing a large surface area for bleaching whilst at
the same time being low in free acidity, will assist in
chlorine precursor reduction during the bleaching
process, leading to reduced 3-MCPD formation in
the deodoriser.
NABE produced with no free acidity or acid
activated earths with very low levels of free acidity
are currently being investigated and may offer
alternatives, with the potential of mitigating
3-MCPD production whilst offering good bleaching
characteristics.
After bleaching with either NABE or acid
activated bleaching earth with very low free acidity
levels, the deodorising temperature could be
operated at 220°C with little 3-MCPD formation or
glycidic acid formation. Increasing the deodorising
temperature from 180°C to 250°C accelerates
3-MCPD ester formation, starting at 1.4ppm at
180°C and increasing to 2.3ppm at 250°C. When
temperatures greater than 240°C degrees are used,
GE formation increases rapidly over a much shorter
period.
Caustic refining (chemical refining) can produce
low levels of 3-MCPD/GE esters and is a possibility
but considerations of soap stock, higher neutral oil
losses, effluent treatment and expensive equipment,
such as centrifugal separators, make this choice
unrealistic. NABE or sulphuric acid activated
bleaching earth with low free acidity would still be
a recommendation if the chemical refining method
was chosen.
Pre-treatment degumming
The removal of phospholipids when refining palm
oil (CPO) is normally carried out by the addition of
phosphoric acid at a concentration of 0.1-0.2%. This
process is called dry degumming pre-treatment
step or gum conditioning.
This pre-treatment places a high reliance on
the acid activated bleaching earth to remove the
conditioned gums (phospholids), but overall acid
condition may result in the formation of 3-MCPD.
Reports of the organo-chlorine precursors being
removed by water degumming is due to their partial
water solubility and is another step to consider.
Water degumming of CPO and bleaching with
natural bleaching earth or acid activated bleaching
earth with low free acidity offers the possibility of
reduced 3-MCPD, with levels of 0.25ppm reported
under laboratory conditions.
Care must be taken in consideration of complete
removal of the phospholipids to ensure the RBD
oil does not subsequently darken and develop poor
taste and stability. Consideration of performing a
water wash when the CPO is produced may offer
more complete organo-chlorine removal and be
preferable to water washing the CPO at the oil
refinery after being transported over long distances.
Conclusion
Bleaching earths alone cannot provide a complete
solution to the problem of MCPD and GE formation.
Considerations of CPO production and refinery
operations all play their part. There is natural
variation in CPO quality along with varied refinery
designs, so as far as bleaching earth is concerned,
each refinery’s requirements will have to be
individually assessed. Different oil types require
different bleaching earth grades.
Bleaching earths can remove GEs but it is
preferably to use low temperature deodorisation to
limit its formation.
Bleaching earths cannot remove 3-MPCDs, which
are formed by precursors present in the oil reacting
in the deodoriser to produce the compound.
However, bleaching earths can mitigate 3-MCPDs
production by removing their precursors in the
refinery bleaching step.
Recent discussions with a refinery using acid
activated clay revealed GE produced at a level
of 80µg/kg, conforming to current limits. The
3-MCPD level was 300µg/kg with no limits as yet
being set. The RBD oil was produced for inclusion
in baby food and although the GE and 3-MCPD
levels were encouragingly low, the market sector is
requesting levels lower than those obtained.  l
Preston Shanks is a director at AMC (UK) Ltd
E-mail: sales@amcuk.ltd.uk
Website www.amcabsorbents.com
References: Bertrand Matthaus, Frank Pudel,
Gabriele Schtotz, Benoit Schilter, Claus Schurrz
6/14/2018 9:45:17 AM
 MINCLEAR 87X128-OK.pdf 1 1/6/17 9:25

www.tolsa.com

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OIL PROCESS:
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Parque Empresarial
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C/ Campezo, 1, Ed. 4, Pl. 2ª
28022 Madrid
Tel.: +34 913 220 100
industrial@tolsa.com

27 OFI – JUNE 2018 www.ofimagazine.com

 PHOTO: ADOBE STOCK
The road to healthier palm oil
3
3- and 2-MCPDs and GEs pose
a potential cancer risk and it is
therefore important for edible
oil producers to limit the content
of these compounds in their
products to the highest possible
degree. Dr Pat Howes suggests
how palm oil producers, in
particular, can minimise the
presence of chloride and partial
glycerides, which lead to the
formation of MCPDs and GEs
28 OFI – JUNE 2018 www.ofimagazine.com
NaturalBleach.indd 1
BLEAC H IN G EAR TH S
- and 2-monochloropropane diols (MCPDs)
and their esters, and glycidyl esters
(GEs), are suspected class 2 carcinogens,
meaning they are probably carcinogenic
to humans.
Limits for their content in foods have been set.
For example, the EU limits the contaminants at
2ppm and 1ppm, respectively. To put their risk
into perspective, a well-known class 1 carcinogen,
known to be carcinogenic to humans, is tobacco
and tobacco smoke.
3-and 2-MCPDs are found in highest
concentrations in processed oils – such as palm oil,
coconut oil, corn oil, and sunflower oil – and to a
lesser extent in canola/rapeseed oil, olive oil and
soyabean oil, among others.
In order to mitigate the presence of MCPDs
and GEs in fully refined oils, producers need to
understand how they are formed and then either
mitigate the factors causing their production
or absorb or otherwise remove the dangerous
substances from the processed oil.
Palm oil makes up the largest volume of the
oils mentioned above, so it will serve here as an
example. GEs are formed from partial glycerides at
high temperatures. For MCPDs to be formed, both
partial glycerides and chloride/chlorine need to be
present.
Oil palm loves equatorial climates, particularly
coastal conditions. Therefore it has a potential to
absorb chloride from the environment. The use of
chloride-containing fertiliser is another possible
source of chloride.
The chloride concentrates in the fruit bunches.
After the oil palm fruit bunches are picked, the
oil in the fruit undergoes degradation by enzymes,
leading to the formation of partial glycerides and
free fatty acids (FFAs). To minimise the partial
glyceride formation, the fruit should therefore be
sterilised as soon as possible after the fruit bunches
are harvested.
Since oil palm grows in the equatorial belt, it is
possible that the plantation sees rain for 200 days
each year. Rapid transport of the fruit bunches
to the oil mill is not always possible, especially in
plantations where the roads become muddy and
impassable during rains (see photo, right).
Therefore, the standard of plantation roads is an
important factor affecting the time from harvesting
to sterilisation of the fruit, and thus on the partial
glyceride content of the resulting crude palm oil
(CPO).
Technology is available to stabilise muddy soil
with a high clay content to produce cost-effective
soil-cement-polymer roads, utilising in-situ
materials. Through these methods, the roads can be
6/14/2018 9:45:39 AM

