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The Solar System A Quantum Mechanical System

By

Ian Beardsley

Copyright © 2023
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Contents

Preface……………………………………………………….3

Data…………………………………………………………..4

Abstract………………………………………………………5

Introduction………………………………………………….6

1.0 Ground Work……………………………………………6

2.0 Getting the Universe from Nothing…………………..10

3.0 Solving The Calendar………………………………….13

4.0 Predicting The Meter…………………………………..22

5.0 The Constant k…………………………………………25

6.0 Discussion……………………………………………..34

7.0 Solar System A Quantum Mechanical System…….35

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Preface

One of things I wanted to go into in this paper but didn’t is that you can speak of the structure of
the solar system even though it changes with time. This is important to understand when I refer
to sizes the Moon and the planets, and their orbital distances.

The whole object of developing a theory for the way planetary systems form is that they meet the
following criterion: They predict the Titius-Bode rule for the distribution of the planets; the
distribution gives the planetary orbital periods from Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation. The
distribution of the planets is chiefly predicted by three factors: The inward forces of gravity from
the parent star, the outward pressure gradient from the stellar production of radiation, and the
outward inertial forces as a cloud collapses into a flat disc around the central star. These forces
separate the flat disc into rings, agglomerations of material, each ring from which a different
planet forms at its central distance from the star (it has a thickness). In a theory of planetary
formation from a primordial disc, it should predict the Titius-Bode rule for the distribution of
planets. When I speak of the state of the solar system I speak of this point toward which the
solar system has formed and not the small changes that happen over millions of years due to
mutual interference between the bodies. In fact, mutual interference has torn apart possible
forming planets resulting in the current distribution we have today, because the current
distribution is more or less stable. The asteroid belt is a good example of this — it is a location
where a planet cannot form due to harmonic (repetitive) action on the orbital period at its
distance by orbital periods of planets beyond it. In short we take the state of the solar system as
an inflection point between what it became, and what it might minutely be going away from in
billions of years after it dies and can no longer support life.
 4 of 42

The natural constants measure the properties of space and time. We can list some of them here:

mP : 1.67262 × 10−27 kg (Proton Mass)

h : 6.62607 × 10−34 J ⋅ s (Planck Constant)
rp : 0.833 × 10−15m (Proton Radius)
m2
G: 6.67408 × 10−11N 2 (Gravitational Constant)
kg
c : 299,792, 459m /s (light speed)
α : 1/137 (Fine Structure Constant)
qp = qe = 1.6022E − 19coulom bs
Nm 2
ke = 8.988E 9 2
C
 5 of 42

We utilize a curious equation I arrived at that gives one second nearly perfectly in terms of the
atom. I find the same holds for the Earth/Moon/Sun orbital system. It is the orbital periods of
these bodies upon which the calendar was developed since ancient times, so it is interesting that
it comes up with the duration of a second so nicely that we find in terms of the proton and
celestial orbits, here. I undertake to solve the calendar, to find the idea behind it that gives the
second describing the proton and heavenly bodies like this. Most interestingly I show that the
number six is six protons. This is important because the logical positivists whose set theory
invented by Georg Cantor sought to explain the meaning of numbers as objects which in the end
was a formal system and thus contradicted itself. They gave up on their set theory when Gödel
published his Incompleteness Theorem, which showed all formal systems are based on at least
one unprovable statement, and are thus incomplete. In solving the calendar we find why we
have base 10 counting and it is not just because we have 10 fingers to count on.

We establish an equation of state for the periodic table of the elements from which we derive a
constant k that predicts the radius of a proton, its charge, the duration of the Universe, the Earth
year or orbital period, and the Earth day or Earth rotation. It is based on the six-fold, which we
also show predicts the skeletons of life chemistry, the hydrocarbons. The constant brings
together the microcosmos and macrocosmos under one underlying principle. We show the
second is a Natural unit, and it further predicts the units of the meter.

In the end of the paper we present the solar system as a quantum mechanical system.
 6 of 42

Introduction

The old enigma, the Universe is here, but it needs a cause. If we present a cause, then when
need a cause for that cause. Essentially it is as if the Universe is magic because it should not
be here; it is an uncaused cause. But, can we see that that can happen in terms of
mathematics?

I had a theory for what matter is, or inertia. Mass is that which lls space over time. What is
space and time? We don’t know, it is our starting point and is not described by anything. For
instance what is velocity? It is the change in distance with time, meters per second (m/s). Let
us write velocity:

Equation 1. v = x /t
But what is the distance x? It is velocity over time, that is how we de ne it. Let’s write that:

Equation 2. x = vt
Let’s put our value of velocity into equation 2:
x
x= t
t
We have t cancels with t leaving x=x meaning distance is distance, so we have not said
anything about distance (spacial extension in one of the dimensions). We can in fact put all of
the relationships between mass, length, and time in any equation in physics and it will return

m a ss = m a ss

distance = distance

t im e = t im e
So in the end we may have formally written out for instance an equation for gravity that will
land us on the Moon, but the equation reduces to saying nothing about what reality actually is.

Back to my theory that is my theory for inertia. That theory is another subject, but I would like
to show how it suggests we can have something from nothing, which makes me wonder if this
mathematical trick I have found, is connected to how we might actually have something from
nothing, or that perhaps even something is nothing. Let’s lay the groundwork of that theory
brie y:

1.0. Ground Work

We suggest the property of matter to have inertia, which is to say it resists change that the
particle a proton, a fundamental unit of matter, is a the cross-section of a 4D hypersphere in 3D
space. As such one could consider inertia as the “friction” of space given by the normal vector
holding the space-bubble in a lower dimensional “plane”:

Thus the mass of a proton mp is given by the force of space measured by G, the energy given
to it given by h, the speed at which things happen c, and the surface area of this sphere 4π rp2
fl
fi
fi
 7 of 42

that is the cross-section of the hypersphere and the ne structure constant squared α 2
because the fine structure constant squared is the ratio of the potential energy of an electron in
the first circular orbit to the energy given by the mass of an electron in the Bohr model times the
speed of light squared, that is it represents the ground state. It is

Ue
Equation 1.1 α2 =
mec 2
Thus the equation of inertia can be expressed as proton-seconds. We find that it is six-fold in
nature given the smallest integer for time (1-second) gives carbon the core element of life
chemistry, and 6-seconds is the largest integer before you get fractional protons. That is

