A Theory of Space, Time, and Matter

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By
Ian Beardsley
Copyright © 2022 by Ian Beardsley

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0.0 Six-fold Ratios……………………………………………………….4
1.0 The Mass of a Proton……………………………………………….5
2.0 Proton-Seconds, Proton Radius, Hydrocarbons…………6
3.0 The Natural Second………………………………………………..9
4.0 Theory For The Atoms……………………………………………12
5.0 The Principle of Least Action…………………………………..18
6.0 Rigorous Formulation of Proton-Seconds…………………23
7.0 Theory of Compounds……………………………………………..26
8.0 Sexagesimal And The Cosmic Calendar…………………….28
9.0 My Observations of the Sky……………………………………..33
10.0 The Nature of Time……………………………………………….37
11.0 Orbital Parameters………………………………………………..38
12.0 Logos…………………………………………………………………..47
13.0 Conclusion…………………………………………………….49
14.0 Summary………………………………………………………………52
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We suggest it is worthwhile to explore six-fold symmetry by itself. It is shown that the radius of a
proton and its mass can be derived from a theory of space and time. To do this a theory for the
atom is achieved because the theory of the proton needs the unit of a second as a natural
duration which can be achieved from the atom that is made of these protons. A theory of the
atom needs to utilize Avogadro’s Number. This is done by introducing the concept of
intermediary mass.
The concept of proton-seconds is introduced which results in a theory for compounds,

combinations of atoms (which are combinations of protons). This is done for doped silicon and
germanium which makes transistors and diodes enabling the engineering of logic circuit
technology. It is also shown that the unit of a second is not just a natural duration where the
atom is concerned, and hence the proton, but where the Earth-Moon-Sun orbital mechanics are
concerned.
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0.0 Six-fold Ratios We suggest there is an aspect of Nature founded on six-fold symmetry, the
example of which we are interested in here is The Periodic Table of the Elements, because it has
18 groups which we can define by carbon, C. This because we have the following scenario:
Equations 1
3+3+3=9
2+2+2=6
3 ⋅ 6 = 18
2 ⋅ 9 = 18
2⋅3=6
And, we pull out the 2 and the 3 and write (Fig. 1)
π π 5+1 π
2cos = 2 , 2cos = , 2cos = 3
4 5 2 6
5+1 a a b
Where =Φ= , = such that a = b + c
2 b b c
b 1 a2 a
ϕ= = which is given by − −1=0
a Φ b2 b
Fig. 1 Dividing line in

golden mean,
In general
π
Equations 2: f (n) = 2cos , n = 4,5,6
n
π π
= 45∘, π /5 = 36∘, = 30∘
4 6
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1.0 The Mass of a Proton Gravity is a property of space measured by the universal constant
of gravity, G:
m2 m3
Equation 1.1 G = 6.674E − 11N = 6.674E − 11
s2 s 2 ⋅ kg
Matter, or inertia, which measures matter’s ability to resist a force is for each particle (protons
and neutrons) we will suggest given by:
h kg ⋅ s
Equation 1.2. =
Gc m
Which describes mass per meter over time, which is:
kg ⋅ s
Equation 1.3: 1.82E − 16
m
1
It must be adjusted by the fine structure constant α. It is my guess the factor should be which
α2
is 18,769.:
Equation 1.4. (1.82E − 16kg ⋅ s /m)(18,769) = 3.416E − 12kg ⋅ s /m)

Here we are suggesting that the proton and neutron are the 3-dimensional cross-sections of a
hypersphere. Thus we consider the surface area of a proton, Sp:
Equation 1.5. Sp = 4π rp2 = 8.72E − 30m 2
We take the square root to get meters:
Equation 1.6. Sp = 2.953E − 15m
We multiply that with the value we have in equation 1.4:
kg ⋅ s
Equation 1.7. (2.953E − 15m)(3.416E − 12 ) = 1.009E − 26kg ⋅ s
m
We find that the mass of a proton mp realizes if we divide this by six seconds:
1E − 26
Equation 1.8. mp = = 1.67E − 27kg
6secon d s
That is hydrogen. We see that the element carbon manifests if we divide instead by 1 second:
1E − 26kg ⋅ s
Equation 1.9. mc = = 1E − 26kg = 6pr oton s = 6mp
1secon d
Carbon (C) is the core element of life chemistry and it combines with hydrogen (H) to make the
skeletons of organic matter, the so-called hydrocarbons:
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1E − 26kg ⋅ s
Equation 1.10. mp =
6secon d s
1E − 26kg ⋅ s
Equation 1.11. mc =
1secon d
If we divide 1E-26kgs by something greater than 6 seconds we get fractional protons. The rest of
the elements in the periodic table occur for dividing by something less that 1-second. It seems
the duration of a second is natural. If it is, since it was formed by a calendar based on
reconciling the periods of the moon and the sun in the earth sky, it should be in the Earth-moon
orbital mechanics. I find it is, that:
K Emoon
(Ear th Da y) ≈ 1secon d
K Eearth
That is, the earth day (86,400 seconds) times the kinetic energy of the moon to the kinetic
energy of the earth is about 1 second (about 1.2 seconds).
All of the computations thus far are shown on the next page…
2.0 Proton-Seconds, Proton Radius, Hydrocarbons We show carbon, the core element
of life is six-fold symmetric with hydrogen in terms of the natural constants that characterize
space, time, and matter:
mP : 1.67262 × 10−27 kg (Proton Mass)
h : 6.62607 × 10−34 J ⋅ s (Planck Constant)
rp : 0.833 × 10−15m (Proton Radius)
m2
G : 6.67408 × 10−11N (Gravitational Constant)
kg 2
c : 299,792,459m /s (light speed)
α : 1/137 (Fine Structure Constant)

We find one second gives six protons which is carbon:
Equation 2.1
1 h 4π rp2
= 6pr oton ⋅ secon d s = carbon(C )
α 2 mp Gc
We find six seconds gives 1 proton is hydrogen:
Equation 2.2
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1 h 4π rp2
= 1pr oton ⋅ 6secon d s = hydr ogen(H )
α mp
2 Gc
For time t greater than 6 seconds we have fractional protons. For t<6 we the have other
elements.
1 h 4π rp2
α mp
2 Gc
Is proton-seconds. Divide by time we have a number of protons because it is a mass divided by

the mass of a proton. But these masses can be considered to cancel and leave pure number. We
make a program that looks for close to whole number solutions so we can create a table of values
for problem solving.
By what value would you like to increment?: 0.25

How many values would you like to calculate for t in equation 1 (no more than 100?): 100
24.1199 protons 0.250000 seconds 0.119904 decpart
A very interesting thing here is looking at the values generated by the program, the smallest
integer value 1 second produces 6 protons (carbon) and the largest integer value 6 seconds
produces one proton (hydrogen). Beyond six seconds you have fractional protons, and the rest of
the elements heavier than carbon are formed by fractional seconds. These are the hydrocarbons
the backbones of biological chemistry. Here is the code for the program:
#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {
int n;
float value=0, increment,t=0, p=1.67262E-27, h=6.62607E-34,G=6.67408E-11,
c=299792459,protons[100],r=0.833E-15;
do
{
printf("By what value would you like to increment?: ");
scanf("%f", &increment);
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printf("How many values would you like to calculate for t in equation 1 (no more than 100?):
");
scanf("%i", &n);
}
while (n>=101);
{
for (int i=0; i<n;i++)

{
protons[i]=((137*137)/(t*p))*sqrt(h*4*(3.14159)*(r*r)/(G*c));
int intpart=(int)protons[i];
float decpart=protons[i]-intpart;
t=t+increment;
if (decpart<0.25)
{ printf("%.4f protons %f seconds %f decpart \n", protons[i], t-increment, decpart);
}}}}
We need an interpretation of equation 2.1, which was
1 h 4π rp2
α mp
2 Gc
Matter is that which has inertia. This means it resists change in position with a force applied to
it. The more of it, the more it resists a force. We understand this from experience, but what is
matter that it has inertia? In this analogy we are suggesting a proton is a three dimensional
bubble embedded in a two dimensional plane. As such there has to be a normal vector holding
the higher dimensional sphere in a lower dimensional space. Thus if we apply a force to to the
cross-section of the sphere in the plane there should be a force countering it proportional to the
normal holding it in a lower dimensional universe. It is actually a 4-dimensional hypersphere
whose cross-section is a sphere. This counter force would be experienced as inertia. (Fig. 2)
Since plank’s constant h is a measure of energy over time where space and time are concerned it
must play a role. Of course the radius of a proton plays a role since squared and multiplied by 4π
it is the surface area of our proton embedded in space. The gravitational constant is force
produced per kilogram over a distance, thus it is a measure of how the surrounding space has an
effect on the proton giving it inertia. The speed of light c has to play a role because it is the
velocity at which events are separated through time. The mass of a proton has to play a role
because it is a measurement of inertia itself. And alas the fine structure constant describes the
degree to which these factors have an effect. We see the inertia then in equation 6 is six protons
over 1 second, by dimensional analysis.
Fig. 2
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We see the radius of a proton is given by carbon (1 second):
18 2 Gc
Equation 2.3. rp = α mp = 8.288587 × 10−16 m = 0.829f m
3 4πh
The experimental radius of a proton is:
Equation 2.4. rp = 0.833 ± 0.014f m
The fine structure constant squared is the ratio of the potential energy of an electron in the first
circular orbit to the energy given by the mass of an electron in the Bohr model times the speed of
light squared:
Ue
Equation 2.5. α2 =
mec 2
3.0 The Natural Second In that we get one second for carbon and 6 seconds for hydrogen
very nearly even, that is
1 1 h 4π rp2
Eq. 3.1 ⋅ 2 = 1.004996352secon d s
6 α mp Gc
It is suggested that the second is a natural unit. If it is, since it comes from designing a calendar
that reconciles the phases of the moon with the Earth year (12 moons per year, approximately) it
is suggested the unit of a second should be in the Earth-Moon-Sun orbital mechanics. The
translational kinetic energy of the moon and earth are:
K . E . Moon = 3.67E 28J
K . E . Ear th = 2.649E 33j