usable all year round and the crops brought rapidly
to the palm oil mills for processing.
Sterilisation
The sterilisation of the fruit bunches at the palm
oil mill kills the enzymes causing degradation,
essentially stopping the decomposition process
that leads to partial glyceride production. Although
partial glycerides and FFAs are formed together
during the decomposition of oil, the FFA content
of a crude palm oil may not be a good indicator
of partial glyceride content, as the CPO may have
been partially neutralised to lower its FFA. The
partial glycerides would remain in the CPO after
partial neutralisation.
When palm fruit bunches are processed at
conventional mills, the fruit bunches are first
sterilised with steam. The fruit can then easily be
removed from the fruit bunches, and sent for oil
extraction.
The sterilisation processes also leach chloride
from the fruit bunches, which is concentrated in
the steriliser condensate. The steriliser condensate
contains some oil, and this oil is later recovered and
recycled after decanting.
The operation of the decanter could be set to
ensure that minimal chloride containing water is
present in the decanted oil.
However, since oil is more valuable than water,
the decanter is usually set to recover all the oil.
With the oil comes some of the chloride-rich
steriliser condensate. It is this condensate that is a
major source of the chloride that forms the MCPDs.
The washing of the oil recovered from the
steriliser condensate should be more cost-effective
than washing the entire CPO batch. Any washing
is best done at the palm oil mill, where the liquid
effluent can be easily treated. It should also be
noted that the chloride/chlorine content of steam
and wash water must be minimised at all stages of
the extraction and processing of the oil.
CPO is predominately processed utilising
physical refining. Washing the CPO at a physical
refinery would be against the design philosophy of
physical refining, namely keeping both capital costs
and amounts of effluent low. Proper management of
the steriliser condensate is therefore required for
cost-effective management of chloride content in
the CPO before it is sent to the refinery for further
processing.
Some palm oil mills in countries such as Thailand
www.sepigel.es
sepilosa_quarter horiz strip-mar17.indd 1
29 OFI – JUNE 2018 www.ofimagazine.com
NaturalBleach.indd 2
BLEAC H IN G EAR TH S
FRESH OIL PALM FRUIT BUNCHES MUST BE TAKEN TO OIL
MILLS QUICKLY TO BE STERILISED BUT MUDDY ROADS CAN
MAKE RAPID TRANSPORTATION DIFFICULT
and Colombia make use of a new technology
for processing the oil palm fruit bunches. The
technology involves removing the fruit from the
fruit bunches – leaving the chloride in the empty
bunches – and then only sterilising the fruits.
This technology enables the production of
CPO with reduced chloride content, as required
in MCPDs mitigation. Energy is also saved, as the
empty fruit bunches are not sterilised, and the
sterilisation capacity for palm fruit is increased, as
no space is taken up by the empty fruit bunches.
Avoiding MCPDs…
It is then necessary to examine all the major
processing stages at the refinery. 3-and 2-MCPD
formation is reported to increase at higher
temperatures and in the presence of strong acids.
To minimise MCPD production at the degumming
stage, it is better to use citric acid or ethylene
diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA), known as
soft degumming, rather than phosphoric acid
degumming agent. The use of lower temperatures
utilised for chelative degumming should also prove
beneficial. Similarly, at the bleaching stage, lower
www.sepiolsa.com
temperatures and the use of non-acidic bleaching
earths have been reported to result in lower MCPD
levels in bleached oils.
Activated carbon has long been utilised as
an absorbent for chlorine compounds and for
the removal of impurities from edible oils. It is
therefore not surprising that activated carbons,
when blended with bleaching earths, remove the
chloride/chlorine, providing another means of
reducing MCPD content in bleached oils.
…and GEs
Reports indicate that MCPD production at the
deodorisation/steam refining stage does not seem
to be significant. However, the deodorisation/steam
refining stage is where GEs are produced, most
significantly when the deodorisation temperature
is above 240°C.
Process plant contractors are marketing systems
to minimise the production of GEs through
methods such as flash heating the bleached oil
and then deodorising for longer periods at lower
temperatures, for example at 240°C for two hours
instead of at 260°C for 45 minutes.
These modified processes require additional
space and significant capital investment, which
are again contrary to the philosophy of physical
refining.
Another approach is to utilise existing equipment
and subsequently treating the produced GEs
through methods such as absorption, or to break
open the ring formed by two carbon and one oxygen
atom in the molecular structure of the GEs that are
produced during the conventional deodorisation
process. Once the ring has been split, the molecule
is no longer a GE.
These kinds of absorbents and catalytic materials
have been identified and are in the process of being
commercialised. In order to utilise the absorbents
and catalysts, there will be some space and capital
requirements for the necessary equipment.
However, these requirements should be much
less expensive than the solely engineering-based
options.
It is also important to note that in GE control,
the ‘neutral oil’ from the fatty acid stream should
not be recycled during the deodorization stage as
it is rich in the partial glycerides that leads to GE
production. 
This article was written by Dr Pat Howes, technical
director at Malaysia’s Natural Bleach Sdn Bhd
21/03/2017 11:17
6/14/2018 9:45:43 AM