1 h 4π rp2
Equation 1.2. = 6pr oton ⋅ secon d s = carbon(C )
α mp
2 Gc

1 h 4π rp2
Equation 1.3. = 1pr oton ⋅ 6secon d s = hydr ogen(H )
α mp
2 Gc

From which instead of saying the left sides of these equations are seconds, we say they are
proton-seconds by not letting mp cancel with the bodies of these equations on the left, but
rather divide into them, which are in units of mass, giving us a number of protons. I say this is
the biological because as we shall see our equations are based on one second is 6 protons is
carbon, and 6 seconds is one proton is hydrogen, these making the hydrocarbons which are
the skeletons of biological life. We see this is a mystery of six-fold symmetry based around
biological life in the following computer program I wrote and its output:

1 h 4π rp2
α 2 mp Gc
fi
 8 of 42

Is proton-seconds. Divide by time we have a number of protons because it is a mass divided by

the mass of a proton. But these masses can be considered to cancel and leave seconds. We
make a program that looks for close to whole number solutions so we can create a table of
values for problem solving.

By what value would you like to increment?: 0.25

How many values would you like to calculate for t in equation 1 (no more than 100?): 100
24.1199 protons 0.250000 seconds 0.119904 decpart
12.0600 protons 0.500000 seconds 0.059952 decpart
8.0400 protons 0.750000 seconds 0.039968 decpart
6.0300 protons 1.000000 seconds 0.029976 decpart
4.0200 protons 1.500000 seconds 0.019984 decpart
3.0150 protons 2.000000 seconds 0.014988 decpart
2.1927 protons 2.750000 seconds 0.192718 decpart
2.0100 protons 3.000000 seconds 0.009992 decpart
1.2060 protons 5.000000 seconds 0.205995 decpart
1.1486 protons 5.250000 seconds 0.148567 decpart
1.0964 protons 5.500000 seconds 0.096359 decpart
1.0487 protons 5.750000 seconds 0.048691 decpart
1.0050 protons 6.000000 seconds 0.004996 decpart
0.2487 protons 24.250000 seconds 0.248659 decpart
0.2461 protons 24.500000 seconds 0.246121 decpart

A very interesting thing here is looking at the values generated by the program, the smallest
integer value 1 second produces 6 protons (carbon) and the largest integer value 6 seconds
produces one proton (hydrogen). Beyond six seconds you have fractional protons, and the rest
of the elements heavier than carbon are formed by fractional seconds. These are the
hydrocarbons the backbones of biological chemistry. Here is the code for the program:
 9 of 42

#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {

int n;
oat value=0, increment,t=0, p=1.67262E-27, h=6.62607E-34,G=6.67408E-11,
c=299792459,protons[100],r=0.833E-15;

do
{
printf("By what value would you like to increment?: ");
scanf("%f", &increment);
printf("How many values would you like to calculate for t in equation 1 (no more than 100?): ");
scanf("%i", &n);
}
while (n>=101);
{

for (int i=0; i<n;i++)

{
protons[i]=((137*137)/(t*p))*sqrt(h*4*(3.14159)*(r*r)/(G*c));

int intpart=(int)protons[i];
oat decpart=protons[i]-intpart;
t=t+increment;
if (decpart<0.25)
{ printf("%.4f protons %f seconds %f decpart \n", protons[i], t-increment, decpart);
}}}}

We nd exactly our equation predicts the second as

1 h 4π rp2
Equation 1.4 = 1.004996352secon d s
6α 2 mp Gc

That this equals so perfectly one second leads us to suggest the second is a Natural Unit. We
nd it is, that it is in the kinetic energy of the Moon to that of the Earth times the Earth Day
which is the Earth rotation period:

K Emoon
Equation 1.5. (Ear th Day) = 1.2secon d s
K EEarth
But that was using the average orbital velocities. We nd using aphelions and perihelions:

K Emoon
Equation 1.6. (Ear th Da y) = 1.08secon d s
K Eearth
fi
fl
fi
fl
fi
 10 of 42

2.0. Getting The Universe From Nothing

To get the Universe from nothing we consider equation 1.2 and 1.4:

1 h 4π rp2
Equation 1.2. = 6proton ⋅ secon d s = carbon(C )
α 2 mp Gc

1 h 4π rp2
Equation 1.4. = 1.004996352secon d s
6α 2 mp Gc

We can consider equation 1.2 to be two equations. The rst is where the numerator

1 h 4π rp2
= k ilogra m s ⋅ secon d s
α2 Gc
Cancels with the denominator

mp

Leaving:

1 h 4π rp2
Equation 2.1. = 6secon d s
α 2 mp Gc

And the second equation is where mp does not cancel with the numerator but divides into it
giving us a number of protons times one second:

1 h 4π rp2
Equation 2.2. = 6proton − secon d s
α 2 mp Gc

Now we nd if we divide the left hand side by one second (t1) then the right hand side becomes
six protons.

1 1 h 4π rp2
Equation 2.3. = 6proton s
t1 α 2 mp Gc

Now consider equation 1.4

fi
fi
 11 of 42

1 h 4π rp2
= 1.004996352secon d s
6α 2 mp Gc

It is approximately t1 = 1secon d. Let us put it into equation 2.3:

Equation 2.4.

α 2 mp Gc 1 h 4π rp2 6proton ⋅ secon d s

6 = = 6proton s
1 h 4π rp2 α 2 mp Gc 1secon d s

However factor 1

α 2 mp Gc
6
1 h 4π rp2

Cancels with factor 2

1 h 4π rp2
α 2 mp Gc

When this happens it says 6 equals 6 protons, the connection between number and form and
they are the carbon atom that is at the core of life. We can do the same thing with hydrogen
(Equation 1.3):

1 h 4π rp2
= 1pr oton ⋅ 6secon d s = hydr ogen(H )
α mp
2 Gc

We see carbon is given by one second and hydrogen is given by six seconds ( equation 1.2)

1 h 4π rp2
= 6pr oton ⋅ secon d s = carbon(C )
α mp
2 Gc

Thus they are out of phase with one another by a factor of 6. We see this six-fold symmetry
produced hydrogen and carbon from nothing, and that they may in fact exist, but be nothing,
that they make up the skeletons of life that are the hydrocarbons, used as the basic chemical
structure underlying our mind that is consciousness. Thus we are conscious, but don’t really
exist. We seem to be conscious in a universe where the atom, the proton, is described by one
second, which came historically from our way of dividing up the calendar in ancient times
without knowledge of the atom in terms of the these modern constants. We also see this second
 12 of 42

exists not just with the atom and its proton but with the Earth/Moon/Sun system which I found
was equations 1.5 and 1.6:

K Emoon
Equation 1.5. (Ear th Day) = 1.2secon d s
K EEarth
Using the average orbital velocities. We nd using aphelions and perihelions:

K Emoon
Equation 1.6. (Ear th Da y) = 1.08secon d s
K Eearth
Earth day=(24)(60)(60)=86,400 seconds.