To find the translational kinetic energy of the moon:
Distance from earth: 3.85E8m
2π (3.85E 8m) = 2.419E 9m
Orbital period:
T=27.32 days=2.36E6seconds
v=1.025E3m/s~1000m/s
Mass: 7.34767E22kg
1
Use E = mv 2
2
E=3.67E28 Joules
To find the translational kinetic energy of the earth:
Distance from Sun: 1AU=1.496E11m

2π (1.496E11m) = 9.399E11m
Orbital period: 1 year=3.1558E7 seconds
v=2.9785E4m/s, Earth mass: 5.9722E24kg
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E=2.649E33 Joules
Earth day=(24)(60)(60)=86,400 seconds.
It turns out:
(K Eof Moon)(Lu n ar Orbital Per iod )

Eq . 3.2 1secon d ≈ LunarMonth
EarthDay
(K Eof Ear th)
Where the Lunar Month can be as much as 31 days and is based on the lunar orbital period
(27.32 days). We have
31d a ys
Eq. 3.3 = 31 ≈ π 3 = 31.006
(1Ear th Da y)
Essentially we have formed a Planck constant, h, for the moon by multiplying its kinetic energy
over the time for the period of its orbit:
h = (3.67E 28J )(2.36E6s) = 8.6612E 34J ⋅ s

8.6612E 34J ⋅ s
= 32.696secon d s
K Eof Ear th
If we let the lunar month cancel with moon’s orbital period, we have:
Eq. 3.4
1 h 4π rp2 K Eof Moon

≈ 6pr oton s ⋅ ⋅ Ear th Da y
α 2 mp Gc K Eof Ear th
Since
1 1 h 4π rp2
⋅ 2
1sec α mp Gc
is units of mass divided by mp we can let it cancel with mp, the mass of a proton, and write:
Eq. 3.5

≈6⋅ ⋅ Ear th Da y = (6)1.2secon d s
That is:
1 1 h 4π rp2
⋅ 2 = 1.00secon d
6pr oton s α mp Gc
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is phenomenal because It allows multiplication between degrees and seconds to output our
fundamental ratios ( 2, 3, . . . ). We see in the following wave:
A = A0 cos(θ t), A0 = 1, θ = 30∘,60∘,45∘
Where t=1 second is carbon yielding:
A(60∘) = cos(60∘ ⋅ 1s) = 0.5

A(30∘) = cos(30∘ ⋅ 1s) = 3 /2
A(45∘) = cos(45∘ ⋅ 1s) = 2 /2
And, t=6 seconds is hydrogen yielding:
A(60∘) = cos(60∘ ⋅ 6s) = 1

A(30∘) = cos(30∘ ⋅ 6s) = − 1
A(45∘) = cos(45∘ ⋅ 6s) = 0
In so far as

≈6⋅ ⋅ Ear th Da y ≈ (6)1secon d
α mp
2 Gc K Eof Ear th
relates carbon=1second to the Earth-Moon-Sun orbital mechanics and to the radius of a proton
through six-fold symmetry:
1 h 4π rp2
=6
α mp
2 Gc
We have the following around which all our structure is based

π
f (n) = 2cos , n = 2,3,4,5.6.,...
n
f (2) = 2 , f (5) = Φ = 1/ϕ, f (6) = 3

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4.0 Theory For The Atoms We have determined the mass and radius of the proton, but still
need to derive the second to open it up to other realms and I find this can be done by deriving a
constant k by theorizing the atom, something made up of protons, neutrons and electrons. But I
have derived such a constant from Giordano’s relationship.
We now formulate what I call Giordano’s Relationship: Warren Giordano writes in his paper
The Fine Structure Constant And The Gravitational Constant: Keys To The Substance Of The
Fabric Of Space, March 21, 2019:
In 1980, the author had compiled a series of notes analyzing Einstein’s geometric to kinematic
equations, along with an observation that multiplying Planck’s constant ‘h’ by ‘1 + α’, where ‘α’
is the Fine Structure Constant, and multiplying by 10 23 yielded Newton’s gravitational constant
numerically, but neglecting any units.
Let’s do that
(6.62607E-34Js)(1+1/137)(1E23)=6.6744E-11 Js
And it works, G is:
G=6.67408E-11 N(m2/kg2)
Let us reformulate this as:
(1 + α) kg 2 ⋅ s
Equation 4.1 h NA H = 6.0003
G m
Where NA = Avaga dr o′s − Nu m ber = 6.02E 23atom s /gr a m and H=1 gram/atom
Because for hydrogen 1 proton is molar mass 1 gram, for carbon 6 protons is 6 grams and so on
for 6E23 atoms per gram. Thus,…
atom s 1gr a m
NA H = 6.02E 23 ⋅ = 6.02E 23
gr a m atom
Since grams and atom cancel we can work in grams even though our equations are in kilograms.
Let us not write H, since formally it is grams per mole of hydrogen but write
gr a m
ℍ=1
atom
We have:
(1 + α) s
h ⋅ NAℍ = 6.0003kg 2 ⋅
G m
Or,…
Equation 4.2 h(1 + α)NAℍ = 6Gx

Where
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s
Equation 4.3 x = 1.00kg 2
m
Let us say we were to consider Any Element 𝔼 say carbon ℂ. Then in general
(1 + α) s
Equation 4.4 h ⋅ NA𝔼 = 6.0003kg 2 ⋅
G m
We have
6gr a m s 6(6E 23pr oton s)

ℂ= and NA =
6pr oton s 6gr a m s
Because there are six grams of protons in carbon which has 6 protons and 6 neutrons and a
molar mass of 12. We have
12-6=6 grams of protons in the 12 grams of protons and neutrons. Thus
NAℂ = 6E 23
And it follows that
(1 + α) s
h ⋅ NAℂ = 6.0003kg 2 ⋅
G m
We see in general since the atomic number Z is the number of protons in an atom that in general
this holds for all elements 𝔼 because
Z ⋅ 6E 23pr oton s
NA =
Z ⋅ gr a m s
And,
Z ⋅ gr a m s
𝔼=
Z ⋅ pr oton s
Therefore we always have:
Equation 4.5 NA ⋅ 𝔼 = 6E 23
This works nicely because we formulated molar mass nicely; we said element one (hydrogen)
which is one proton and one electron has one gram for a mole of atoms. Historically this was
done because we chose carbon (element six) to have 12 grams per mole, and determined what
the mole was such that it would hold. The reason this works is that hydrogen is one proton and
has no neutrons, but carbon has twelve neutrons but since hydrogen doesn’t have any neutrons,
and the neutron has the same mass as the proton, and our theory makes use only of protons (in
this instance of its formulation) equation 4.3
s
x = 1.00kg 2
m
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Comes out to have x equal to 1.00 (nearly) even. It is at this moment that we point out, because
it is important, that in equation 4.5
NA ⋅ 𝔼 = 6E 23
𝔼 is not molar mass, and that NA is a variable determined by 𝔼; it is the number of a mole of
atoms multiplied by the number of protons in 𝔼. The reason we point this out, though it may
already be clear, is we wish to find the physical theory behind it. That is we need to find the
physical explanation for equation 4.4
(1 + α) s
h ⋅ NA𝔼 = 6.0003kg 2 ⋅
G m
It is the integer 6 to 3 ten thousandths. Which classifies it as interesting because since it is in
kilograms, seconds, and meters, it may mean these units of measurement have some kind of a
meaning. We can in fact write it:
(1 + α) s
h ⋅ NA𝔼 = 6.000kg 2 ⋅
G m
We know that
Ue
α2 =
mec 2
The fine structure constant squared is the ratio of the potential energy of an electron in the first
circular orbit to the energy given by the mass of an electron in the Bohr model times the speed of
light squared. To begin our search for the meaning of equation 1.4 we convert x, the factor of
s
1.00 kg 2 ⋅ to astronomical units, years, and solar masses, as these are connected to the orbit
m
of earth as it relates to the sun. We have:
kg 2 s (1.98847E 30)2 M⊙2 1.4959787E11m year