Bleaching
earths
round-up
Oils & Fats International reports
on some of the latest news and
developments around the world
related to bleaching earths
Different processes to tackle 3-MCPDs and GEs
3 -monochloropropane-1, 2-diol esters
(3-MCPDs) are formed during high
temperature refining when undesirable levels
of their precursors are present in initial oil
pre-treatment. Glycidyl esters (GEs) are also
formed from diacylglycerols (DAGs) in high
temperature deodorisation.
During oil refining, different processes are
adopted to remove the polar materials of the
crude oils.
n Physical refining with acid dry degumming
is used for oil with a low phosphorus
content of <40ppm.
n Chemical refining with free fatty acid (FFA)
neutralisation and super or enzymatic
degumming is used for oil with a high
phosphorus content >40ppm. In this
process, the hydrated impurities are
centrifuged out, leaving the oil nearly
free of impurities for the clay bleaching
process. The exception is the physical
refining, where these acid hydrated
polar materials have to be adsorbed and
removed by the clay during bleaching.
n From laboratory studies, it was found that
a high level of remnant phosphorus of
>4ppm in pre-treated oil (after degumming
and bleaching) had the tendency to
increase 3-MCPDs in the deodorised oil.
Together with excessive acid dosing, the
use of very acidic clay using chloride
tainted agents at elevated temperatures in
deodorisation aggravated the formation of
3-MCPD during refining.
30 OFI – JUNE 2018
bleaching earth round-upTOLSA.indd 1
BLEAC H IN G EAR TH S
Acid dosing in dry-degumming
The phosphorus that is present in crude
palm oil (CPO) is mostly oil soluble and
must be hydrated out with a concentrated
(85%) mineral phosphoric acid. 3-MCPD
formation can be mitigated by taking some
precautionary steps to avert its formation
by targeting the efficient removal of its polar
materials during pretreatment. The criterion
is to ensure that phosphoric acid is dosed
according to the phosphorus content of the
CPO so that less is left behind in the oil.
Overdosing of phosphoric acid will create
an acidic condition in the oil that will lead
to reaction with triglycerides that can trigger
more generation of polar materials.
Acid activated bleaching earth
Bleaching earths with a high surface area of
>200m2/g have better adsorption of polar
materials and removal of 3-MCPD precursors.
This characteristic can be found mostly in low
free acid, acid activated bentonite clay. Acid
activated clay is able to create the required
surface area for proper physical adsorption
and chemisorption of impurities from the oil.
To prevent chloride seepage into the oil,
sulphuric acid is preferred over hydrochloric
acid in clay activation. To prevent the acid
activated clay from influencing further the
formation of 3-MCPD, its Hedley acid (HA) or
free acid value must be limited to 0.04%.
GE reduction
Unlike 3-MCPD, GEs can only be removed with
www.ofimagazine.com
clay bleaching after they have been formed by
the refining process.
The deodorised oil has to be re-bleached
with high activity, low free acid (HA of 0.2%)
acid activated clay and then re-deodorised
at 200°C. Using clay with high free acid will
increase the deodorised oil’s FFA and 3-MCPD
content again. This mineral acid is not
volatile, which makes it difficult to propel out
during steam distillation deodorising, and thus
it stays in the oil.
Colour reduction problem in oil
How bleaching earth reacts to pigment
adsorption is very dependent on the oxidation
level of the oil. The pigment contents of oil
are composed mainly of carotenoids and
chlorophyll.
Highly oxidised oil is more resistant to
deodorisation heat destruction and requires
a high dosage of activated bleaching clay to
remove the stubborn pigments.
Sometimes, activated carbon must be
introduced alongside the clay to enhance
the colour reduction efficiency if the feed oil
quality has turned bad.
Certain oils require the addition of activated
carbon to remove specific heat induced
materials, such as polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbons (PAH). PAH is prevalent in
coconut and sunflower oils where the copra
and oilseeds have been dried over fire.  l
This article was written by Heng Sai Lim of
Taiko Bleaching Earth, Malaysia
6/14/2018 9:46:44 AM
 BLEAC H IN G EAR TH S

Using sepiolite products in bleaching earth applications

S epiolite is a natural clay mineral, more
specifically a hydrated magnesium silicate.
This mineral has a fibrous morphology
Experimental results indicate that the
bleaching efficiency is more dependent on
the ratio of sepiolite to oil rather than on
adsorption can be described by a mechanism
involving surface area and porosity of acid
activated sepiolite as key variables.
consisting of talc-like ribbons alternated by operating parameters, such as contact time The sorption is also independent of
channels along the fibre axes. Due to these and temperature. An increase in the sepiolite the polarity of the adsorbate molecules.
channels, sepiolite is an important sorbent dosage reduces coloured bodies. Sepiolite’s phosphorus adsorption capability
and molecular sieve, having – among other Its effect on oxidation state, however, is deserves highlighting, as sepiolite can reach
characteristics – a high adsorptive capacity for complex and related to both primary and up to double the adsorption rate of standard
many different gases and vapours, as well as secondary oxidation products. bleaching earths in the market.
other substances. The removal of impurities such as In summary, due to the special nature
The sorption capacity of sepiolite is mainly chlorophyll a, beta-carotene, and phosphorus and structure of sepiolite, using activated
ascribed to its high surface area. With a increases with increasing sepiolite dosage grades of the mineral can produce significant
total specific surface area of 800–900m2/g, and reaches better results at 100°C bleaching advantages for bleaching and purifying major
sepiolite is commonly used in oil refining temperature. edible vegetable oils. l
and wastewater treatment for the removal of Chlorophyll a, beta-carotene and phosphorus This article was contributed by Tolsa, Spain
undesired materials, in the removal of odour,
as a drug and pesticide carrier, and in the
manufacture of paper and detergent.
This sorption ability is enhanced when the
dimensions of the sorbate molecules enable
their penetration into the sepiolite channels,
as happens with oxidated compounds and
many phosphorous and metallic compounds.
Under natural conditions, sepiolite channels
are filled with zeolitic water that is loosely
hydrogen-bonded to the basal oxygen planes.
The zeolitic water in the channels does
not show acidic properties, unlike water
coordinated with exchangeable cations in
charged layer silicates.
The structural water coordinated to the edge
of the octahedral ribbons is also not acidic,
and natural sepiolite presents a basic surface
with limited catalytic activity.
This means that sepiolite can be used in
natural or activated states, enabling it to offer
a full range of solutions depending on the
refining process.
Sepiolite has a greater sorption affinity to
straight rather than branched hydrocarbons,
such as short-chain fatty acids. The inner/
outer surface area ratio is approximately 1.6,
which suggests that the average thickness of a
sepiolite fibre is about 15nm.
As an important note, the sorption does
not depend on the polarity of the adsorbate
molecules.
The different surface areas observed by
using different sorbates result from partial
migration into the sepiolite channels or from
imperfect packing of sorbate molecules on the
surface.
The sorption of different chain length
n-alcohols confirms the theory of replacement
of coordinated water molecules by alcohol
molecules.
Because of sepiolite’s high specific surface
area, porosity, and ability to form high and
stable viscosities at low solids concentrations,
sepiolite can be recognised for its high
discoloration capacity for major edible oils.
Many commercial clays are acid-activated,
which results in the delamination of their
structure and improvement of their bleaching
properties.

Sepiolite and vegetable oils

The efficiency of sepiolite in bleaching certain
type of vegetable oils has been investigated.

31 OFI – JUNE 2018 www.ofimagazine.com

bleaching earth round-upTOLSA.indd 2 6/14/2018 9:46:45 AM

 BLEAC H IN G EAR TH S

Testing new acid activated grades

SOURCE: CLARIANT

FIGURE 1: INTERESTERIFIED PALM OIL ANALYSIS RESULTS FIGURE 2: 3-MCPD, COLOUR AND CHLOROPHYLL IN SOYABEAN OIL

substances and impurities in oil. Low 3-MCPD in tropical oils

Carlos Rodríguez Gaya of Their performance has been tested under
Clariant explains the results of conditions that replicate edible vegetable oil Individual countries and regions have different
refiners’ processing conditions. colour and taste preferences and even oil stability
the company’s tests of various requirements.
bleaching earth grades, including New acid activated grades To support variations in geographical priorities
regarding crude palm oil refining, the Clariant
two new products that can help Possibilities for bleaching earth grades to keep low team focused on adding new high performance
eliminate both 3-MCPDs and GEs 3-MCPD and reduce GE were demonstrated on naturally active, or neutral, grades specifically for
in edible oils interesterified palm fraction. mitigating 3-MCPD.
Clariant compared the new highly active acidic It is recognised within the oil processing industry

