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Explorations in Il Reconciliatio

Ian Beardsley

2022



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Il Reconciliatio is a paper I wrote that suggests through a semi-new mathematics, product

calculus which, has its origins in Italy over 100 years ago, but less than 200 years ago, that it is
a separate formal system from calculus in a similar sense that quantum mechanics is a
separate formal system from relativity. And that, the f-mean can take us between these formal
systems. Here I present a short 12 pages that explores this idea with it in mind that either you
have read Il Reconciliatio or have already have an operational understanding of some of the
mathematics used here. In other words it is a concise exploration.

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Section 1.0

In Classical physics we have energy is

∫b
Equation 1.1. W= F ⋅ d x

But in quantum mechanics we are working with Planck’s constant h which is in joule-seconds
or energy over time. This is action the integral of the Lagrangian over time is energy times
seconds:

∫b
Equation 1.2 S= L ⋅ dt

Thus if h = J ⋅ s in quantum mechanics and in quantum mechanics the equation of state for a
particle is:

Equation 1.3 ψ 2(x, y, z, t) = ψ ⋅ ψ*

Where ψ is the wave:

i
Equation 1.4 ψ = A0e − h ( px−Et)

Then since

i i
Equation 1.5 ψ 2 = A02e − h ( px−Et)e − h ( px−Et)

Though the classical equation 1.1 is related to to the arithmetic mean:

a
1 a+b
b − a ∫b
Equation 1.6 xd x =

2
I like to think the quantum equation 1.5 is related to the geometric mean:

b
a
f (x)d x = e ∫b lnf (x)d x =
∏
Equation 1.7 a b

The product calculus has its origins in Vito Voltera in 1887 in his Voltera Integral he discovered
for solving certain kinds of partial differential equations. The product calculus was developed
much later and while it has advocates, it still is not required curriculum in any University for
math majors. It is a formal system separate from calculus. My idea is that though the arithmetic
and harmonic means are described in the same equation:

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1/p
1 n p
(n ∑ )
Equation 1.8 xi

i=1

With p=1 the arithmetic mean and p=2 the harmonic mean, the geometric mean finds its
definition in the f-mean:

1 n
(n ∑ )
−1
Equation 1.9. Mf (x1, …xn) = f f (xi )

i=0

The interesting thing is that the arithmetic and harmonic means in this are achieved with
f (x) = x p but with the geometric mean it occurs with a different function namely, f (x) = ln(x),
which puts it in another formal system the product calculus:

∏
Equation 1.20 M0(x1, …xn) = n xi

i=1

But just as relativity theory and classical mechanics (being deterministic) are formal systems
incompatible with quantum mechanics (indeterminstic), I would like to suggest that the f-mean
takes us from one such formal system to the other. And, indeed, quantum mechanics is more
like equation

b
a
f (x)d x = e ∫b lnf (x)d x =
∏
Equation 1.23 a b

a
Because

i i
ψ 2 = A02e − h ( pc−Et)e − h ( pc−Et)

And product calculus is more effective with products in that:

D(F1(x)F2(x)) = DF1(x)DF2(x)

Such as the sequence of infinite products:

Ae r(t1)Δt e r(t2 )Δt…e r(tn )Δt = Ae [r(t1)+r(t2 )+…+r(xn )]Δt

Where arithmetic calculus is more effective with sums in that

D(F1(x) + F2(x)) = DF1(x) + DF2(x)

But the whole point being I think we can move between the systems quantum mechanics and
relativity in that:

1 n
(n ∑ )
Mf (x1, …xn) = f −1 f (xi )

i=0
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f (x) = x p (classical and relativity)

f (x) = ln(x) (quantum mechanics)

Section 2.0

The reason I am saying quantum mechanics falls under the geometric mean is that since it is

b
a
f (x)d x = e ∫b lnf (x)d x =
∏
Equation 2.1: a b

And matter behaves as a wave in the senate that

i
Equation 2.2 ψ = A0e − h ( px−Et)

Is a wave, because a wave is

Equation 2.3 U(x, t) = A0 sin(k x − ωt)

And,…

Equation 2.4 e ix = cos(x) + isin(x)