⋅ ⋅ ⋅
1 m kg 2 AU 3.154E 7s
M⊙2 ⋅ year
=1.8754341E64
AU
We can now write
(1 + α) AU
Eq 4.6. h ⋅ NA𝔼 = 8.2172E 32M⊙
G year
This unit of AU/year is very interesting. It is not 2π AU/year, which would be the Earth’s orbital
velocity, but is a velocity given by the earth orbital radius to its orbital period, which is quantum
mechanical in nature. It relates to earth as as a state, as we have with atoms, a number. We
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multiply both sides by 4π 2 and we have earth velocity on the left and the units stay the same on
the right. But what we will do is return to the form in kg-m-s and leave it as an equation but put
in the Earth mean orbital velocity which is 29.79km/s (Zombeck, Martin V. 1982). We get:
(1 + α)
Eq. 4.7 h ⋅ NA𝔼 ⋅ ve = 422.787kg
G
This brings up an interesting question: while we have masses characteristic of the microcosmos
like protons, and masses characteristic of the macrocosmos, like the minimum mass for a star to
become a neutron star as opposed to a white dwarf after she novas (The Chandrasekhar limit)
which is 1.44 solar masses, we do not have a characteristic mass of the intermediary world where
we exist, a truck weighs several tons and tennis ball maybe around a hundred grams. To find
that mass let us take the geometric mean between the mass of a proton and the mass of 1.44
solar masses. We could take the average, or the harmonic mean, but the geometric mean is the
squaring of the proportions, it is the side of a square with the area equal to the area of the
rectangle with these proportions as its sides. We have:
M⊙ = 1.98847E 30kg
We multiply this by 1.44 to get 2.8634E30kg. The mass of a proton is mp = 1.67262E − 27kg.
We have the intermediary mass is:
Eq. 4.8 mi = (2.8634E 30)(1.67262E − 27) = 69.205kg
All we really need to do now is divide 4.7 by 4.8 and we get an even number that is the six of our
six-fold symmetry.
1 (1 + α)
Eq. 4.9 h ⋅ NA𝔼 ⋅ ve = 6.1092 ≈ 6
mi G
The six of our six-fold symmetry.
We have something very interesting here. We have
1 s
6kg 2 ve = 6
69.205kg m
This is:
Equation 4.10 k ve = 6
Where k is a constant, given
1 s
Equation 4.11 k =
800 m
We can take the velocity of earth as being 30,000 m/s by rounding it. We have
30,000 1
= 37
800 2
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37.5 = 6.123734357
1 1 h 4π rp2
⋅ 2 = 1.004996352secon d s
6 α mp Gc
Using k ve = 6, we write
1 h 4π rp2
= 1pr oton ⋅ secon d
α mp
2 G ck ve
(K . E . Moon)(Ear th Da y)
≈ 1secon d
(K . E . Ear th)
1 h 4π rp2 (K . E . Ear th)

= 1pr oton
α mp
2 G ck ve (K . E . Moon)(Ear th Da y)
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= 6pr oton s
α mp
2 Gc (K . E . Moon)(Ear th Da y)

Eq. 4.12 =ℍ
α 2 mp G ck ve (K . E . Moon)(Ear th Da y)
ℍ = hydr ogen
The primordial element from which all others were made.
We can explicitly write the constant k:
1 (1 + α)
Equation 4.13 k = h ⋅ NA𝔼
mi2 G
It was the Indian physicist Chandrasekhar who found the limit in mass for which a white dwarf
will not have its gravity overcome the degeneracy pressure and collapse. The non-relativistic
equation is:
c 3 ℏ3
Equation 4.14 M ≤ 0.77 = 1.41 ⊙
GN3 mp4
Let us approximate 0.77 with 3/4. Since we have our constant
1 1+α
k = h ⋅ NA𝔼
mi2 G
And mi = Mmp
Then
1/2
3 c 3ℏ3
Equation 4.15 mi =
2 G 3mp2
Since ℏ = h /2π our constant k in terms the Chandrasekhar limit is
4 8π 3G
Equation 4.16 k = mp (1 + α) ⋅ NA𝔼
3 c 3h
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5.0 The Principle of Least Action We consider two paths, one with velocity c in one
medium, the other with velocity v in another. In order to go from one point two another over
two paths, the refraction is such that the sine of the angle of incidence equals the sine of the
angle of refraction.
sin α v
=
sinβ c
We have the two paths are travelled in a time t:
c +v
t = rp
cv
This is the mysterious Nature of reality, the path of least time is taken. This falls under the
general heading The Principle of Least Action, attributed to firstly the French Natural
Philosopher and mathematician Louis Maupertuis of the early eighteenth century. I say
mysterious, because as it is said in physics, for something to know the path of least action and
take it, it is as if it has explored first all paths between A and B to know which one would be the
path of least action. Everything in physics comes to this principle. It is called a principle, not a
theory, law, or rule. Yet it seems to be the way Nature behaves, and it is mysterious. Richard
Feynman applied it to quantum mechanics, probably because the mysterious Planck’s constant
that governs quantum mechanics is in Joule-seconds, energy over time, and this is the terms in
which action is formulated mathematically.
In our scenario here we regard matter, the proton in particular, as the cross-section of a
hypersphere. Our two mediums are hyperspace and space and the least action principle applies
in the same mathematical form. This is abstract cosmology, that really is the underlying
mathematics is common to all systems, that in effect they are manifestations of one another.
We have
t
cv − v = c
r
We make the approximation
t
cv = c
r
So that
r
v=
t
We are saying t=6 seconds is the proton, and r is the radius of a proton r=0.833E-15m. Thus
0.833E − 15m
v= = 1.389E − 16m /s
6s
The radius of a hydrogen atom is Rh = 1.2E − 10m.
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1.2E − 10m
t = = 863,930.8855s
1.389E − 16m /s
t
= 431,965.4428s
2
t
= (773.5m /s)(431,965.4428s) = 334,125,270m
k
334,125,270m 334,125,270m
= = 1.11452193secon d s
c 299,792,459m /s
And we have our one second as a natural constant with respect to the atom. We see it occurs at
t/2 which is at half the radius of a hydrogen atom. We want to deal with that size or around it;
our velocity comes from it and it can be thought of as a proton drift velocity akin to the electron
drift velocity in a wire that gives rise to an electrical current. We find if we derive the equation
that represents these computations, we have
r
v=
t
Where,…
1 h 4π rp2 1 Gc rp Gc
t = 6s = 2 , = α 2 mp , v = = α 2 mp
α mp Gc t h 4π rp2 t h 4π
Radius of hydrogen atom RH = 1.2E − 10m
Rh 1 h 4π
t = = Rh ⋅ 2
v α mp Gc
Remember our constant k equation 4.16 (Don’t forget to divide by two somewhere):
1 3 1 c 3h 1 1 1 3 1 c 3h 1
= ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ≈ = ⋅ ⋅
k 4 mp 8π 3G 1 + α NA𝔼 k 4 mp 8π 3G NA𝔼
t 3 2 h 1 R
= ⋅ ⋅ 2 ⋅ H
ck 16 G π α mp NA𝔼
t 3 2 6.626E − 34 18769 1.2E − 10 1

= ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ = 1.12secon d s
ck 16 6.674E − 11 (1.6726E − 27)2 6.02E 23 π
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Since we have the equation of the radius of a proton is given by, by evaluating it at one second
which is carbon:
18 2 Gc
rp = α mp = 8.288587 × 10−16 m = 0.829f m
3 4πh
And 1 second in terms of the atom is given by
3 2 h 1 R
⋅ ⋅ 2 ⋅ H = 1.12secon d s
16 G π α mp NA𝔼
Then the equation for the radius of a proton is:
9 1 hc RH
Equation 5.1. rp = 2⋅ ⋅
8 mp 4π 3G NA𝔼
And since
3 2 h 1 R
⋅ ⋅ 2 ⋅ H = 1.12secon d s
16 G π α mp NA𝔼

Then,…
3 2 h 1 R K Eof Moon
Equation 5.2. ⋅ ⋅ 2 ⋅ H = ⋅ Ear th Da y
16 G π α mp NA𝔼 K Eof Ear th
Let’s verify equation 5.1:
9 1 (6.626E − 34)(299,792,459) 1.2E − 10

rp = 2 ⋅ = 0.93f m
8 1.67E − 27 (6.674E − 11)4π 3 6.02E 23
Remember that in equation 5.1, which is
9 1 hc RH
rp = 2⋅ ⋅
8 mp 4π 3G NA𝔼
That, NA𝔼 must remain coupled. NA is determined by the number of protons in 𝔼.