A
mended regulation from the European
Commission regarding maximum levels
of glycidyl fatty acid esters (GE) in food
has important implications for the
production of edible vegetable oils and
fats. Available bleaching earths for the modification
process have so far focused on reducing the
presence of 3-monochloropropanediol (3-MCPD)
and GE levels.
Bleaching earth supplier Clariant has introduced
new acid activated grades to its portfolio that it
says can support producers of palm and seed oils in
achieving specific targets for both.
Bleaching earths that – in addition to their
purifying function – also support a reduction in the
presence of 3-MCPD are available to support palm
oil modification processes. Palm oil is the most
widely consumed vegetable oil globally, with about
90% used for food consumption.
The challenge so far for the edible oil industry
has been in achieving individual targets for 3-MCPD
and GE levels. Particularly with acidic material,
GE reduction has proven difficult and usually at
the expense of 3-MCPD values. It has particular
relevance for seed oils but also for interesterified
fats.
To support this, Clariant has launched new
additions to its portfolio that give producers of palm
and seed oils the possibility to achieve both goals
while also attaining low 3-MCPD and GE levels.
The Tonsil branded earths are formed through
acidic activation of natural clay mineral bentonite,
which changes the mineral’s special layered
structure and enables it to bind accompanying
bleaching earths Tonsil Supreme 113 FF and Tonsil
Optimum 213 FF against existing acid activated
Tonsil grades, unbleached oil and a Tonsil neutral
reference grade.
Through the interesterified palm fraction
analysis for GE after bleaching and 3-MCPD after
deodorisation, Clariant discovered that high GE can
be reduced significantly by highly active bleaching
earths.
At the same time, low 3-MCPD values of
<1.5ppm (parts per million) can be achieved. The
neutral grade shows more limited capacity for the
reduction of GE values (see Figure 1, above).
Since additional factors to 3-MCPD and GE
values are important considerations in edible oils,
such as removing colour and chlorophyll a, the
team analysed the broader performance of the
bleaching earths in soyabean oil processing.
They observed that the new grades deliver lower
values of 3-MCPD, colour and chlorophyll a in the
final oil (see Figure 2, above).
Looking at the results of both tests, it can be
concluded that Tonsil 213 FF is a multipurpose
solution, keeping low 3-MCPD, reducing GE
and obtaining optimum values on colour and
chlorophyll levels.
Tonsil 113 FF maintains low 3-MCPD and reduces
GE with better performance in different refined oils.
Compared to the average reference grade, the
new extended portfolio of acidic bleaching earths
shows high performance in relation to low 3-MCPD
values, colour and chlorophyll a.
The two new grades are particular suitable
for refiners processing palm oil and chlorophyll-
containing seed oils, says Clariant.
and proven in internal Clariant testing that colour
value red (CVR) and 3-MCPD values correlate
positively with bleaching earth dosage for crude
palm oil. To lower 3-MCPD from 2.7 to 1.7ppm,
bleaching earth dosage has to be tripled from 1.2%
to 3.6%. With this increase in bleaching earth, CVR
value decreased from 3.8 to 2.2.
Clariant also evaluated the values of 3-MCPD
ppm after deodorisation and CVR performance of
the grades from its production facilities in Germany
(Tonsil Optimum 515 FF), Spain (Tonsil Supreme
178 FF) and Turkey (Optimum 258 FF) against
a reference grade and the new acid activated
grades. The internal test values have been proven
in customer trials that give the same results, says
Clariant.
All of the new grades keep very low values of
3-MCPD, below 1.5ppm, with Supreme 178 FF
reaching the lowest value at 1.3ppm. CV red values
are also below 3.0, with 178 FF again achieving the
lowest value at 2.2.
On the basis of further internal research and
customer validation, it can be concluded that Tonsil
Optimum 515 FF enables tropical oils to obtain low
3-MCPD with an optimum dosage. Tonsil Supreme
178 FF can obtain the lowest 3-MCPD level with
a minimum dosage due to a lower CVR, allowing
for further dosage reduction, keeping colour and
3-MCPD on specification. Tonsil Optimum 258 FF is
a good fit to achieve the low 3-MCPD requirements
in the Middle East.  l
Carlos Rodríguez Gaya is the head of product
management and technical sales for BU Functional
Minerals, BG Purification, Europe, Africa & Middle
East at Clariant