And this satisfies the Lagrangian for a wave:

( ∂x c ∂t )
∂2 1 ∂2
Equation 2.5 − 2 ψ (x, t) = 0

If we put in ψ (x, t) we have

∂ i ( px−Et) ∂ i ( px) i
⋅ −e ℏ (Et) = p (e ℏ ( px−Et))

i i
eℏ = eℏ
∂x ∂x ℏ
Or quite simply:

∂ψ i
= pψ

∂x ℏ
Similarly, for the time derivative

∂ i ( px−Et) ∂ i i
= e ℏ ( px) ⋅ −e ℏ (Et) = − E (e ℏ ( px−Et))

i i
eℏ
∂t ∂t ℏ
Or quite simply

∂ψ i
= − E ψ

∂t ℏ
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We now have the two first derivatives of the wave as taken by wave equation:

∂ψ i ∂ψ i
= pψ and = − E ψ

∂x ℏ ∂t ℏ
We multiply both sides of each equation by iℏ to obtain

∂ψ
iℏ = − pψ

∂x
∂ψ
iℏ = E ψ

∂t
Thus

2
Equation 2.6 ψ (x, y, z, t) d x d yd z

Is the probability of finding a particle described by ψ ( r,⃗ t) in the volume element

dV = d x d yd z at time t. Since ψ is a complex function, the square of its absolute value is the
product of it with its complex conjugate. Written:

2
Equation 2.7 ψ = [ψ (x, y, z, t)] [ψ*(x, y, z, t)]

Thus putting this in 2.1

b
a
f (x)d x = e ∫b lnf (x)d x =
∏
a b

We have

i
ψ = A0e − h ( px−Et)

And squared is

i i
e ℏ ( px) ⋅ −e ℏ (Et)

And

b
a
f (x)d x = e ∫a lnf (x)d x =
∏
a b

Is particularly good at handling the integral of a product. We can say

i i
Equation 2.7 f (x) = e ℏ ( px) ⋅ e − ℏ ( px)

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Is ψ squared because since ψ is complex using i = −1 To square it is to multiply it by its

complex conjugate ψ*.

Because the product integral is a multiplicative operator:

b c b

(∏ ) (∏ )
dx dx
f (x)d x

∏
Equation 2.8 f (x) = f (x)
x=a x=a x=c

Thus we have

b c b

( x=a ) ( x=c )
f (x)d x = f (x)d x f (x)d x

∏ ∏ ∏
x=a

b c b

(∏ ) (∏ )
i ( px) i ( px)d x i ( px) d x i dx
e − h ( px)
∏
Equation 2.9 e h ⋅ −e h = e h

x=a x=a c

And the result is:

c c
i 1 i 2
ln (e ) d x = ∫ h px d x = 2 h p (c − a)

∫a
i px
2
Equation 2.10 h
a

But it must be exponentiated by equation 2.1:

(2 h )
c
1 i 2
f (x)d x = exp p (c − a)2

∏
Equation 2.11.
x=a

P is squared because it is a function of x and t, and t is held constant. Since the Schrodinger
wave equation is:

( ∂t 2m )
∂ ℏ2
Equation 2.12 iℏ + ψ (r, t) = 0

We find 2.11 is the right result, observe:

ℏ2 joules 2 ⋅ sec2
=

2m Kg
m
Joules = Kg ⋅ m

s2
m2
2
Joules = 4 ⋅ Kg2 ⋅ m 2

s
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2 m2 m2 m m
Joules ⋅ sec2 = 4 ⋅ Kg ⋅ s = 2 ⋅ Kg2 = Kg ⋅ Kg ⋅ m 2

2 2
s s s s
Thus,…

ℏ2 p2 2
= x

2m 2m
Thus we see that h bar squared over 2m is the energy in terms of momentum acting on the
square of position.