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Making the approximation 9/8~1 we can write equation 5.1 as
Equation 5.3
1 hc RH
rp = ⋅
mp 2π 3G NA𝔼
Which gives
rp = 8.26935E − 16m ≈ 0.827f m
( s ) ( s ) ( m ) NAℍ
1 m2 m s2 RH 1
rp = kg kg 3 = (kg) m
kg kg
We form constants:
hc
Equation 5.4. k = = 6.93E − 9kg
2π 3G
RH
Equation 5.5 = 1.99E − 34m
NA𝔼
And we have the Equation:
RH
Equation 5.6 rp mp = k
NA𝔼
We can say that Avogadro’s number is not an arbitrary number because it is such that there are
twelve grams of carbon and carbon is 6 neutrons plus 6 protons equals 12.
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6.0 Rigorous Formulation of Proton Seconds
We can actually formulate this differently than we have. We had
1 1 h 4π rp2
= 6pr oton s
t1 α 2 mp Gc
1 1 h 4π rp2
= 1pr oton
t6 α 2 mp Gc
But if t1 is not necessarily 1 second, and t6 is not necessarily six seconds, but rather t1 and t2 are
lower and upper limits in an integral, then we have:
1 h 4π rp2 t2
1
G c ∫t1
Equation 6.1 dt = ℕ
α mp
2 t2
This Equation is the generalized equation we can use for solving problems.
Essentially we can rigorously formulate the notion of proton-seconds by considering
∫t ∬S
Equation 6.2 qdt = t 2 ρ(x, y, z)d x d y
⃗ ⃗
Is protons-seconds squared where current density is J = ρ v and ρ = Q /m 3 (ρ can also be
Q /m 2). We say
∫V
Equation 6.3 Q= ρd V
Keeping in mind q is not charge (coulombs) but a number of charges times seconds, here a
number of protons. It is
1 h 4π rp2
Equation 6.4 ℕ= 2
α mp Gc
Dividing Equation 6.2 through by t:
Equation 6.5
1 h 4π rp2 dt
G c ∫t t ∬S
=t ρ(x, y, z)d x d y
α 2 mp
Which is proton-seconds. Dividing through by t again:

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1 h 4π rp2 dt
G c ∫t t 2
Equation 6.6 = pr oton s
α mp
2
⃗ ⃗
We see that if J = ρ v where ρ = Q /m 3 and v = m /s then J is I/m2 (current per square meter)
is analogous to amperes per per square meter which are coulombs per second through a surface.
Thus we are looking at a number of protons per second through a surface. Thus we write:
1 h 4π rp2 tC
dt 1.0
G c ∫tMg ∫0.5
=6 t −2 dt = − 6(1 − 2) = 6
α mp
2 t2
Is carbon where 0.5 seconds is magnesium (Mg) from the values of time corresponding to
protons in the output from our program and 1.0 seconds is carbon (C). We see we have the
following theorem:
1 h 4π rp2 dt ⃗
G c ∫t t 3 ∬S
⃗
Equation 6.7 = J ⋅ d S
α 2 mp
So as an example,…
( 0.25 )
1 h 4π rp2 1.0
dt ⃗ 1 pr oton s
G c ∫0.5 ∬S
⃗
= J ⋅ d S = − 3 1 − = 9
α 2 mp t3 secon d
Is fluorine (F). Divide by xy with x=y=1 and we have current density. And multiply by 1 second
which is carbon and we have protons per square meter.
⃗ ⃗
J(x, y, z) = (0,0, J ) = − J k
⃗ ⃗
d S = d x d yk
⃗ ⃗
J ⋅ d S = (0,0, J ) ⋅ (0,0, d x d y) = − Jd x d y
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We are now equip to do computations in proton-seconds. We use equation 7.6 from two to
three, the smallest prime numbers that multiply to make six-fold symmetry in our hexagonal
proton that we found described its radius (My feeling is we introduce the factor of 2 because
carbon is 6 protons +6 neutrons and 2 times 6 is twelve):
2 h 4π rp2 dt
G c ∫t t 2
= pr oton s
α mp
2
Now we integrate from phosphorus is 15 protons=0.396 seconds to aluminum is 13 protons =

0.462 seconds which is to integrate across silicon (divide your answer 10 by 2 to get protons):
By what value would you like to increment?: 0.006

How many values would you like to calculate for t in equation 1 (no more than 100?): 100
Equation 6.9.
2 h 4π rp2 tAl
dt
G c ∫tP
= − 6(6.376 − 4.685) = 5pr oton s /secon d = bor on
α mp
2 t3
Silicon can be doped with phosphorus to make negative (n-type) silicon that semi-conducts thus
enabling the construction of logic circuits that you can use to make computing machines. But
this must be joined with positive (p-type) silicon which usually uses boron, but boron is in the
same group as aluminum, just above it. This results in a theory for AI elements as mathematical
constructs, that we will go into now.
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7.0 Theory of Compounds
Above we see the artificial intelligence (AI) elements pulled out of the periodic table of the
elements. As you see we can make a 3 by 3 matrix of them and an AI periodic table. Silicon and
germanium are in group 14 meaning they have 4 valence electrons and want 4 for more to attain
noble gas electron configuration. If we dope Si with B from group 13 it gets three of the four
electrons and thus has a deficiency becoming positive type silicon and thus conducts. If we dope
the Si with P from group 15 it has an extra electron and thus conducts as well. If we join the two
types of silicon we have a semiconductor for making diodes and transistors from which we can
make logic circuits for AI.
As you can see doping agents As and Ga are on either side of Ge, and doping agent P is to the
right of Si but doping agent B is not directly to the left, aluminum Al is. This becomes important.
I call (As-Ga) the differential across Ge, and (P-Al) the differential across Si and call Al a dummy
in the differential because boron B is actually used to make positive type silicon.
That the AI elements make a three by three matrix they can be organized with the letter E with
subscripts that tell what element it is and it properties, I have done this:
E13 E14 E15

E23 E24 E25
E33 E34 E35
Thus E24 is in the second row and has 4 valence electrons making it silicon (Si), E14 is in the
first row and has 4 valence electrons making it carbon (C). I believe that the AI elements can be
organized in a 3 by 3 matrix makes them pivotal to structure in the Universe because we live in
three dimensional space so the mechanics of the realm we experience are described by such a
matrix, for example the cross product. Hence this paper where I show AI and biological life are
mathematical constructs and described in terms of one another.
We see, if we include the two biological elements in the matrix (E14) and and (E15) which are
carbon and nitrogen respectively, there is every reason to proceed with this paper if the idea is to
show not only are the AI elements and biological elements mathematical constructs, they are
described in terms of one another. We see this because the first row is ( B, C, N) and these
happen to be the only elements that are not core AI elements in the matrix, except boron (B)
which is out of place, and aluminum (Al) as we will see if a dummy representative makes for a
mathematical construct, the harmonic mean. Which means we have proved our case because the
first row if we take the cross product between the second and third rows are, its respective unit
vectors for the components meaning they describe them.
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The Computation
⃗
A = (Al, Si, P )
⃗
B = (G a, G e, As)
̂ ̂ ̂
⃗ B C N ⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂
A×B = = (Si ⋅ As − P ⋅ G e) B + (P ⋅ G a − Al ⋅ As) C + (Al ⋅ G e − Si ⋅ G a) N
Al Si P
G a G e As
⃗ ⃗ ̂ ̂ ̂
A × B = − 145 B + 138 C + 1.3924 N
A= 26.982 + 28.092 + 30.972 = 50g /m ol
B= 69.722 + 72.642 + 74.922 = 126g /m ol

⃗ ⃗
A ⋅ B = A Bcosθ
6241
cosθ = = 0.99
6300
θ = 8∘
⃗ ⃗
A × B = A Bsin θ = (50)(126)sin8∘ = 877.79
877.79 = 29.6g /m ol ≈ Si = 28.09g /m ol
And silicon (Si) is at the center of our AI periodic table of the elements. We see the biological
elements C and N being the unit vectors are multiplied by the AI elements, meaning they
describe them. But we have to ask; Why does the first row have boron in it which is not a core
biological element, but is a core AI element? The answer is that boron is the one AI element that
is out of place, that is, aluminum is in its place. But we see this has a dynamic function.
The Dynamic Function
The primary elements of artificial intelligence (AI) used to make diodes and transistors, silicon
(Si) and germanium (Ge) doped with boron (B) and phosphorus (P) or gallium (Ga) and arsenic
(As) have an asymmetry due to boron. Silicon and germanium are in group 14 like carbon (C)
and as such have 4 valence electrons. Thus to have positive type silicon and germanium, they
need doping agents from group 13 (three valence electrons) like boron and gallium, and to have
negative type silicon and germanium they need doping agents from group 15 like phosphorus
and arsenic. But where gallium and arsenic are in the same period as germanium, boron is in a
different period than silicon (period 2) while phosphorus is not (period 3). Thus aluminum (Al)
is in boron’s place. This results in an interesting equation.
Si(As − G a) + G e(P − Al ) 2B
Equation 7.1. =
SiG e G e + Si
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The differential across germanium crossed with silicon plus the differential across silicon
crossed with germanium normalized by the product between silicon and germanium is equal to
the boron divided by the average between the germanium and the silicon. The equation has
nearly 100% accuracy (note: using an older value for Ge here, it is now 72.64 but that makes the
equation have a higher accuracy):
28.09(74.92 − 69.72) + 72.61(30.97 − 26.98) 2(10.81)