Using the Moon’s orbital velocity at aphelion, and Earth’s orbital velocity at perihelion we have:

1
K Emoon = (7.347673E 22kg)(966m /s)2 = 3.428E 28J
2
1
K Eearth = (5.972E 24kg)(30,290m /s)2 = 2.7396E 33J
2
Using the Moon’s orbital velocity at aphelion, and Earth’s orbital velocity at perihelion. We can
even use not the solar day used here (rotation of Earth with respect to the Sun) but the sidereal
day (rotation of Earth with respect to the stars) and the equation has even slightly more accurate
results.

In my work A Contemporary Anthropological Cosmology I derived the unit of a second in

terms of the hydrogen atom, and created a constant k that enabled me to predict the radius of a
proton with our equation 1.2 and 1.3 within experimental errors. But for now the point of this
paper is to show that either something can come from nothing, and that something is nothing,
and that this nothing actually creates life chemistry, if not physical chemistry in general, that
gives us consciousness, and that this consciousness has a connection with the Moon that it sees
in the sky from its planet Earth.

Interestingly the Moon perfectly eclipses the Sun which means as seen from the Earth the Moon
appears to be the same size as the Sun. This is because

re R⊙
≈
rm Rm

Where re is the Earth orbital distance, rm is the Moon’s orbital distance, R⊙ is the Sun’s radius,
and Rm is the Moon’s radius.

The Moon at its inclination to the Earth in its orbit makes life possible here because it holds the
Earth at its tilt to its orbit around the Sun allowing for the seasons so the Earth doesn’t get to
extremely hot or too extremely cold. We see the Moon may be there for as much of reason as is
Alpha Centauri, for a first manned mission beyond Earth.
fi
 13 of 42

3.0 Solving The Calendar Thus the duration of a second is

1 1 1 1
1second = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ = 0.0000000316881year
365.25 24 60 60
Thus we developed a system to measure time from the motion of the Earth around the
Sun that creates a system where we measure time with a second that is 3 hundred
millionths of a year, the time it takes the Earth to go around the Sun once, and where
there are 86400 of these seconds (solar day) in the time it takes the Earth to rotate
once on its axis with respect to the Sun. With respect to the stars it takes 86164.0905
seconds. This is called the sidereal day. The solar day is a little longer because the
Earth has moved around the Sun a little before the Earth aligns with it again in its
rotation. It is this duration of a second that has given us

1 h 4π rp2
= 6pr oton ⋅ secon d s = carbon(C )
α 2 mp Gc

1 h 4π rp2
= 1pr oton ⋅ 6secon d s = hydr ogen(H )
α 2 mp Gc

Where 6 seconds is the largest integer before we get fractional atoms and 1 second is the
smallest integer that produces atoms and hydrogen and carbon are the hydrocarbons that make
the chemical skeletons of life chemistry.

1 h 4π rp2
= 1.004996352secon d s
6α 2 mp Gc

That this equals so perfectly one second leads us to suggest the second is a Natural Unit. We
nd it is, that it is in the kinetic energy of the Moon to that of the Earth times the Earth Day
which is the Earth rotation period:

K Emoon
(Ear th Day) = 1.2secon d s
K EEarth
But that was using the average orbital velocities. We nd using aphelions and perihelions:

K Emoon
(Ear th Da y) = 1.08secon d s
K Eearth
These equations derive their meaning from classical and modern physics, yet the second came to
us from Ancient history of lost civilizations. We wish to present that as a mystery to add on to
these discoveries about Nature. We begin

It takes the Moon 27.3 days to go around the Earth, but since the Earth has orbited the Sun
since then it takes 29.5 days with respect to the Sun, or from New Moon to New Moon in other
fi
fi
 14 of 42

words. Thus we say the lunar month is 30 days, the average of the 29 day month and the 31 day
month. I think I have solved the Calendar and why it is structured the way it is, why there are
365.25 days in a year. Well we know why that is, the earth rotates 365.25 times after it has gone
around the Sun once. But I think when making the calendar from which we got the second we
considered that 365.25 days is approximately 360 days, because we divide the circle into 360
degrees.

At the dawn of civilization, the Sumerians who settled down from wandering, gathering, and
hunting, to invent agriculture and and build ceramic homes, developed the first mathematics,
and it was sexagesimal (base 60) that passed on to the Babylonians, then ended up with the
Ancient Greeks, who divided not just the hour into 60 minutes of time and the minute into 60
seconds of time, but who divided the sky into hours, minutes, and seconds of arc which was
measured in time counted by the rotation of the Earth, and its orbital period around the Sun,
and the orbital period of the Moon around the Earth.

We are suggesting nature is founded on six-fold symmetry, six which is constructed by

multiplying together the first two prime numbers, 2 and 3. Two factorial is two, three factorial is
6. Two times six is twelve, the number of months in a year, approximated by our moon’s
approximately 12 orbits around the earth in the time it takes the earth to go around the Sun
once. There are four weeks in a lunar month, and

1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 60 2 = 86,400
Is the number of seconds in the 24 hour Earth day. The duration of one second comes from
dividing up time and the sky like this in base 60, that came from the Sumerians, Babylonians,
and Ancient Greeks and it is believed they did this because 60 is evenly divisible by

1,2,3,4,5,6,…10,12,15,20,30,60,…

I think I have solved the calendar and why it is structured the way it is, and that it is not just
sexagesimal where 60 seconds and 60 minutes are concerned, but all the way through. We have
found the second pivotal to the atom and the Earth/Moon/Sun System in terms of sciences that
came long after the calendar’s formation. But, if we want to suggest the calendar was influenced
by advanced life from another planet, or that the Ancients lucked out because there was an idea
behind it, and we want to connect it to our equations of the proton and of the Moon and Earth
kinetic energies, which are dynamic, we have to find out why it is dynamic. I begin with the
second in terms of the calendar:

1 1 1 1
1secon d = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ = 0.0000000316881year
365.25 24 60 60
We write:

( year ) ( d a y ) ( h our ) ( min )