Section 3.0

It here becomes necessary to be clear on the matter and state exactly what the arithmetic,
harmonic, and geometric means are in arithmetic calculus:

Arithmetic mean:

a
1
b − a ∫b
Equation 3.1. Ā = f (x)d x

Harmonic mean:

a
1
∫b
Equation 3.2. Ā = 1

b−a
f −1(x)d x

Geometric mean

( b − a ∫b )
1
Equation 3.3 Ḡ = exp ln( f (x)d x

The harmonic mean in terms of discrete product notation can be written as the the ratio
between between the geometric and arithmetic means:

n
n ⋅ ∏i=1 xi
H=

∑i=0 { x1 ∏i=1 xi}

n n
i

n n

∏ ∑
is a product analog to and

i=0 i=0

b a

∏ ∫b
is a product analog to

a
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That is, the harmonic mean has in the denominator the arithmetic mean of the product
of numbers n times, and the numerator is the nth power of the geometric mean. This is
written

H(x1, …, xn) =

(G(x1, …, xn))n
=

A(x2 x3…xn, x1x3…xn, x1x2…xn−1)

(G(x1, …, xn))n

A ( x1 ∏i=1 xi)
n n n
∏i=1 xi, x1 ∏i=1 xi, …, x1
1 2 n

Thus if we want to see how the f-mean moves us between Relativity and Quantum
Mechanics we take all of the means we have mentioned between the Universal
constant of gravitation and Planck’s constant:

Equation 3.4 Arithmetic Mean

G +h m(kg 2 + m 2)
=

2 s 2 ⋅ kg
dim 1
= ⋅ (dim 2 + dim 2) = 1

dim dim
2

Is dimensionless or a point.

Equation 3.5 Harmonic Mean

2Gh m3
= (kg 2 + s 2)

G +h kg ⋅ s

dim 3
= (dim + dim) = dimension 2

dim 2

Is 2 dimensions or a surface.

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Equation 3.6 Geometric Mean

m5
Gh =

s3

5 − dimension
= = dimensiones 2 = 1 − dimensional

3 − dimensions
Is one dimension or a line.

We see it progresses from 0 dimensional, a point (arithmetic) to 1 dimensional, a line

(geometric) to 2 dimensional, a surface (harmonic).

Ḡ=geometric mean, H̄=harmonic mean, Ā=arithmetic mean

Ā ⋅ H̄ ⋅ Ḡ = 0

Ḡ ⋅ H̄
= ∞

Ā
(Ḡ = dim 2, H̄ = dim 1, Ā = 1dim) = (x 2 = x 2, x 1 = x, x 0 = 1)

Lets, consider Equation 3.6:

m5
Equation 3.6 Gh =

s3

I can produce both one second and one meter. But first

z= Gh = (6.67408E − 11)(6.62607E − 34) = 2.1029E − 22(m 5 /s 3)1/2

m5
Equation 3.7 z 2 = 4.4223E − 44

s3
Kepler’s Law of planetary motion is

Equation 3.8 T 2 = a 3

For the Sun with T the orbital period of the planet and a its distance from the Sun in
astronomical units, for circular orbits. For other stars we have to include a constant k
involving the masses of the bodies:

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1 M+m M
Equation 3.9 =G ≈ G

k 4π 2 4π 2
If the mass of the body orbiting the Star m is is small compared to the mass of the star
it is orbiting we have

GM 2
Equation 3.10 a3 = T

4π 2

T2 4π 2
Equation 3.11 =

a3 GM
The mass of the sun is 2E30kg, Thus:

T2 s2 s3
Equation 3.12 = 2.95759E − 19 3 ≈ 3E − 19 2

a3 m m
Multiplying 3.7 by 3.12

m 2 /s = 1.3 × 10−62

I have formulated t1 = 1.00sec as such (in other work which was a paper unto itself
titled Protons And Proton-Seconds, 2002):

1 1 h4πrp2
Equation 3.13 t1 = ⋅ 2 = 1.004996352seconds

6protons α mp Gc

Thus we can write

Equation 3.14 meters = 1.14365 × 10−31 = 1.14365E − 46f m

ℏG
The Planck length is lp = = 1.616255(18) × 10−35m

c 3
It is the smallest possible size in the universe. Equation 3.51 is

Equation 3.15 7000 Planck Lengths

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The radius of an electron is 2.82 fm and a proton is 0.831 fm. The electron has a radius
3.3935 times larger than a proton.

The Author