=
(28.09)(72.61) (72.61 + 28.09)
0.213658912 = 0.21469712
0.213658912
= 0.995
0.21469712
Due to an asymmetry in the periodic table of the elements due to boron we have the harmonic
mean between the semiconductor elements (by molar mass):
Si Ge 2SiG e
Equation 7.2 (As − G a) + (P − Al ) =
B B Si + G e
8.0 Sexagesimal And The Cosmic Calendar
My book Abstract Cosmology could have easily been called The Book of Six, it was
Buckminster Fuller who said “Nature employs 60 degree coordination”. Sixty degrees are the
degrees of an equilateral triangle. The triangle is the structure that encloses an area with the
least amount of sides. Buckminster Fuller said, systems of triangles are the the only inherently
stable patterns. The regular hexagon, a six-sides polygon tessellates as equilateral, 60 degree,
inherently stable equilateral triangles. It was the scientist Shubnikov who said among the living
organisms the pattern with which we most frequently meet is five-fold symmetry. It is well
known that the physical, like snowflakes, are six-fold symmetry. Thus we should not be
surprised that our Abstract Cosmology is founded on six-fold symmetry. Two and three are the
smallest prime numbers and their product is six. Two times six is twelve, the number most
evenly divisible by whole numbers for its size (it is a so-called abundant number: divisible
evenly by 1,2,3,4,6, their sum is 16 which is greater than twelve itself and, three times six is
eighteen, the cyclical Nature of the periodic table (18 groups).
At the dawn of civilization, the Sumerians who settled down from wandering, gathering, and
hunting, to invent agriculture and and build ceramic homes, developed the first mathematics,
and it was this sexagesimal (base 60) that passed on to the Babylonians, then ended up with
the Ancient Greeks, who divided not just the hour into 60 minutes of time and the minute into
60 seconds of time, but who divided the sky into hours, minutes, and seconds of arc which
was measured in time counted by the rotation of the Earth, and its orbital period around the
Sun, and the orbital period of the Moon around the Earth.
We are suggesting nature is founded on six-fold symmetry, six which is constructed by

multiplying together the first two prime numbers, 2 and 3. Two factorial is two, three factorial is
6. Two times six is twelve, the number of months in a year, approximated by our moon’s
approximately 12 orbits around the earth in the time it takes the earth to go around the sun
once. There are four weeks in a lunar month, and
1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 60 2 = 86,400
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Is the number of seconds in the 24 hour Earth day. The duration of one second comes from
dividing up time and the sky like this in base 60, that came from the Sumerians, Babylonians,
and Ancient Greeks and it is believed they did this because 60 is evenly divisible by
1,2,3,4,5,6,…12,15,20,30,60,…
The moon orbits the Earth in approximately 30 rotations of the Earth, hence the 30 day month.
January has 31 days, February 29, March 31, April 30 May 31, June 30, July 31, August 31,
September 30, October 31, November 30, December 31. This averages out to
31 + 29 + 31 + 30 + 31 + 30 + 31 + 31 + 30 + 31 + 30 + 31 367
= = 30.58333
12 12
We divide a circle into 360 units called degrees, which is six squared times ten. As such the
equilateral triangle has each angle equal to 60 degrees. There are approximately 360 earth
rotations in the time it orbits the sun once, Hence in one day the Earth moves through
approximately one degree in one day in its 365 day journey around the Sun. The sidereal
month, the time it takes the moon to return to the same position against the background of the
stars is 27 days 7 hours 43 minutes. We see the power of sexagesimal (base 60) in computing
time with the month divided into days, hours, and seconds where there are 60 minutes in an
hour and 60 seconds in a minute because we can convert this easily into seconds with such a
system as here, the duration of this sidereal month in seconds:
(24 ⋅ 27 + 7) ⋅ 60 2 + 43 ⋅ 601 + 0 ⋅ 600 = 2,358,000 + 2,580 + 0 = 2360580sec /m onth
The length of the synodic month, the completion of the phases of the moon, or the time it takes
the moon to return to the same position with respect to the Sun, is 29 days 12 hours 44
minutes 3 seconds. It is a little longer than the sidereal month because the earth has moved
with respect to the sun by the time the moon has come back around to a full orbit. We have:
(24 ⋅ 29 + 12) ⋅ 60 2 + 44 ⋅ 601 + 3 ⋅ 600 = 2,548,800 + 2,640 + 3 = 2551443sec /m onth
We looked at the arithmetic mean of the days in the month over a year, Let us look at the
harmonic mean:
12
=
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
31
+ 29
+ 31
+ 30
+ 31
+ 30
+ 31
+ 31
+ 30
+ 31
+ 30
+ 31
12

0.032258 + 0.034482759 + 0.032258 + 0.033333 + 0.032258 + 0.033333 + 0.032258 + 0.032258 + 0.033333 + 0.032258 + 0.033333 + 0.032258
Gathering like terms in the denominator:
=0.225806+0.034482759+0.133333=0.39362
12
= 30.486
0.39362
Which is the most frequent value for the days in a month. Now let’s look at the geometric mean
which tempers the various values with one another.
30 of 55
12
31 ⋅ 29 ⋅ 31 ⋅ 30 ⋅ 31 ⋅ 30 ⋅ 31 ⋅ 31 ⋅ 30 ⋅ 31 ⋅ 30 ⋅ 31 =30.493
But perhaps it is more telling to take the mean between the individual days of the month that
we use:
31 + 29 + 30 90
= = 30
3 3
3

1 1 1
31
+ 29
+ 30
0.032258+0.034482759+0.033333=0.10007
3
= 29.799 ≈ 30
0.10007
3
31 ⋅ 29 ⋅ 30 = 29.98888 ≈ 30
We see that the arithmetic mean gives us exactly a 30 day month, hence we always speak
loosely saying a month is 30 days.
Indeed when Buckminster Fuller speaks of Nature employing 60 degree coordination he is

speaking of the equilateral triangle as the fundamental unit of one for area. That is the six-sided
regular hexagon can be divided into six equilateral triangles, giving it an area of six. Indeed he
takes the equilateral triangle as one because not only does it enclose an area with the fewest
sides, it has the smallest area for its perimeter; a regular hexagon with a perimeter the same
size encloses more area. I would like to say the Ancient Sumerians, Babylonians, and Greeks
made this connection, because in their sexagesimal (base 60) system of notation, one is a
straight line with a triangle on top. See fig 8.1. Ancient Mesopotamian Cuneiform for writing. It
is not sexagesimal notation in the strict sense, as they have a unique symbol for a tens column,
but it was this sexagesimal structure that lead to the 60 minute hour and 60 second minute, as
well as the angular division projected onto the sky in 60 minutes of arc in a degree and 60
seconds of arc in a minute as a way of mathematically defining time dynamically in terms of the
motions of the Earth and moon.
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Fig. 8.1
For equation 3.5 to be perfect Earth day needs to be shorter. A long time ago it was; the Earth
loses energy to the moon. The days become longer by 0.0067 hours per million years. Equation
3.5 is actually 1.2 seconds:
Equation 3.5

α mp
2 Gc K Eof Ear th
We have
24h ours
= 20h ours
1.2
24-20=0.0067t
t=597 million years
This was when the earth went through a dramatic change and there was a big explosion of life
(The Cambrian). The dinosaurs went extinct 65 million years ago giving small mammals a
chance to evolve paving the way for humans.
24-x=0.0067t
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x=23.5645 hours
We say 20 hours + 3 hours is 0 hours + 3 hours since 20 hours is the zero of our cosmic
calendar:
2
3cos(0∘) + cos(30∘) = din osaur − ex t in ct ion =
3
What is the next term?
3 2
20hrs + 3hrs + hrs + =
3 3
20+3+0.57735+0.4714=24hours
Which bring us to today.
It would seem we could have divided that day, not into 24 hours but 20 hours and get our 1.2
seconds as a duration for measuring time:
(365.25d a ys)(24h ours)(60sec)(60sec)

= 1.2
(365.25d a ys)(20h ours)(60sec)(60sec)
Both work because
24=2x2x6
20=>20+20+20=60
Both have an intimate structural relationships with sexagesimal.