360d a ys 24h ours 60min 60sec
= 31104000secon d s /year

There are actually 31557600 seconds per year, but we approximated 365.25 days with 360 days.
This however has an accuracy of

31104000
= 98.56
31557600
 15 of 42

I then factor this into other ratios but keep the units:

( year ) ( d a y ) ( h our ) ( min )

60d a ys 1h our 60min 60sec
122

1h our = 60min
1
60d a ys = year
6
360 15∘
Earth rotates through: =
24 h our
360∘ 12∘
Moon moves around Earth: =
30d a ys day
360∘ 1∘
Earth moves around Sun: =
360d a ys day

60d a ys = 2(30d a ys) = Lu n ar Orbit

Thus our equation becomes

( d a y d eg ) ( year ) ( d a y ) ( h our ) ( min )

2
12d eg d a y 60d a ys 1h our 60min 60sec
⋅

We then notice in one hour the earth rotates through 15 degrees giving

24h ours
⋅ 15d eg = 1h our
360d eg
It does the same in 60 minutes. We also have

2(60∘) = 120∘
2(120∘) = 240∘
4(60∘) = 240∘
sec
Seconds in a day: (24h ours)(60min)(60sec) = 86400 , and we write
day
1 1
⋅ 360∘ = d egrees
86400sec 240
We have

( d a y d eg ) ( year ) ( 360∘ ) ( h our ) ( min )

2
12d eg d a y 60d a ys 24h ours ∘ 60min 60sec
⋅ ⋅ 15
 16 of 42

( h our min )
60min 60sec 3600sec
⋅ =
h our
1 1
⋅ 360 = d egrees
3600 10

( 360d eg ) ( h our ) ( min )

15d eg 60min 60sec 15∘
24h ours ⋅ = 86400sec ⋅
360∘

15/360 = 0.013889

1/x = 72
86400
= 1200secon d s
72
 17 of 42

Thus we have reduced the second to special triangles. The same second in our equation for the
proton, and for the kinetic energies of the Earth and Moon, and the rotation of the Earth. If we
can explain all three of these; the proton, the kinetic energies, and structural evolution of the
calendar, in terms of these triangles, we can speak of how they are all part of an underling idea
common to all three.

We have the following expression for seconds in a year:

( d a y d eg ) ( year ) ( 360 ) ( h our ) ( min )

2
12d eg d a y 60d a ys 24h ours 60min 60sec
⋅ ∘
⋅ 15∘

We write out the angular velocities of the Moon and Earth in their orbits:

· 12d eg
θm =
day

· d eg
θe =
day
· 2

( θe ) ( year ) ( 360∘ ) ( h our ) ( min )

θm 2 ⋅ 30d a ys 24h ours ∘ 60min 60sec
· ⋅ 15

Put in the orbital periods of the Moon and the Earth Tm and Te:

· 2

( θe ) ( Te ) ( 360∘ ) ( h our ) ( min )

θm Tm 15∘ 60min 60sec
· 2 Te ⋅

· 2

( θ·e ) ( Te ) ( 360∘ ) ( h our ) ( min )

θm Tm 30∘ 60min 60sec
Te ⋅

· 2
( m) ( ∘ ) (
( θe ) h our ) ( min )
θm 30∘ 1min 60sec
· T
6

· 2
(Tm) (5) (
( θe ) h our )
θm 60sec
·

· 2
(Tm) (
( θe ) h our )
θm 300sec
·

1h our = 3600secon d s
 18 of 42

· 2
(Tm) (
( θe ) 3600sec )
θm 300sec
· =

· 2
(Tm) ( )
( θe )
θm 1
· 12
·
θm
· = 12
θe
·

( θe )
θm secon d s
· (Tm) =
year

Which is true because it is

(12) (30d a ys) = 360d a ys

And we had made the approximation that there are 360 days in year because there are 360
degrees in a circle. We see the calendar divides units of measurement into base 60

( d a y d eg ) ( year ) ( 360∘ ) ( h our ) ( min )

2
12d eg d a y 60d a ys 24h ours ∘ 60min 60sec
⋅ ⋅ 15

Which describes the motion of the moon and the Earth

·

( θe )
θm secon d s
· (Tm) =
year

In the literature it says we use base 10 probably because we have 10 fingers to count on. But 10 is
2 times 5 and 2 is the smallest prime number. Base 60 is 10 times six and sixfold symmetry is
the most dynamic because it is 2 times 3 and 2 and 3 are the smallest prime numbers one even,
one odd. The regular hexagon, a six-sided polygon has its radii equal to its sides because it
divides-up into equilateral triangles. But I suggest we have base 10 not just because we have 10
fingers to count on but because 2 times five is 10 and 10 times 6 is 60 and 60 is evenly divisible
by so much. Evenly divisible by

1,2,3.4.5.6….10,12,15,20,30,60

It is known that the physical like snowflakes are based on 6-fold symmetry and life is based on
5-fold symmetry like starfish or two arms, two legs, and a head. More often than not a flower
will have 5 petals. If it has hundreds like a rose, it will be based on the golden spiral and the
golden ratio is derived from the regular pentagon (five-sided polygon). Thus we have not just
solved the calendar, but found more reasons why we have base 10 counting. It alls has to do the
physical, that of six, and the organic, that of five.
 19 of 42

Since we have

K Emoon
(Ear th Da y) = 1.08secon d s
K Eearth
·

( θe )
θm secon d s
· (Tm) =
year

Then it follows
·

( θm ) ( Tm ) ( Kee )
θe Te K Em
· (Ear th Da y) = 1secon d

We want to write this in terms of the sizes of the Moon and the Sun, the masses of the Earth and
the Sun, and the orbital radii of the Moon and the Earth.