32 OFI – JUNE 2018 www.ofimagazine.com

Clariant.indd 1 6/14/2018 9:47:27 AM

 OLEOTRADING SA
ESTABLISHED SINCE 1959

SUPPLIERS OF

Oilseeds, Oils and Fats, Lecithins,

Margarines,
Dairy Products, Confectioneries

Worldwide activity

16, Chemin de la Fraidieu

1223 Cologny, Geneva, Switzerland
Tel : +41 22 786 44 22
Fax : +41 22 786 58 20
Email : oleotrading@oleotrading.com

33 OFI – JUNE 2018 www.ofimagazine.com


Ensuring quality and shelf life
When it comes to oils and fats,
good things can come in many
packages, with metal, glass and
plastic all utilised today. Each
material offers advantages and
drawbacks. Other factors – such
as oil-package interactions,
packaging geometry and filling
and capping systems – must
also be taken into account to
ensure product quality
P
ackaging is a very important factor for
any food product and, when it comes to
edible oils, incorrect storage practices
can influence the sensory quality of an oil,
leading to rancidity and off-flavours.
Oils and fats spoil due to environmental factors
that affect their stability, namely oxygen, moisture,
heat and light, according an Indian Centre for
Plastic in the Environment (ICPE) publication.
Oxygen is the most critical factor affecting
stability. The presence of oxygen leads to oxidation
and formation of hydroperoxides and peroxides and
then aldehydes and ketones, resulting in off-odours.
These reactions increase in rate and intensity in
the presence of light and heat.
Each oil or fat has a different degree of
susceptibility to oxidation, depending on their fatty
acid composition. Oils containing a high degree of
unsaturated fatty acids – such as safflower, soya and
sunflower – are highly prone to oxidative rancidity,
whereas oils with a high degree of saturated fatty
acids are less susceptible, the ICPE says.
In unrefined oil, natural antioxidants are present
and the oil is therefore less prone to rancidity
compared with refined oil, when antioxidants are
removed during the refining process. Often, oil
manufacturers will then add antioxidants to refined
oil in order to extend the shelf-life of the product.
Oxygen may gain access to oils or fats in several
ways. Atmospheric oxygen may be present in the
oil. It may also be present in the headspace of the
package, or may enter the package through the
body or the seals.
Another important factor that contributes to the
deterioration of oil is moisture, with even very small
amounts of moisture being detrimental.
Hydrolysis of triglycerides results in the formation
of glycerol and free fatty acids, and off-flavours may
occur due to hydrolytic rancidity.
This is more common in oil and fats with high
levels of saturated fatty acids. Moisture may also
gain entry through the body or seams of packaging
by permeation.
Light and heat act as initiators of oxidation
reactions, which ultimately lead to degradation.
Therefore, control of these factors is also important.
Traditionally, oil and fats were packed in tinplate
34 OFI – JUNE 2018 www.ofimagazine.com
packaging2pg.indd 1
PAC KAGIN G
PLASTIC BOTTLES HAVE BEEN INCREASINGLY USED TO PACKAGE EDIBLE OILS IN RECENT YEARS DUE TO THEIR RELATIVELY LOW
PRICE AND WEIGHT AND EASE OF HANDLING.
containers but other types of packaging, such
as plastic containers, lined cartons and flexible
pouches are now used, says the ICPE.
Today, the array and availability of packaging
materials, sizes and shapes of package construction
are unlimited. Modern packaging technology
provides many opportunities to maintain product
protection while reducing the cost. Any packaging
system for edible oils and fats should be:
n Non-toxic and compatible
Protect against environmental factors
n Machineable
n Leak-proof and transport-worthy
n Easy to store, use and handle
Packaging selection
Marketing and economics are usually the factors
driving the selection of packaging. However,
proper packaging will provide the conditions to
ensure adequate shelf life for distribution and sale,
according to the Luciano Piergiovanni and Sara
Limbo of the Department of Food Science and
Microbiology, University of Milan, Italy.
Even though oils are quite stable products,
physicochemical characteristics of packaging
materials may significantly affect oil quality during
their shelf life, they write in the book, ‘Food
Packaging and Shelf Life – a Practical Guide’.
In addition, packaging geometry, and filling and
closing techniques may also be very important.
Physicochemical characteristics: Oxygen
permeability and ultraviolet (UV)/visible light
transmission are the major physicochemical factors,
due to the oxidative sensitivity of vegetable oils.
Oxygen permeability applies to plastic materials
PHOTO: ADOBE STOCK
only, whereas light transmission is important for
glass and plastic. Many additives are available to
reduce UV transmission in both plastics and glass.
Packaging geometry: The geometry of packaging
can act in different ways to protect the product. The
size and shape of plastic packages can affect the
ratio between permeable surface area and product
volume. For plastic, glass or metal packages, shape
and size can influence the headspace and, therefore,
the amount of oxygen available.
Filling and capping: The filling and capping steps
are relevant in the process of oil packaging. In order
to reduce the residual oxygen inside bottles, the oil
is generally stripped with gaseous nitrogen to lower
the initial level to below 0.5ppm. Gaseous nitrogen
can be pressurised by injecting liquid nitrogen into
the headspace prior to closing.
The effectiveness of closures is also important
in order to reduce oxygen ingress during shelf
life. Closure efficiency is related to several factors
including material used, design and liner adopted.
These factors must guarantee hermeticity, easy
opening and the possibility of reclosing. As these
goals are sometimes contradictory, efforts to
develop new devices is ongoing, including the use
of active and intelligent packaging.
Oil-package interactions: Selection of packaging
materials may also be made based on their
interaction with oils. Oil-package interactions can
affect product shelf life, reducing nutritional value
and stability – by scalping – or increasing the level
of chemical contamination by migration.
Generally speaking, glass is the most inert
material, followed by metals and plastics. Plastic
6/14/2018 9:47:48 AM