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9.0 My Observations of the Sky The best way to explain the extraordinary system of how we
measure position and time is to explain what I learned working in astronomy in the high desert
of the Northwest back in the 1980’s.
It has long fascinated me how the ancients were able to observe the patterns and periods of the
stars, planets, and moons in the sky and over the millennia come up with an idea for themselves
in the universe. I worked at the state observatory while I was studying physics at The University
of Oregon for Dr. James C. Kemp at Pine Mountain Observatory. He told me, however, that we
were not astronomers but high energy physicists, that the universe was a laboratory for energies
so great that we cannot create them in the laboratories of Earth. Since I spent my nights behind
the telescopes doing photometry (studying the brightness of stars) and polarimetry (detecting
possible polarization orientation and percentage) I was able however to learn astronomy on top
of my physics education because I observed the sky nightly and the changes it underwent over
time and how they formed cyclical patterns.
You will notice firstly, that while one group of stars is in the sky at night during one season, they
are are lost during the next and replaced by new ones. For instance, where I was, the Northern
Hemisphere at a latitude of about 44 degrees Sagittarius was in my night sky during the
Summer and was the end point of the Milky Way, the spiral arm of our galaxy that started in the
North and went over head to where that magnificent hunter was with his bow low in the South.
Other observations you will make: In the

Winter the nights are long (about 13 hours)
where in the Summer they are short (about 8
hours). It turns out this is because the Earth,
which is tilted to its orbit, means in the Winter
the Sun is lower in the sky, and the summer is
higher.
Which, means you can determine the seasons by the Sun’s position in the sky. You can stack
rocks to align with the Sun’s positions in the different the seasons, making a so-called medicine
wheel as did the natives.
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The long Summer nights are nice not just because they are warm but because in the Northern
Hemisphere the Milky Way and Sagittarius are in the sky, and looking out through the arm of
our galaxy is rich in celestial objects like open clusters and globular cluster. You can run along
the Milky Way with pairs of binoculars and find hundreds of these miniature galaxies in ours.
One of the other things you will notice is when the night is through and you are closing down the
telescopes that, as the Sun rises, the planet Venus sometimes rises with it; it does so when it is
on this side of Sun. And you notice it does so four minutes earlier each night, as do all of the
stars. All of the stars will rise four minutes earlier putting them higher in the sky each day until
they rise at sunset and you can see them in the dark, each night higher, earlier until they are lost
again at sunrise only being in the daytime sky where we cannot see them. But they return again
annually and as such we know we are moving around the Sun and that the stars are fixed always
returning with the same cyclical pattern; 4(360)=24(60).
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The other thing you notice is though as the earth turns and goes around the sun and stars rise
and set daily and appear in the night sky cyclically over a year, the planets don’t exactly. They
rise or set more or less periodically over a day, but do not reappear annually in the night sky
with regular patterns because they are moving around the Sun and thus are fixed against the
backdrop of the stars. The stars are not going around the Sun and are so far away that any
motions they might have around the center of the galaxy, around which we move as well, are not
noticeable.
The clock we have used since ancient times is in the rotation of the Earth in which we divide its
rotation into 24 hours. Thus the stars rise and set with regularity every 24 hours and their
positions mark time. Of course the equatorial stars move more because as the Earth rotates
West to East the stars rise in the East and set in the West, but further on this projection of the
equator onto the celestial sphere making the celestial equator the stars move less and less until
at the North Star, which doesn’t move at all except over thousand of years due to the precession
of the Earth’s axis.
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Thus while stars don’t move from South to North or North to South they have a constant
position in degrees North or South from the Celestial Equator called declination. However, the
stars changing in a direction East to West over the night as we observe them, must be tracked.
Thus we don’t measure their positions in degrees, minutes, and seconds but in hours, minutes,
and seconds; what we call right ascension. The hours, minutes, and seconds for the position of a
star are set values, because these lines projected onto the sky are designed to move. One hour of
right ascension is 15 degrees because the Earth rotates through 15 degrees every one hour of
time in that 15 degrees times 24 hours is 360 degrees, the degrees in one revolution. And this is
my point; that the one hour of right ascension is one hour of time of which the Earth turns, and
one minute of right ascension is is one minute of earth rotation and one second of right
ascension is one second of Earth rotation. Thus we see the way we measure angular position is
in direct correspondence with the way we measure time with a clock; an hour of right ascension
is 15 degrees and there are 1/4 minutes of arc in right ascension in a minute of time, and 1/240
seconds of arc in one second of time coming from 60 minutes and 60 seconds of sexagesimal
given to us by the Ancient Greeks who received it from the Ancient Sumerians, who settled down
from wandering and gathering to give us agriculture, mathematics, and writing, who started
civilization.
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10.0 The Nature of Time We need offer an interpretation of time, as well. (Fig. 3)
In The Time Machine, a science fiction story by HG Wells, the time traveller describes time as
physical distance, the direction through which the universe is falling at the speed of light, c.
Thus, not only when we move through space do we travel through a distance at a velocity v, but
we travel through a distance t at a velocity c. If we draw the picture and account for that distance
and velocity as well, we arrive at time dilation as given by relativity theory. He writes:
I think that at the time none of us quite believed in the Time Machine. The fact is, the Time
Traveller was one of those men who are too clever to be believed: you never felt that you saw all
around him; you always suspected some subtle reserve, some ingenuity in ambush, behind his
lucid frankness.
Fig. 3
x = vt02
x2 + t2 = d 2
38 of 55
v 2t02 c 2t02
+ 22 =1
c 2t 2 c t
(c )
v2
t02 2
+ 1 = t2
t
t0 =
v2
1+
c2
Since we don’t experience our motion through time as we fall through it with the universe, we
change the sign in v 2 /c 2. And have the relativistic equation for time dilation:
t
t0 =
v2
1−
c2
11.0 Orbital Parameters The recurrent six-fold symmetry follows through to the orbital
parameters of celestial bodies which we show in the case of orbital velocity is 6 for all bodies,
and that centripetal acceleration is six squared, and the orbital radii one. These values have to be
translated into units that we can understand by introducing the calibration of the measuring
stick used. These integer values for orbital parameters are converted by units used in a matrix
transformation with the measuring stick matrix multiplied by the integer values of 1, 6, 6^2. The
orbital parameters of the orbiting bodies are perfect, and the approximate answer in units we
can apply is approximate not because of the motions of bodies in a gravitational field, but
because of the nature of the man-made measuring stick. The integer orbital parameters are
arrived at by actually looking at the patterns of the moon and sun in the sky over time, which is
how we divided the calendar since ancient times resulting in the duration of a second from a
sexagesimal counting system (base 60). We see the formation of the calendar from these
observations as the moon and sun appear in the sky it would turn out are connected to the
actually their actual physical nature. This prompts us to discuss the sexagesimal and its origins,
and to introduce a cosmic calendar in sync with earth events.
Earth rotates through 15 degrees in one hour:
360
= 15
24
The distance then that the earth equatorial surface rotates through is s = r θ where r is the earth
radius and theta is in radians.
s = (6,378.14)(0.2618r a d ) = 1669.8k m /hr

Now we look at how many degrees through which the earth rotates in 1 minute:
24(60) = 1440min
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360
= 0.25∘ = 0.0043633r a d
1440
s = (6,378.14)(0.00436) = 27.83k m /min
For seconds…
24(60)(60) = 86,400s
360∘
= 0.004167∘ = 0.00007272r a d
86,400
s = (6,378,14)(0.00007272) = 0.464k m /s
Now let’s look at the same for the distance the earth moves around the Sun in an hour, a minute,
and a second as well…
(365.25)(24) = 8766hr /yr

360
= 0.041∘ = 0.00071678r a d
8766
(149,598,000)(0.000716768) = 107,227k m /hr
(365.25)(24)(60) = 525960
360
= = 0.000684463∘ = 0.000011946r a d
525960
s = (149,598,000)(0.000011946) = 1,787.1k m /min
And finally…
(365.25)(24)(60)(60) = 31557600
360
= 0.000011408∘ = 0.000000199r a d
31557600
(149,598,000)(0.000000199) = 29.786k m /sec
We have the following table:
40 of 55
As we can see I am in good agreement with Martin Zombek, Handbook of Space Astronomy and
Astrophysics which provides data. Notice 27.83 km/min in earth rotation is approximately the
29.786 km/sec in earth orbit. That is a valuable clue. Now let us consider
Earth: 1 AU=149,598,000km (average earth-sun separation).
360 d eg d eg
= 0.9856 ≈1
365.25 day day
The earth rotates through about one degree a day.
rad
360∘ = 2π r a di a n s = 6.283
year
Earth Orbit:
rad
0.9856∘ = 0.017202424
day
km
(149,598,000)(0.017202424) = 2,573,448.201
day
Earth Rotation: r=6,378.14km
360∘ rad
= 6.283
1d a y day
km
s = r θ = (6,378.14)(6.283) = 40,075.0
day
Moon: sidereal month =27.83 days, r=405,400 km
h ours
(27.83)(24) = 667.92
m onth
360 rad
= 0.529∘ = 0.0094
667.92 hr
(405,400k m)(0.0094r a d /hr) = 3,810.76k m /hr
(3,810.75k m /hr)(hr /60min) = 63.5k m /min = 1.0585k m /s

The points to be made in this exploration
1. So the earth goes through 1 degree a day and the moon 1 kilometer per second.
2. Earth rotates through 27.83 km/min at its equatorial surface and orbits through 29.786km/s
around the sun. These two are close to the same.
3. The synodic month is 29.53 days approximately equals the 29.786 km/s the Earth moves
around the sun. The sidereal month is 27.83 days is the 27.83 km/min through which the
Earth rotates at its surface.
41 of 55
With that information we have this mystery of sexagesimal in the earth-moon-sun orbital
parameters, solved. We see we can make the following equation in table form:
orbit r otat ion orbit m oon

min ⋅ d a y k m
29.786k m minute 1d a y k ilom eter = ⋅ 2
d eg s
secon d 27.83k m d egree secon d
Consider minute times day:
(min)(d a y) = 60(24 ⋅ 60 ⋅ 60) = 864,000sec 2