Essentially that the Moon perfectly eclipses the Sun as seen from the Earth means while it is 400
times smaller than the Sun it is 400 times further from the Sun than it is from the Earth. This
determines its orbital velocity and mass, as well as that of the Earth and the mass of the Sun.
The orbital velocities of the Moon and the Earth are given by:

GM⊙ GMe
ve = and vm =
re rm

ve M⊙ rm
= ⋅
vm Me re

M⊙ rm 1.989E 30kg 1.74E6m

⋅ = ⋅ = 28.86
Me re 5.972E 24 6.957E 8m

The Moon perfectly eclipses the Sun because

re R⊙
≈
rm Rm

Where re is the Earth orbital radius, rm is the lunar orbital radius, R⊙ is the solar radius, and Rm
is the lunar radius. This gives:

ve M⊙ Rm
= ⋅ = 28.6
vm Me R⊙

We have more explicitly:

 20 of 42

ve R M⊙ re
= m ⋅
vm R⊙ Me rm

Rm M⊙ re 1.74E6m 1.989E 30kg 1.496E11m

⋅ = ⋅ = 28.46
R⊙ Me rm 6.957E 8 5.972E 24kg 3.84748E 8m

The rotational period of the moon is Tm = 27.3d a ys = 2,358, 720secon d s is the same as its
orbital period, and the rotation of the Earth is Γe = 24h ours = 86,400secon d s is the ratio
27.3 which gives

Tm R M⊙ re
= m ⋅
Γe R⊙ Me rm

From
·

( θm ) ( Tm ) ( Kee )
θe Te K Em
· (Ear th Da y) = 1secon d

We have
·
θe R⊙
Γe ( θ·m ) Rm
Te Me rm K Em
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ (Ear th Da y) = 1secon d
M⊙ re K Ee

We want to see how accurate this is:

·

( 12 ) 1.7371E6m
31557600s 1 7.1544E 8m 5.972E 24kg 3.6323E 8m
⋅ · ⋅ (1.08s) = (1.07)(1.08s) = 1.1556s
86400s 1.989E 30kg 1.496E11m

But the radius of the Sun is difficult to pinpoint. Beyond the bulk of its mass it has a thin
atmosphere that reaches far out into space. However, the Moon nearly perfectly eclipses the Sun
as seen from the Earth allowing us to study its outer atmosphere during an eclipse. The moon
nearly perfectly eclipses the Sun as seen from the Earth because the Sun may be 400 times
larger than the Moon, but the Moon is 400 times further from the Sun than it is from the Earth.
This is to say that

re R⊙
≈
rm Rm

Where re is the Earth orbital radius, rm is the lunar orbital radius, R⊙ is the solar radius, and Rm
is the lunar radius. So why not let the size of the Moon as seen from the Earth define the radius
of the Sun by writing
re
R⊙ = Rm
rm
 21 of 42

The Moon at closest approach to Earth (perigee) is 1.7371E7 meters:

1.496E11m
⋅ 1.7371E6m = 7.154446E 8m
3.632289E 8m
This is the radius of the Moon I used to verify our equation. But let us take
·
θe R⊙
Γe ( θ·m ) Rm
Te Me rm K Em
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ (Ear th Da y) = 1secon d
M⊙ re K Ee

And verify it with

·

( θ·m )
θe
⋅

Equal to its exact value for the Earth year, and the sidereal month of the moon.

1
θe = 360∘=0.9856deg/day
365.25d a ys
1
θm = 360∘ = 13.1868d eg /d a y
27.3d a ys

( 13 ) 1.7371E6m
31557600s 1 7.1544E 8m 5.972E 24kg 3.6323E 8m
⋅ · ⋅ (1.08s) = (0.988)(1.08s) = 1.067s
86400s 1.989E 30kg 1.496E11m

And our results just become better. Now we just have one more thing to do, to take our equation
for the second in terms of the proton

1 h 4π rp2
= 1.004996352secon d s
6α 2 mp Gc

And
·
θe R⊙
Γe ( θ·m ) Rm
Te Me rm K Em
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ (Ear th Da y) = 1secon d
M⊙ re K Ee

To get,
· rp
θe R⊙
Γe ( θ·m ) Rm
Te Me rm K Em 1 h 4π
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ (Ear th Da y) = ⋅
M⊙ re K Ee 6α 2 mp Gc
 22 of 42

4.0 Predicting The Meter In the last section we took our equation for a second as given by
the calendar

1 1 1 1
1secon d = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ = 0.0000000316881year
365.25 24 60 60
And found we could write it in sexagesimal (base 60)

( year ) ( d a y ) ( h our ) ( min )

60d a ys 1h our 60min 60sec
122

Which resulted in

· 2

( θe ) ( year ) ( 360∘ ) ( h our ) ( min )

θm 2 ⋅ 30d a ys 24h ours ∘ 60min 60sec
· ⋅ 15

Which we found was

·

( θe )
θm secon d s
· (Tm) =
year

Because

(12) (30d a ys) = 360d a ys

We then used that the Moon perfectly eclipses the Sun

re R⊙
≈
rm Rm
And Universal gravity for the Earth and Moon

GM⊙ GMe
ve = and. vm =
re rm

To get
·
θe R⊙
Γe ( θ·m ) Rm
Te Me rm K Em
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ (Ear th Da y) = 1secon d
M⊙ re K Ee

And since we had for the proton

1 h 4π rp2
= 1.004996352secon d s
6α 2 mp Gc
 23 of 42

We ended-up with
· rp
θe R⊙
Γe ( θ·m ) Rm
Te Me rm K Em 1 h 4π
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ (Ear th Da y ) = ⋅
M⊙ re K Ee 6α 2 mp Gc

We now want to put certain quantities in parenthesis:

· rp
R⊙
( Γe ) ( θ·m ) Rm M⊙ re ( K Ee ) 6α 2 mp
Te θe Me rm K Em 1 h 4π
⋅ (Ear th Da y) = ⋅
Gc

We have the key orbital elements and the equation of a proton:

( Γe ) ( K Ee )
Te 360d a ys K Em
= (Ear th Da y) = 1secon d
1d a y
· rp
( θ·m ) 12∘ /d a y
θe 1∘ /d a y 1 h 4π
= ⋅ = 1secon d
6α 2 mp Gc

We want to consider

R⊙ Me rm 7.15448m 5.972E 24kg 3.6323E 8m

⋅ = ⋅
Rm M⊙ re 1.7371E6m 1.989E 30kg 1.496E11m

= (411.8588)(0.000085382)
411.858 refers to the Sun being 400 times larger than the Moon allowing for an eclipse because
the Moon is 400 times further from the Sun than from the Earth. Since we have rounded the
year to 360 days because there are 360 degrees in a circle and we have rounded the lunar
angular orbital velocity to 12 degrees and that of the Earth to 1 degree, both per day, then let us
write

(360) (
12 )
1
(400) (x) (1sec) = 1sec

Then 0.000085383 becomes x=0.000083333 and we have

Me rm
⋅ = 0.000083333
M⊙ re

We notice that the radius of a proton is rp = 0.833E − 15m. Thus we have

0.000083333
= 1.000E11m −1
rp
 24 of 42

We know the average orbital distance of the Earth from the Sun is an astronomical unit (AU)
which is 1 AU=1.496E11m. That is re = 1AU because the orbit is close to circular. Thus we have