packaging can absorb different compounds from
food in a phenomenon called scalping (sorption).
In particular, flavour scalping is a term used to
describe the loss of quality of a packaged food due
to either its volatile flavors being absorbed by the
package or the food absorbing undesirable flavours
from the packaging material. Several investigations
have shown that considerable amounts of aroma
compounds can be absorbed by plastic packaging
materials, resulting in loss of aroma intensity or
unbalanced flavour profiles.
In addition, non-volatile compounds may be
absorbed by packaging materials, affecting the
packaging itself, such as its permeability, barrier
and mechanical properties, or causing delamination
of multi-layer package.
Migration is an important safety aspect to
be considered when selecting food packaging
materials.
Plastic additives and residual monomers
or oligomers are not chemically bound to the
polymermolecules and can, therefore, move freely
within the polymer matrix. Consequently, at the
interface between the packaging material and food,
they can dissolve in the food product and adversely
affect the flavour and acceptability of the food.
The chemical nature of the packaging material
has a notable influence on oil quality.
A review by Kanavouras et al (2006) suggested
that edible oils should not be stored in polyvinyl
chloride (PVC) plastic materials as vinyl chloride
monomer (VCM) and plasticisers can migrate into
fatty foods, leading to the contamination of the oils.
Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) is one of the
most inert plastics and, in recent years, packing of
oil into PET bottles has increased. Nevertheless, PET
monomers, oligomers (cyclic trimers, pentamers,
heptamers), plasticisers, colourants, stabilisers and
different additives used for flexibility purposes are all
prone to migration.The migration of acetaldehyde
from PET bottles is a major problem, as its presence
may affect the organoleptic properties of oil.
In general, PET bottles are usually considered
suitable to contain not only seed oil but also olive
oil.
Packaging materials
Metal: Tinplate containers have been used for a
long time for oil packaging and are still appreciated
because of their many advantages. They provide
total protection against light, oxygen, water vapour
and micro-organisms.
In addition, the inside of the container is
protected with food-approved special enamels
(lacquers) that protect the metal from the
corrosiveness of the product.
Edible oils are generally packed in tinplate
containers of different capacities, typically from
500g to 15kg.
The quality of oil packed in new containers can
remain unchanged for a year. However, reuse of
containers increases corrosion of the tin coating
and the exposed steel base readily reacts with the
free fatty acids in oil, leading to oxidative rancidity
and organic tin salts with high toxicity.
Aluminium is also employed as a packaging
material for edible oils as it is light and highly
resistant to corrosion. In order to increase its
mechanical resistance, aluminium alloys with
small amounts of magnesium, manganese, and
magnesium silicide are recommended.
35 OFI – JUNE 2018 www.ofimagazine.com
packaging2pg.indd 2
PAC KAGIN G
PHOTO: ADOBE STOCK
COLOURED GLASS BOTTLES ARE WIDELY USED TO PACKAGE
OLIVE OILS TO PREVENT OR SLOW THE OXIDATION PROCESS
All these metallic containers are considered inert
against oils, even though trace levels of metal ions –
such as iron and copper – are known to have adverse
effects on the oxidative stability of olive oil.
Glass: Glass bottles are heavy and fragile but are
widely used for bottling olive oils and virgin olive
oils in particular. This is not only due to marketing
factors but also because glass containers prevent
the permeation of oxygen molecules into the bottle,
slowing down the autoxidation rate.
Transparent glass, however, leads to photo-
oxidation of olive oil and reduction of its shelf life.
The use of coloured glass bottles prevents or slows
down the oxidation process.
Metal and glass are the only packaging materials
that provide a virtually total barrier to moisture
and gases. The word ‘virtually’ is used because such
containers require a closure that incorporates other
materials, such as polymeric sealing compounds in
cans and in closures, through which oxygen can
easily permeate and promote oxidation.
The shelf life of edible oils packaged in metal
containers or non-transparent glass bottles is
dictated by the initial quality of the oil, processing
conditions and filling operations.
Plastic: Plastic containers are a relatively new means
of packaging edible oil and have been increasingly
used in recent years due to their relatively low price
and weight and ease of handling.
The polymers most frequently used are PET, high
density polyethylene (HDPE) and PVC. Although
they do not provide as long a shelf life as metal
containers, they are economical and suitable for use
where a very long shelf life is not required.
PET is one of the most commonly used plastics
in food packaging covering a wide range of
packaging structures. It satisfies many important
requirements including good aesthetic aspect
with brilliance and transparency; suitability for
colouring; good mechanical, thermal, and chemical
resistance; low production cost; good barrier
properties against CO2; suitability for prolonged
storage, easy recyclability and low weight.
The trend toward incorporating modifier
compounds into PET packaging resins has grown in
order to produce containers with a high degree of
clarity, in a wide variety of custom shapes, and free
from residual acetaldehyde.
In addition, the incorporation of antioxidant
stabilisers in PET increases its application in the
food area, particularly for vegetable oil storage.
HDPE is largely used as a packaging material
because of its tensile strength and hardness and
good chemical resistance. Blow-moulded HDPE
containers in the form of bottles, jars, and jerry
cans are used for packaging edible oils.
PVC is a popular packaging material for
edible oils in many countries, mainly due to its
transparency, adaptability to all types of closures,
total compatibility with existing packaging lines,
and potential for personalised design features.
Mainly driven by issues such as the protection of
the environment, PET has been supplanting PVC in
the edible oil market.
As with other transparent plastic materials,
PVC increases light exposure of the oil, enhancing
oxidation. UV absorbers can be added to plastic
materials in order to reduce their light transmission.
Multi-layer pouches and paper-based cartons: In
recent years, the adoption of multi-layer pouches
for oil storage has increased due to consumer
preference for unit packages. Generally, limited
quantities of edible oil are packed in flexible
pouches (up to 500g). Flexible pouches may be
manufactured from laminates or multi-layered films
of different compositions and the pouches may be
in the form of a pillow or stand-up pouch.
The selection of a laminate or multi-layer film
is governed primarily by the compatibility of the
contact layer, heat sealability, heat seal strength,
and shelf life required, together with machinability
and physical strength parameters.
Active packaging: In order to reduce the diffusion
of oxygen into bottled oil, various solutions have
been used. The most popular involves the use of
‘oxygen scavengers’ (OS), which remove oxygen
dissolved in the oil and provide a barrier to oxygen
diffusion from the atmosphere. These scavengers
can be easily incorporated into the packing material
without altering its other properties.
Conclusion
With such a wide array of packaging materials
available to oils and fats manufacturers, the
selection of packaging combines both marketing,
product quality and economic factors.
Good packaging will ensure product safety and
quality, as well as contributing to low wastage and
better logistics. It will also ensure good shelf appeal,
branding and visibility.  l
This article is based on information from Chapter
17 of the book, ‘Food Packaging and Shelf Life – a
Practical Guide’, written by Luciano Piergiovanni
and Sara Limbo of the Department of Food Science
and Microbiology, University of Milan, Italy
6/14/2018 9:47:52 AM
 STATISTIC S

EU SUN, SOYA AND CORN OIL PRICE, 2014-18 (US$/TONNE)

STATISTICAL NEWS FROM MINTEC

Soyabean, sunflower and corn oil

US PETROL AND ETHANOL PRICE, 2014-18 (US$/GALLON)
Soyabean oil prices have been falling since the start of
the year. Global production for 2018/19 is now forecast
up 5% y-o-y, which is seeing ending stocks rise 2% y-o-y.
Ending stocks for 2017/18 are estimated to have fallen
5% y-o-y, seeing prices higher towards the end of the
season. Argentina, the main exporter of soyabean oil, is
seeing an 8% y-o-y increase in production for 2018/19,
despite concerns over droughts. Brazil is currently
experiencing truck strikes, which are causing a supply
shortage as goods are unable to be transported.
Sunflower oil prices have fluctuated this year but
have been steadily decreasing since the start of May.
In the 2017/18 season, both Russia and Ukraine saw
a drop in production by 1% and 7% y-o-y respectively,
causing an 8% y-o-y decrease in global ending stocks.
2018/19 shows signs of improving, with production up
in Russia 8% y-o-y and in Ukraine 11% y-o-y.
Corn oil prices for the USA are currently down
following a large decrease at the start of the year.
However, the new 2018/19 figures are showing US
production forecast down, with the decrease in both
harvested area and yield contributing to a 4% y-o-y loss
in production. Global production remains up 2% y-o-y.

Unleaded petrol and ethanol

EU DIESEL AND BIODIESEL PRICE, 2016-18 (US$/LITRE)
Prices of ethanol were on a downward trend for the first
quarter of 2018, even though the price of ethanol went
up 7% in January. Unleaded petrol prices in the EU have
been on a general upward trend since the beginning of
the year. However, prices fell in March, driven by lower
feedstock crude oil costs.

Diesel and biodiesel

Diesel prices were trending up within the first quarter of
2018, selling at ¤1.20 in April and May from an initial
¤1.19/litre of the fuel. Driven by the cheaper cost of
rapeseed and soyabean oil, European biodiesel prices
saw a similar lower movement in prices. Biodiesel sold
at ¤1.20 in early January, but fell to ¤1.13 in April,
before marginally rising to ¤1.17 in May, down 7% y-o-y.

Mintec works in partnership

PRICES OF SELECTED OILS (US$/TONNE) with sales, purchasing and
2017 Jan 18 Feb 18 Mar 18 Apr 18 May 18 supply chain professionals
to deliver valuable insight
Soyabean 829.0 836.1 822.9 823.1 815.9 792.4 into worldwide commodity
Crude Palm 690.0 690.5 691.8 684.1 675.6 663.4 and raw materials markets
Palm Olein 661.0 660.3 672.6 656.5 654.0 640.9 using innovative technology
and a knowledgeable team of specialists. We provide
Coconut 1,537.0 1,393.3 1,245.0 1,124.3 1,130.0 1,040.3 independent insight and trusted data to help the world’s
Rapeseed 855.0 841.1 821.9 795.2 791.8 807.7 most prestigious brands to make informed commercial
Sunflower 800.0 805.0 799.5 798.5 815.2 789.9 decisions.