Thus,..
min ⋅ d a y k m 86,400s 2 k m km
⋅ 2 = ⋅ 2 = 86,400 ⋅
d eg s d eg s d eg
The circle is divided into 360 units, each unit (each degree) is the distance the earth moves
around the Sun in a day, where a day is one turn of the earth on its its axis, and as such there are
360 such turns in the time it takes the earth to go around the sun approximately (365.25 days).
We have:
km
86,400 ⋅ ⋅ 360∘ = 311,040,000k m
d eg
1 astronomical unit (AU) is the distance of the earth from the sun on the average, and is always
close to that because its orbit is approximately circular. We have
311,040,000k m
= 2.079AU
149,598,000k m /AU
This is approximately the diameter of the Earth orbit. We define our variables:
km
Earth orbits: ve = 29.786
s
27.83k m 27.83k m min km
Earth rotates: ωe = = ⋅ = 0.4638
min min 60sec sec
1d a y (24)(60)(60) sec
Earth orbits: θe = = = 14,400
d eg d eg d eg
1k m
Moon orbits: vm =
sec
Earth completes a 360 degree orbit yields:
ve ⋅ θe ⋅ vm 360∘ v ⋅θ ⋅v
⋅ = 2π e e m
ωe 1AU ωe ⋅ re
42 of 55
Where on the right it is in radians and re = 1AU is the radius of the Earth’s orbit. We have
(29.786)(14,400)(1k m /s)
360 = 2.225AU
(0.4638)(149,598,000)
This is (0.00618)360=2.225
ϕ
0.00618 is
100
1
Where ϕ is the inverse of the golden ratio. ϕ = 0.618 = .
Φ
We have:
ϕ
Equation 11.1 360∘ = 2AU
100
Our base ten counting is defined
100 = 1,101 = 1,10 2 = 100,...
ϕ is defined
5+1 a a b
=Φ= , = such that a = b + c
2 b b c
b 1 a2 a
a Φ b2 b
Thus since the diameter of the Earth orbit is
ϕ
360∘ = 2AU
100
Then its radius is
1 ϕ
⋅ 360∘ = 1AU
2 100
Since we measure time with the Earth orbital period and that period is given by Kepler as
T 2 = a3
Then
43 of 55
3
3 ϕ2
Equation 11.2 T = 10 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 360∘
2 10
Is approximately one year. In this section we set out two show the historical development of the
second by dividing up the motions of the Earth, Moon, and the apparent motion of the Sun into
units of 24, and 60 result in the solar system’s size as based around the Earth orbit giving us
ϕ
360∘ = 2AU
100
Where this duration of a second is in the atomic world in carbon (six protons) the core element
of life which we found was:
1 1 h 4π rp2
⋅ 2 = 1.00secon d
6pr oton s α mp Gc
And that the duration of a second was as we showed in the orbital mechanics of the Earth and
moon as such
(K . E . Moon)
(K . E . Ear th)
Since we have established a connection between the microcosmos and the macrocosmos we
would do well to introduce the units of AU (astronomical unit), year, solar masses. Thus we want
to know the universal gravitational constant in these units:
m3
G = 6.67408E − 11
kg ⋅ s 2
m3 AU 3 1.98847E 30kg 9.9477E14s 2

G = 6.67408E − 11 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
kg ⋅ s 2 3.3479E 33m 3 M⊙ year 2
AU 3
G = 39.433
M⊙ ⋅ year 2
AU 3
G ≈ 40
M⊙ ⋅ year 2
AU 3
GM⊙ = 40
year 2
GM⊙
= 0.99885 ≈ 1
4π 2
For a year we have
(365.25)(24)(60)(60)=31557600 seconds
44 of 55
And for an AU
1 AU=1.496E11m
We can immediately put this to work. In order for the earth to stay in orbit its centripetal force
must equal the gravitational force. Its orbital velocity must be given by:
Mm mv 2
G =
R2 r
GM
v=
R
Since in our theory we present R as:
1 ϕ
⋅ 360∘ = 1AU
2 100
Then
5 GM
Equation 11.3 v=
3 ϕ
Which evaluates:
5 (40)(1) AU
v= =6
3 0.618 year
Converting this to meters per second:
AU year 1.496E11m m
6 ⋅ ⋅ = 28,441
year 3.156E 7 AU s
Which should be about right. The orbital velocity is given in the data tables as about 30,000m/s
is an average over a varying velocity due to the Earth’s slightly elliptical orbit.
Since we have
1 ϕ
⋅ 360∘ = 1AU
2 100
For the earth, we show now it is true for the moon as well, and indeed it would hold for any
system circular, or approximately circular. For the Sun and its planets
T 2 = a3
If you use astronomical units and Earth years. In general we use
45 of 55
M+m 3
T2 = G a
4π 2
Which has the constant of proportionality
1 M+m
=G
k 4π 2
If m is small compared with M, you can write
1 M
=G 2
k 4π
Since we want to work with Earth and the Moon m is not so small compared to M. So,…
( )
1 5.9722E 24kg + 7.347731E 22kg
= (6.674E − 11) =
k 4π 2
( 4π 2 )
6E 24kg
(6.674E − 11) =
4E14 1E14
= = 1E13
4π 2 π2
And these do round neatly to one-exponent like this. The sidereal lunar month is
(27.83)(24)(60)(60)=2,404,513 seconds. Thus,…
a 3 = (1E13)(2,404,512)2 = 5.78E 25
a = 3.8668E 8m
The tables give
a = 3.833E 8m
Which is an average for the lunar orbit in its slightly elliptical orbit.
We need to find G in terms of Lunar Units (LU) as opposed to Astronomical Units (AU), and in
terms of the lunar month as one instead of the earth year. We see G has the same value we had
for solar-earth units:
m3 LU 3 5.9722E 24kg (2,404,512s)2

G = 6.674E − 11 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
kg ⋅ s 2 (3.8668E 8m)3 M⊕ L M2
LU 3
=40.896 ⋅
M⊕ ⋅ L M 2
46 of 55
We only need to convert to m, kg, s by using their relationships with LU, LM, and M⊕. That is,
for the orbital velocity is always six:
5 (40)(1)
vm = =6
3 ϕ
5 (40)(1)
ve = =6
3 ϕ
Where vm is the orbital velocity of the moon, and ve is the orbital velocity of the earth. The
difference comes when converting the system from lunar units in the case of the first to kg/m/s
and from astronomical units in the case of the second to kg/m/s. For example the first is:
3.8668E 8m
vm = 6 = 964.886m /s
2,404,512s
Which is correct, the tables give that the lunar orbital velocity is 1000 m/s. This factor of six is
the factor recurrent throughout our work in this paper, like
1 h 4π rp2
α 2 mp Gc
47 of 55
12.0 Logos
To find logos, is to find Nature not just as number, but as dimensionless whole number, because
fractions have inherent in them irrational numbers, which are unending decimal expressions
that at some point must be rounded to so many figures to put them to use. Logos then is the
language of Nature that transcends conundrum because it would be utilized as relationship
between point, plane, and line as opposed to units. We have found that for the orbital velocity:
1 ϕ
Equation 12.1 Re = ⋅ 360∘ = 1AU
2 100
Where Re is the earth orbital radius. This results in the orbital velocity for a orbiting body is
5 GM
Equation 12.2. v =
3 ϕ
Which is logos because it is number, which is 6. The orbital velocity of a body is always 6
because:
5 (40)(1)
vm = =6
3 ϕ
5 (40)(1)
ve = =6
3 ϕ
Where vm is the orbital velocity of the moon, and ve is the orbital velocity of the earth, That is G
is always 40, and M is always 1 providing the orbit is circular. Let us show this for Venus. Its
orbital distance VU (Venus units) is 1.082E11meters. It orbital period is 1.94E7s is the Venus
year (VY).
m3 LU 3 1.989E 30kg (1.94E 7s)2

G = 6.674E − 11 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ =
kg ⋅ s 2 (1.082E11m)3 M⊙ VY2
V U3
39.44 ≈ 40
M⊙V Y 2
Thus we have
5 (40)(1)
vv = =6
3 ϕ
We can then express all orbital velocities as 6, but to find there values in a formal system of
units, we need to convert from these natural units to something like kg/m/s. Thus logos
translated into a language we understand can best be done in a square array, or as a matrix
transformation. We have
48 of 55
3.8668E8m
2,404,512s vm
1.496E11m
(6 6 6 ) 31,557,600s
= ve
1.082E11m
vv
19,400,000s
You will find this gives vm = 964.886m /s, ve = 28,443m /s, vv = 33,463.9m /s
All of which are correct within the variations of these velocities in their deviations from a
perfectly circular orbit. Logos is:
Equations 12.3
Rm
Tm
vm 6
( ϕ )
5 GM 5 GM 5 GM Re
3 ϕ 3 ϕ 3 Te
= ve = 6
vv 6
Rv
Tv
1 ϕ
Rm = ⋅ 360∘ = 1LU
2 100
1 ϕ
Re = ⋅ 360∘ = 1AU
2 100
1 ϕ
Rv = ⋅ 360∘ = 1V U
2 100
5 GM
v=
3 ϕ
5+1 a a b
=Φ= , = such that a = b + c
2 b b c
b 1 a2 a
a Φ b2 b
49 of 55
13.0 Conclusion To say that logos is:

3.8668E8m
2,404,512s vm
1.496E11m
(6 6 6 ) 31,557,600s
= ve
1.082E11m
vv
19,400,000s
Is to say that for the solar system Kepler’s Law of Planetary Motion holds:
T 2 = a3
That in general
M+m 3
T2 = G a
4π 2
Because as such for Earth we have
m3 AU 3 1.98847E 30kg 9.9477E14s 2

G = 6.67408E − 11 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
kg ⋅ s 2 3.3479E 33m 3 M⊙ year 2
AU 3
G ≈ 40
M⊙ ⋅ year 2
For the Moon we have
m3 LU 3 5.9722E 24kg (2,404,512s)2

G = 6.674E − 11 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
kg ⋅ s 2 (3.8668E 8m)3 M⊕ L M2
LU 3
40.896 ⋅
M⊕ ⋅ L M 2
For Venus we have
m3 V U3 1.989E 30kg (1.94E 7s)2

G = 6.674E − 11 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
kg ⋅ s 2 (1.082E11m)3 M⊙ VY2
V U3
39.44 ≈ 40
M⊙V Y 2
Making
5 (40)(1) 5 (40)(1) 5 (40)(1)

ve = = 6, vm = = 6, vv = =6
3 ϕ 3 ϕ 3 ϕ
50 of 55
This is derived from
Mm mv 2
G =
R2 R
GM
v=
R
1 ϕ
⋅ 360∘ = 1AU
2 100
1 ϕ
Rm = ⋅ 360∘ = 1LU
2 100
1 ϕ
Re = ⋅ 360∘ = 1AU
2 100
1 ϕ
Rv = ⋅ 360∘ = 1V U
2 100
Which is to say
5 GM
v=
3 ϕ
Is logos because
5+1 a
=Φ=
2 b
a b
= such that a = b + c
b c
b 1 a2 a
a Φ b2 b
Which is the relationship between point, plane, and line.
51 of 55
From everything we have said G, the gravitational constant is about 40
m3 AU 3 Sol arMa ssKilogr a m s (Ear thOrbital Per iod Secon d s)2

G = 6.674E − 11 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
kg ⋅ s 2 (Ear th Dista n ceMeters)3 M⊙ year 2
We can do this for any planet and get G is approximately 40. We found the orbital velocity of any
planets is 6. This is true because as we have shown, the orbital distance of any planet is
1 ϕ
⋅ 360∘ = 1AU
2 100
This gives since
GM 5 GM
v= =
R 3 ϕ
That orbital velocities are for the moon, earth, and venus
3.8668E8m
2,404,512s vm
1.496E11m
(6 6 6 ) 31,557,600s
= ve
1.082E11m
vv
19,400,000s
But what does this mean? It means since
GM
R=
v2
And, v=6, that where the orbital velocities of the planets are 6, their distances from the sun are
all one.
40
R= ≈1
36
This gives:
3.8668E 8m Rm
(1 1 1) 1.496E11m = Re
1.082E11m Rv
52 of 55
But where six is
3.8668E8m
2,404,512s vm
1.496E11m
(6 6 6 ) 31,557,600s
= ve
1.082E11m
vv
19,400,000s
Six is also
1 1 h 4π rp2
= 6pr oton s = carbon(C )
1secon d α 2 mp Gc
And one is
3.8668E 8m Rm
(1 1 1) 1.496E11m = Re
1.082E11m Rv
And one is also
1 1 h 4π rp2
= 1pr oton = hydr ogen(H )
6secon d s α 2 mp Gc
Where one second is given by Earth-moon orbital mechanics
(K . E . Moon)
(K . E . Ear th)
14.0 Summary What we have done here is capture the six-fold logos across the whole
spectrum:
1 h 4π rp2
α mp
2 Gc
1 h 4π rp2
= 1pr oton ⋅ 6secon d = hydr ogen(H )
α mp
2 Gc
Which are the biological life skeletons the hydrocarbons. Shown that carbon the core element of
life is one second predicts the radius of the proton:
18 2 Gc
rp = α mp = 8.288587 × 10−16 m = 0.829f m
3 4πh
That the second itself
53 of 55
1 1 h 4π rp2
⋅ 2 = 1.004996352secon d s
6 α mp Gc
Is a natural unit
(K . E . Moon)
(K . E . Ear th)
We have brought this together:

≈ 6pr oton s ⋅ ⋅ Ear th Da y
Have described all orbital velocities as 6:
3.8668E8m
2,404,512s vm
1.496E11m
(6 6 6 ) 31,557,600s
= ve
1.082E11m
vv
19,400,000s
Have brought in chemistries’ Avogadro’s number with a constant k that that determines the
integer 6 in terms of the earth orbital velocity above:
4 8π 3G
k = mp (1 + α) ⋅ NA𝔼, k ve = 6
3 c 3h
But where six is
3.8668E8m
2,404,512s vm
1.496E11m
(6 6 6 ) 31,557,600s
= ve
1.082E11m
vv
19,400,000s
Six is also
1 1 h 4π rp2
= 6pr oton s = carbon(C )
1secon d α mp
2 Gc
And one is
3.8668E 8m Rm
(1 1 1) 1.496E11m = Re
1.082E11m Rv
54 of 55
And one is also
1 1 h 4π rp2
= 1pr oton = hydr ogen(H )
6secon d s α mp
2 Gc
Where one second is given by Earth-moon orbital mechanics
(K . E . Moon)
(K . E . Ear th)
55 of 55
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A Theory of Space, Time, and Matter

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1 of 55

Copyright © 2022 by Ian Beardsley

0.0 Six-fold Ratios……………………………………………………….4

1.0 The Mass of a Proton……………………………………………….5

2.0 Proton-Seconds, Proton Radius, Hydrocarbons…………6

3.0 The Natural Second………………………………………………..9

4.0 Theory For The Atoms……………………………………………12

5.0 The Principle of Least Action…………………………………..18

6.0 Rigorous Formulation of Proton-Seconds…………………23

7.0 Theory of Compounds……………………………………………..26

8.0 Sexagesimal And The Cosmic Calendar…………………….28

9.0 My Observations of the Sky……………………………………..33

10.0 The Nature of Time……………………………………………….37

11.0 Orbital Parameters………………………………………………..38

The concept of proton-seconds is introduced which results in a theory for compounds,

Fig. 1 Dividing line in

Equation 1.4. (1.82E − 16kg ⋅ s /m)(18,769) = 3.416E − 12kg ⋅ s /m)

Equation 1.5. Sp = 4π rp2 = 8.72E − 30m 2

We take the square root to get meters:

Equation 1.6. Sp = 2.953E − 15m

We multiply that with the value we have in equation 1.4:

mP : 1.67262 × 10−27 kg (Proton Mass)

h : 6.62607 × 10−34 J ⋅ s (Planck Constant)

rp : 0.833 × 10−15m (Proton Radius)

c : 299,792,459m /s (light speed)

α : 1/137 (Fine Structure Constant)

We find six seconds gives 1 proton is hydrogen:

Is proton-seconds. Divide by time we have a number of protons because it is a mass divided by

By what value would you like to increment?: 0.25

for (int i=0; i<n;i++)

We need an interpretation of equation 2.1, which was

We see the radius of a proton is given by carbon (1 second):

Equation 2.4. rp = 0.833 ± 0.014f m

K . E . Moon = 3.67E 28J

K . E . Ear th = 2.649E 33j

To find the translational kinetic energy of the earth:

Distance from Sun: 1AU=1.496E11m

Earth day=(24)(60)(60)=86,400 seconds.

(K Eof Moon)(Lu n ar Orbital Per iod )

h = (3.67E 28J )(2.36E6s) = 8.6612E 34J ⋅ s

1 h 4π rp2 K Eof Moon

1 h 4π rp2 K Eof Moon

A = A0 cos(θ t), A0 = 1, θ = 30∘,60∘,45∘

Where t=1 second is carbon yielding:

A(60∘) = cos(60∘ ⋅ 1s) = 0.5

And, t=6 seconds is hydrogen yielding:

A(60∘) = cos(60∘ ⋅ 6s) = 1

1 h 4π rp2 K Eof Moon

We have the following around which all our structure is based

f (2) = 2 , f (5) = Φ = 1/ϕ, f (6) = 3

And it works, G is:

Let us reformulate this as:

Equation 4.2 h(1 + α)NAℍ = 6Gx

6gr a m s 6(6E 23pr oton s)

12-6=6 grams of protons in the 12 grams of protons and neutrons. Thus

kg 2 s (1.98847E 30)2 M⊙2 1.4959787E11m year

Eq. 4.8 mi = (2.8634E 30)(1.67262E − 27) = 69.205kg

We have something very interesting here. We have

Where k is a constant, given

1 h 4π rp2 (K . E . Ear th)

1 h 4π rp2 (K . E . Ear th)

1 h 4π rp2 (K . E . Ear th)

We can explicitly write the constant k:

Let us approximate 0.77 with 3/4. Since we have our constant