M⊙ re 1.989E 30kg 1.496E11m

⋅ rpre = ⋅ ⋅ (0.833E − 15m)(1.496E11m) = 1.4595m 2
Me rm 5.972E 24kg 3.6323E 8m

1.45954m 2 = 1.208m ≈ 1.2m

Using the orbital velocity of the Earth at perihelion (closest approach to the Sun when it is going
fastest) ve = 30,290m /s and the average orbital velocity of the Moon, vm = 1,022m /s, we have

K Em
(Ear th Da y) = 1.2s
K Ee
As you can see

1
K Em = (7.3476731kg)(1,022m /s)2 = 3.83726E 28J
2
1
K Ee = (5.972E 24kg)(30,290)2 = 2.7396E 33J
2
3.83726E 28
(86,400) = 1.210s
2.7396E 33
And you will find there is little difference of you use the sidereal lunar month which is 86,164.1
seconds. You get 1.20687 seconds, which is even closer, in fact almost exact.
1
2

( )
M⊙ re
Me
⋅ rm
⋅ rpre
1.2m eters m
KEm
= = 1.0
(Ear th Da y) 1.2secon d s s
KEe

We call upon

1 h 4π rp2
= 1.004996352secon d s
6α 2 mp Gc

And have
1
2

( )
M⊙ re
Me
⋅ rm
⋅ rpre
1 rp h 4π
KEm
⋅ = 1.0m eters
(Ear th Da y) 6α 2 mp Gc
KEe
 25 of 42

5.0 The Constant k We introduce a constant k, which is determined by the velocity of the
Earth:

5.1 k ve = 6

Six for six-fold symmetry. To derive this we introduce Giordano’s relationship.

5.2 h(1 + α) ⋅ 10 23 = G
The number on the left is the number on the right, but with di erent units. I found I could
eliminate the 10 23 and gain six-fold symmetry by creating an equation of state for the periodic
table of the elements using Avogadro’s Number (6.02E 23). We say that
pr oton s
5.3 NA = 6E 23
gr a m
And,
gr a m
5.4 ℍ=1
pr oton
Which is basically true, hydrogen is one proton and the mass of the electron is nominal. For
every 6E23 protons of hydrogen, there is one gram. Then we always have

5.5 NA ⋅ = 6E 23

We can say for any element

Z ⋅ 6E 23pr oton s
NA =
Z ⋅ gr a m s
Z ⋅ gr a m s
=
Z ⋅ pr oton s

Where Z is the number of protons in the element, so for carbon ℂ

6gr a m s
ℂ=
6pr oton s
6(6E 23pr oton s)
NA =
6gr a m s

NAℂ = 6E 23
Thus by equation 5.2 we have

(1 + α) s
5.6 h ⋅ NA = 6.00kg 2 ⋅
G m
𝔼
𝔼
𝔼
𝔼
ff
 26 of 42

And we have introduced our 6 of six-fold symmetry. We need an intermediary mass between the
microcosmos the proton mass mp and the mass of a star M. We use as the limiting factor for the
mass of a star as the Chandrasekhar limit, the upper limit of mass for a white dwarf star to form
without collapsing into a blackhole star. It balances with its gravity by radiation pressure alone.
It is:

c 3ℏ3
5.7 M ≤ 0.77 = 1.41 ⊙
GN3 mp4

We say the intermediary mass, mi, is

5.8 mi = Mmp

Inserting 5.7 into 5.8, we have

1/2
3 3 3
c ℏ
5.9 mi =
2 G 3mp2

Where we made the approximation 0.77 ≈ 3/4. This results in

1/2
3 3 3
c h
5.10 mi = = 67.9943kg
2 8π 3G 3mp2

We can hone this by reintroducing 0.77 for 3/4

Thus precisely:

3
= 0.8660
2
0.77 = 0.8775

We have

0.8775
= 1.01328
0.8660
We have honing our mi

mi = (67.9943)(1.01328) = 68.897kg ≈ 69kg ≈ 70kg

Multiplying 6 by 1/mi2 we have our value for k.

 27 of 42

1 (1 + α) 1 s
5.11 k = h ⋅ NA = ⋅
mi
2 G 773.5 m

This gives a value of k as

1 (1.007299)
5.12 k = (6.62607E − 34) ⋅ ⋅ 6.02E 23 = 0.001268291s /m
(68.897kg)2 6.67408E − 11
1 m
5.13 = 788.4626
k s
Putting this in equation 5.1 we have

29790m /s
5.14 k ve = = 6.145748
788.46m /s

Which is very close to our prediction of six-fold symmetry. ve is the average orbital
velocity of the Earth. I find this constant k predicts the duration of the Universe in the
standard Friedman Model. We can write

(k)
2
1
5.15 K E = mi

This is

5.16 K E = (68.897kg)(788.4626m /s)2 = 42,831,358Joules

The constants suggest a basic Universal Energy by dimensional analysis

h c3
5.17 ⋅ = 1.599298E 29J
G mp

6.62607E − 34 2997924593
⋅ = 1.599298E 29J
6.67408E − 11 1.67262E − 27
So we can write

h c3
⋅
G mp 1.599298E 29J
5.18 (1secon d ) = = 3.734E 21secon d s
mi ( 1k )
2 42831358J

1 Earth year = (365.25)(24)(60)(60)=31557600 seconds

𝔼
 28 of 42

3.734E 21s
= 1.1832332E14years ≈ 1E14years
31557600s
The universe is theorized by standard models to die in 100 trillion years, which is when the last
stars born will die out. This is exactly 1E14 years. We have

h c3
G
⋅ mp
5.19 (1secon d ) = Li feSpa nUniverse
mi ( k )
2
1

K EEarth
(1secon d ) = Ear th Da y
K Emoon

1 h 4π rp2
= 1.004996352secon d s
6α 2 mp Gc

We nd as well that k predicts the Earth year. We suggest for some mass M, we have

h c3
G
⋅ mp
(1secon d ) = 1Ear thYear
M(k)
2
1

It is given by
h c3
G
⋅ mp
5.20 M= (1secon d )
(1Ear thYear)( k )
2
1

h c3 6.62607E − 27 (299792459)3
⋅ = ⋅ = 1.599E 36J ≈ 1.6E 36J
G mp 6.67408E − 11 1.67262E − 27

1
= (788.4626)2 = 621,673.27
k2
1Ear thYear = (365.25)(24)(60)(60) = 31557600s
1.599E 36 1
M= ⋅ = 8.15E 22kg
621673 31557600
For all practical purposes this is the mass of the Moon, which is exactly 7.34767E22kg.