Palm Kernel 1,250.0 1,250.0 1,142.9 1,019.5 1,010.8 944.1 Tel: +44 (0) 1628 851313
Average price 946.0 925.0 885.0 843.0 842.0 811.0 E-mail: sales@mintecglobal.com
Index 224.0 219.0 210.0 200.0 199.0 192.0 Website: www.mintecglobal.com

36 OFI – JUNE 2018 www.ofimagazine.com

Statistics_Jun18.indd 1 6/14/2018 9:48:14 AM

ARTE E GENIO ITALIANI

ITALIAN
HEART
MIND, HAND
The Italian first class engineering company, globally
recognized as one of the leaders in the design and
manufacture of plants for oilseeds crushing and
solvent extraction, edible oils and fats refining,
glycerine distillation, oleochemicals (fatty acids,
biofuels) and special plants.
Each project is the result of the deep passion in
industrial plants design combined with the long dated
experience gained in more than 1000 successful
installations.

OUR PASSION,
YOUR SUCCESS.

www.andreottiimpianti.com
 Every bean is
precious.
Treat it that way.
Bühler’s process technology and
associated equipment for Hot
Dehulling and Warm Dehulling is
setting highest efficiency standards
in soybean preparation.
At every stage – heating, popping, cracking,
hull separation and subsequent flaking –
the machinery works seamlessly together to
minimize total cost of ownership and to
extract highest amounts of oil from both,
freshly harvested and highmoisture soybeans.

Find out more:

www.buhlergroup.com/oilseeds
Just scan the QR code
and find out more
about the Bühler process
technology.

Innovations for a better world.

 Fractionation • Hydrogenation • Interesterification
OLEOCHEMICALS
Methylesters • Glycerine • Biodiesel
Plant & technology chart 2018: Summary table of company activities
Fatty Acids • Fatty Alcohols

GEA Group, Product Group Separation

Centrimax-Winkelhorst Trenntechnik
Desmet Ballestra,
GEA Process Engineering Denmark
De Smet Engineers & Contractors

SPX Flow Technology Danmark

Famsun Oils&Fats Engineering
Guangzhou Scikoon Industry

Mectech Process Engineers

BDI-BioEnergy International

Crown Europe - CPM SKET

Maschinenfabrik Reinartz
Desmet Ballestra Group

proud sponsor of

Kumar Metal Industries

Crown Asia Engineering

Schneider Engineering
Gerstenberg Services
Haarslev Industries

HF Press+Lipidtech

United Engineering
INTEC Engineering
Buss-SMS-Canzler
Czech Republic

Körting Hannover

Sharplex Filters
Myande Group
Elica-elevator
GIG Karasek

the 2018 OFI

GekaKonus

HTI-GESAB
Air Liquide
Denmark

Germany
Bulgaria
Belgium

VTA & Co
Austria

France
Farmet

Promill
China
KEMIA

India
Plant & Equipment
Oilseed crushing mills l l l l l l l l l l l l Oilseed crushing mills
Solvent extraction l l l l l l l l Solvent extraction
Extraction

Extraction
Fish oil/meal processing l l l l l l l l l l Fish oil/meal processing Science behind Technology
Rendering/fat melting plant l l l l l l l l Rendering/fat melting plant
Guide. Pelleting mills
Other
Degumming
l
l

l
l
l
l l
l
l l
l l
l
l

l
l
l l l

l
l
l
l
l l
l
l
l l

l Pelleting mills
l Other
Degumming
Winterising l l l l l l l l l l l l l l Winterising
Crystallisation l l l l l l l l l l l Crystallisation
Oil distillation/fractionation l l l l l l l l l l l l l l Oil distillation/fractionation
Alkali & physical refining l l l l l l l l l l Alkali & physical refining
Interesterification l l l l l l l l
v2-87x265General-OFI-2015.indd
Interesterification
1 4/30/1
Refining

Refining
Miscella refining l l l l l l l l l Miscella refining
Deodorisers l l l l l l l l l l l l Deodorisers
Bleachers l l l l l l l l l l l Bleachers
Oil dryers l l l l l l l l l l l Oil dryers
Fat splitting l l l l l l l l Fat splitting
PROCESS PLANT & EQUIPMENT

PROCESS PLANT & EQUIPMENT

Fatty acid distillation/fractionation l l l l l l l l l l l l Fatty acid distillation/fractionation
Other l l l l l l l l Other
Hydrogen generators l l l l l Hydrogen generators
Hydrogenation

Hydrogenation
Hydrogen systems l l l l l l Hydrogen systems
Other l l l l l Other
Cooking/salad oils l l l l l l l l l Cooking/salad oils
Butter formulation l l l l l Butter formulation
Shortening/margarine production l l l l l l Shortening/margarine production
Vitamin E production l l l l l l l Vitamin E production
Lecithin production l l l l l l l l l l l Lecithin production
End user processes/equipment

End user processes/equipment

Suplhonation l l l Sulphonation
Ethoxylation/propoxylation l l l Ethoxylation/propoxylation
Detergent formulation l l l l Detergent formulation
Detergent production l l l l l Detergent production
Soap production l l l l l Soap production
Soap finishing l l l l Soap finishing
Cosmetics production l l l l l l Cosmetics production
Glycerine refining l l l l l l l l l l l Glycerine refining
Fatty acid derivatives l l l l l l l l l Fatty acid derivatives
Pharmaceuticals l l l l l Pharmaceuticals
Biodiesel/methyl ester l l l l l l l l l l l l l l Biodiesel/methyl ester
Other l l l l l l l Other
Pneumatic conveyors l l l l l l Pneumatic conveyors
Belt conveyors l l l l l l l l Belt conveyors
Vibratory conveyors l l l l l Vibratory conveyors

Storage & handling

Storage & handling

Slatted conveyors l l l l Slatted conveyors
Elevators l l l l l l l Elevators
Loading arms/chutes l l l l Loading arms/chutes
Auger feeders l l l l l l l l Auger feeders
Storage silos l l l l l l Storage silos
Storage tanks l l l l l l l l l Storage tanks
Other l Other
Screens l l l l l l l l l l Screens

ANCILLARY EQUIPMENT

ANCILLARY EQUIPMENT
Centrifugal separators l l l l l l l l l Centrifugal separators

Screens & filtration

Screens & filtration

Gravity separators l l l l l l l Gravity separators
Magnetic separators l l l l l l Magnetic separators
Membrane separators l l l l l Membrane separators
Filter presses l l l l l l Filter presses
Pressure leaf filters l l l l l l l l l Pressure leaf filters
Other l Other
Packing equipment l l l l Packing equipment l
Science behind Technology Instrumentation l l l l Instrumentation l
Pumps/fluid handling l l l l l l l l Pumps/fluid handling l

Other equipment

Other equipment
Vacuum systems/ejectors l l l l l Vacuum systems/ejectors l
Process heating systems l l l l l l l l l l Process heating systems l
Steam boilers l l l l l l l l l l l Steam boilers l
Thermal oil heaters l l l l l l l l Thermal oil heaters l
Heat recovery systems l l l l l l l l l l Heat recovery systems l
Other l l l l l l l Other
87x265Annonce -OFI-2016v001.indd 1 5/2/16 1:29 PM
P&E Chart 2018.indd 1 6/14/2018 9:57:53 AM
 Fractionation • Hydrogenation • Interesterification
OLEOCHEMICALS
Methylesters • Glycerine • Biodiesel
Plant & technology chart 2018: Summary table of company activities
Fatty Acids • Fatty Alcohols
Crown Americas - Crown Iron Works
Crown Europe - Europa Crown

French Oil Mill Machinery

CM Bernardini International

Keller & Vardarci Industries

Van Mourik Crushing Mills

Anderson International
CMBITALY-TECHNOILOGY
Veendeep Oiltek Exports

Chemtech International
JJ-Lurgi Engineering
Muar Ban Lee Group

Lovibond Tintometer
LIPICO Technologies
Geelen Counterflow

Oxford Instruments
Servizi Industriali

United Kingdom

Dupps Company
Andreotti Impianti

Desmet Ballestra

Besteel Berhad

Sulzer Chemtech

Pope Scientific
Buss ChemTech
Binacchi & Co

Netherlands

Switzerland
CPM Europe

Singapore

Blackmer
Malaysia

Sweden

Turkey
T-1 Ada
Serbia
OILTEK

Bühler
Italy

USA
AAK

Oilseed crushing mills l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l Oilseed crushing mills

Solvent extraction l l l l l l l l l l l l Solvent extraction
Science behind Technology
Extraction

Extraction
Fish oil/meal processing l l l l l l l l l Fish oil/meal processing
Rendering/fat melting plant l l l l l l l l Rendering/fat melting plant
Pelleting mills l l l l l l l l l l Pelleting mills
Other l l l l l Other
Degumming l l l l l l l l l l l l l Degumming
Winterising
Crystallisation
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l l
l
l
l
l
Winterising
Crystallisation Leading Oils & Fats
Oil distillation/fractionation l l l l l l l l l l l l l l l Oil distillation/fractionation
Alkali & physical refining
Interesterification
l l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
l
v2-87x265General-OFI-2015.indd
Alkali & physical refining
1Interesterification
technologies
4/30/15 10:34 AM
Refining

Refining
Miscella refining l l l l l l l l l l Miscella refining
Deodorisers l l l l l l l l l l l l l Deodorisers
Bleachers l l l l l l l l l l l Bleachers PREPARATION
Oil dryers l l l l l l l l l l l l Oil dryers Cleaning • Cracking • Dehulling
Fat splitting l l l l l l l l l Fat splitting
PROCESS PLANT & EQUIPMENT

PROCESS PLANT & EQUIPMENT

Fatty acid distillation/fractionation l l l l l l l l l Fatty acid distillation/fractionation Conditioning • Flaking • Expanding
Other l l Other
Hydrogen generators l l l l l l l l Hydrogen generators
PRESSING
Hydrogenation

Hydrogenation
Hydrogen systems l l l l l l l Hydrogen systems
Other l l l Other Full Pressing • Prepressing
Cooking/salad oils l l l l l l l l l l l l Cooking/salad oils
Butter formulation
Shortening/margarine production l l l l
l
l
l
l l l
l
l
l
l
l
l
Butter formulation
Shortening/margarine production
EXTRACTION
Vitamin E production l l l l l l l Vitamin E production Extractors • Desolventing Toasting
Lecithin production l l l l l l l l Lecithin production
End user processes/equipment

End user processes/equipment

Suplhonation l l l Sulphonation
Distillation • Solvent Recovery
Ethoxylation/propoxylation l l l l Ethoxylation/propoxylation
Detergent formulation l l l l Detergent formulation REFINING
Detergent production l l l l l Detergent production
Soap production l l l l l l Soap production Degumming • Neutralising • Bleaching
Soap finishing l l l Soap finishing Winterising • Deodorising
Cosmetics production l l l l l Cosmetics production
l l l l l l l l l l Glycerine refining
FAT MODIFICATION
Glycerine refining
Fatty acid derivatives l l l l l l l l l l Fatty acid derivatives
Pharmaceuticals l l l l l l l l Pharmaceuticals Fractionation • Hydrogenation • Interesterification
Biodiesel/methyl ester l l l l l l l l l l l l Biodiesel/methyl ester
Other l l l Other
Pneumatic conveyors l l l l l l l l l l Pneumatic conveyors OLEOCHEMICALS
Belt conveyors l l l l l l l l l l l Belt conveyors
Methylesters • Glycerine • Biodiesel
Vibratory conveyors l l l l l l l l Vibratory conveyors
Storage & handling

Storage & handling

Slatted conveyors l l l l l l Slatted conveyors Fatty Acids • Fatty Alcohols
Elevators l l l l l l l l l l Elevators
Loading arms/chutes l l l l l l l l Loading arms/chutes
Auger feeders l l l l l l l Auger feeders
Storage silos l l l l l l l l l l l Storage silos
Storage tanks l l l l l l l l l l l l Storage tanks
Other l l l l Other
Screens l l l l l l l l l l l l Screens
ANCILLARY EQUIPMENT

Centrifugal separators l l l l l l l l l l Centrifugal separators

Screens & filtration

Screens & filtration

Gravity separators l l l l l l l l Gravity separators
Magnetic separators l l l l l l l l l Magnetic separators
Membrane separators l l l l l l Membrane separators
Filter presses l l l l l l l l l l l l l Filter presses
Pressure leaf filters l l l l l l l l l l Pressure leaf filters
Other l l l l Other
Packing equipment l l l l l l l l l Packing equipment l
Instrumentation l l l l l l l l l Instrumentation l Science behind Technology
Pumps/fluid handling l l l l l l l l l l l Pumps/fluid handling l
Other equipment

Other equipment
Vacuum systems/ejectors l l l l l l l l Vacuum systems/ejectors l
Process heating systems l l l l l l l l l l Process heating systems l
Steam boilers l l l l l l l Steam boilers l
Thermal oil heaters l l l l l l l l Thermal oil heaters l
Heat recovery systems l l l l l l l l l l Heat recovery systems l l
Other l l l l l Other l
v2-87x265General-OFI-2015.indd 1 4/30/15 10:34 AM
P&E Chart 2018.indd 2 6/14/2018 9:57:55 AM