8.15E 22kg
= 1.10919516 ≈ 1.12m oon s
7/34767E 22kg
We have:
fi
 29 of 42

h c3
G
⋅ mp
5.21 (1secon d ) = 1Ear thYear
Mm ( k )
2
1

K EEarth
(1secon d ) = Ear th Day
K Emoon
1 h4πrp2
= 1.004996352seconds
6α 2 mp Gc

We also nd that k predicts the radius of a proton. We have the radius of a proton is given by
carbon by evaluating at one second:

18 2 Gc
5.22 rp = α mp = 8.288587 × 10−16 m = 0.829f m
3 4πh
But to get that we have to multiply by one second and we need one second in terms of the atom
for a theory of the proton. I find we can do that…

1 h 4π rp2
t1 = ⋅
6α 2 Gc

1 h 4π rp2
5.23 t1 = ⋅
6α 2 Gc

rp h 4π
5.24 t6 =
α 2 mp Gc

Substitute RH /2 for rp to get

RH h 4π
5.25 t =
2α 2 mp Gc

Where RH is the Van Der Waals radius for a hydrogen atom. We have now introduced the
radius of a hydrogen atom RH = 1.2E − 10m. Our formulation of inertia as proton seconds is a
form of impulse. To change that to momentum we have to divide by a second. This radius of the
hydrogen atom is the Van Der Waals radius, which is the closest distance between two hydrogen
atoms non-covalently bound. It is 120 pm. Divide that by ck where 1/k is our constant

1 3 1 c 3h 1 1 1 3 1 c 3h 1
= ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ≈ = ⋅ ⋅
k 4 mp 8π 3G 1 + α NA k 4 mp 8π 3G NA
𝔼
𝔼
fi
 30 of 42

And we find

t 3 2 6.626E − 34 18769 1.2E − 10 1

5.26 = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ = 1.12secon d s
ck 16 6.674E − 11 (1.6726E − 27)2 6.02E 23 π

3 2 h 1 R
5.27 ⋅ ⋅ 2 2 ⋅ H = 1.12secon d s
16 G π α mp NA

We have our equation for the radius of a proton

18 2 Gc
rp = α mp = 8.288587 × 10−16 m = 0.829f m
3 4πh

We only need to multiply it by t /ck = 1secon d to have the right units, and we get

9 1 hc RH
5.28 rp = 2⋅ ⋅
8 mp 4π 3G NA

Then suggest we picked up 9/8 in approximations which is close to one anyway so we write

1 hc RH
5.29 rp = ⋅
mp 2π 3G NA

rp = 8.26935E − 16m ≈ 0.827f m

( s )( s )( m ) NAℍ
1 m2 m s2 RH 1
rp = kg kg 3 = (kg)m
kg kg

We form constants:

hc
k = = 6.93E − 9kg
2π 3G
RH
= 1.99E − 34m
NA
And we have the Equation:

RH
5.30 rp mp = k
NA
We can say that Avogadro’s number is not an arbitrary number because it is such that there are
twelve grams of carbon and carbon is 6 neutrons plus 6 protons equals 12. We now want to add
to this section the equation of the mass of a proton.
𝔼
𝔼
𝔼
𝔼
𝔼
 31 of 42

1 hc RH
5.31 mp = ⋅
rp 2π 3G NA

If our equation is right and we put it into natural units then the product rp mp should be close to
one:

Let us start with the units with which we are working:

m3
G=
kg ⋅ s 2

m2
h = kg ⋅
s
c = m /s
And convert these to proton-masses and proton-radii:

m3
G = 6.67408E − 11 ⋅ 1.67262E − 27kg(0.833E − 15m)3 ⋅ s = 193,131, 756
kg ⋅ s 2
m2 s
h = 6.62607E − 34kg ⋅ ⋅ = 5.71E 23
s (0.833E − 15)2(1.67262E − 27kg)
(299,792, 459m /s)(1sec)
c= = 3.6E 23
(0.833E − 15m)
1.2E − 10m
RH = = 144,058
0.833E − 15m
Now we find k in these units:

hc
k = = 6.93E − 9kg
2π 3G

(5.71E 23)(3.6E 23)

k = = 4E18pr oton − m a sses
2π 3(193131756)

Thus we have from equation 30:

RH
rp mp = k
NA
(4E18)(144058) 5.76E 23
rp mp = = = 0.96 ≈ 1
(6E 23) (6E 23)
𝔼
𝔼
 32 of 42

We can also predict the charge of an electron with k…

I construct the electric field as such (Fig. 2): x is one component of ℝ3(x, y, z). Events in
ℝ3(x, y, z) are through time with components ct1 and ct2 where c is the speed of light. The
electrons and the protons qe and qp in the presence of one another cross ct1 into ct2 giving
themselves acceleration in the x and −x directions.

Fig. 2

We have

⃗ ⃗ ⃗
i j k ⃗
0 ct1 0 = (ct1 − ct 2 ) i
0 0 ct2

We suggest

·· ⃗
5.32 x ∝ (ct1 − ct2 ) i
 33 of 42

The position of x changes in the space of ℝ3(x, y, z) and has travelled to t (0,ct1, ct2 ) a place in
·· ⃗ m
time, as well. Since ct=meters there is a g such that x = g(ct1 − ct2 ) i . Thus since g ⋅ m =
s2
1 1 1 m m
and g = = 2 that is 2 ⋅ ⋅ s = 2 . Thus g is frequency squared (f 2) and we suggest it is
s 2 t s s s
derived from the separation between the charges qe and qp. That there is some velocity v such

(x)
v
that f = . We call upon our equation for 1 second:

rp h 4π
= 1secon d
mp Gc

(x)
2 rp
v h 4π ke q 2
(c) = ⋅
mp Gc m x2

rp h 4π q2
v 2(c) = ke
mp Gc m

α2 1
Letting v= ⋅ from our equation for k
6 k

4 8π 3G 1 s
k = m (1 + α) ⋅ N =
3 p c 3h A
773.5 m

1 m
= 773.5
k s
And m = mp we have

2
h 4π rp2
ke ( 6 k )
c α2 1
5.33 ⋅ = q2
Gc

h 4π rp2 (6.626E − 34)(4π)(0.833E − 15)2

= = 5.37E − 31
Gc (6.674E − 11)(299,792, 459)

We get

1
q= (0.033) 773.52(5.37E − 31) = 9.1435E − 19C
36(18769 )
2
𝔼
 34 of 42

q 9.1435E − 19C
5.34 =⋅ = 5.71proton s ≈ 6proton s
qp 1.602E − 19C

6.0 Discussion

When factor 1 and factor 2 cancels (page 11) it says 6 equals 6 protons. The connection between
number and form.

Interestingly this harkens back to the Logical Positivists. At the time mathematicians realized
nothing had any meaning that we didn't even know what 1, or 2, or 3, or 4....meant. So Bertrand
Russel set out to make a mathematics that explained it. It was said 4 was 4 objects and and set
theory was invented to show that a set was a collection of objects, for which its inventor Georg
Cantor made rules to explain what an object was. But in the end the British mathematician
Bertrand Russel showed it to contradict itself, then Gödel came along and proved that all formal
systems have at least one unprovable statement, and are thereby incomplete with his
Incompleteness Theorem. So they gave up. I think this is connected to 6 equals 6 protons in my
theory. They couldn’t say what an object was though it was tried to establish that it could be
anything but here it may be a proton and I think that works because any object is made of
protons, and protons are the basic units of matter and are uniformly the same. I am getting
interested now in this set theory and Gödel's theorem. But the recently added chapter on solving
the calendar has got me very intrigued as well, just where the Ancients got it, or if it evolved to
something naturally on its own.

The logical positivists may have given up on logical positivism, but set theory is used today in
applications even though it never said what an object is or a number. I think it is interesting that
I get 6 is 6 protons, is carbon or hydrogen is 1 is 1 proton because objects are made up of
protons. Interesting are the quarks which are inferred from experiment, but cannot owning to
the principle of color confinement, exist in isolation, they must be found in hadrons. Hadrons
are protons and neutrons. But the proton can exist in isolation.
 35 of 42

7.0 Solar System A Quantum Mechanical System The constant k in this paper is a sort of
intermediate velocity in the Universe, and so is the intermediary mass used to determine it.
While there are small masses in the universe like pebble sized rocks and debris in the asteroid
belt there are larger masses like planets. The intermediary mass is determined by a proton and
white dwarf star. It combined with the intermediary velocity 1/k which gives an energy that
predicts the life span of the universe in the standard Friedman model predicted by when the
last stars would be made and burn out from the mass of the Universe.

This intermediary mass and energy seems to be associated with the masses and speeds in the
human realm between atoms and stars, like a mean for mass and velocity in the universe. It
predicts the radius and charge of a proton as well as the life span of the universe. But I asked
what do we know of that has exactly these masses and velocities.

The intermediary mass is 68.897 kg is about 152 pounds. I knew a wolf is less than this a
jaguar more, but I found it is exactly an adult male mountain lion, a cougar.

But what speed is 1/k=788.4626m/s. It is 1,764 miles per hour. That is the speed of a fast
military jet. it is about mach 2 or twice the speed of sound, which is about 767 miles per hour.
Our fastest jet (record holder) went mach 6.7. But it was a real milestone to achieve mach 2
which was rst achieved by the Lockheed F-104 Star ghter.

The fastest running animal is the Cheetah. So it would be like the record holding jet at mach
6.7. But the Cougar for which the adult male is nearly exactly the intermediary mass in the
Universe, would be like the F-104 Star ghter which goes almost exactly 1/k.

We have suggested that the unit of a second and the unit of a meter are Natural and pertain to
the structure of the Universe. But what would be the Natural unit for mass. We could suggest it
is a kilogram, but that does not necessarily make sense. We have described the second in
terms of the proton

1 h 4π rp2
= 1.004996352secon d s
6α 2 mp Gc

And in terms of the Moon/Earth/Sun system

K Emoon
(Ear th Da y) = 1.08secon d s
K Eearth
And the meter in terms of the proton Earth/Moon/Sun system
1
2

( )
M⊙ re
Me
⋅ rm
⋅ rpre
1 rp h 4π
KEm
⋅ = 1.0m eters
(Ear th Da y) 6α 2 mp Gc
KEe

We want to describe the kilogram as a Natural unit. We already have the kilogram described as a
natural unit. It is described in terms of the density of water at standard temperature and
pressure:
fi
fi
fi
 36 of 42

1kg ≡ ρH2O ⋅ m eter 3

But we want something more natural (Sure water is natural and a primary ingredient of life, and
standard temperature and pressure is ideal for life) but we want things in terms of the proton
and Earth/Moon/Sun system because we want to suggest the Earth/Moon/Sun system has a
Universal idea behind it and the proton is already Universal.

The mass of the Moon

Mm = 7.34767E 22kg

The mass of the Earth

Me = 5.97219E 24kg

The intermediary mass

mi = 68.897kg
Mm
(mi ) = (0.0123)(68.897kg) = 0.847kg
Me
This needs to be multiplied by 1.2 to get 1 kg. But remember

K Em
(Ear th Da y) = 1.2secon d s
K Ee
It is actually closer to 1.25 seconds. And, remember

1 rp h 4π
⋅ = 1.004996352secon d s
6α 2 mp Gc

Thus our equation is

Mm K Em mp Gc
6α 2 ⋅ (mi ) (Ear th Da y) ⋅ = 1kg
Me K Ee rp h 4π

α = 1/137, 1/α 2 = 1/18769, 6/α 2 = 0.00032

Using mean orbital velocities for the Earth and the Moon

1
K Ee = (5.97219E 24kg)(29,790m /s)2 = 2.65E 33J
2
1
K Em = (7.34767E 22kg)(2,033m /s)2 = 3.837E 28J
2
K Em 3.837E 28
(Ear th Da y) = (86,400s) = 1.251E 28secon d s
K Ee 2.65E 33
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Remember using the sidereal day just makes it closer to 1.2s but makes little difference in the
results. We have

1
(0.847)(1.251) = 1.054kg ≈ 1.0kg
1.005s
Thus for units of mass, length, and time as Natural Units we have…

1 h 4π rp2
= 1.004996352secon d s
6α 2 mp Gc
K Em
(Ear th Da y) = 1secon d
K Ee
1
2

( )
M⊙ re
Me
⋅ rm
⋅ rpre
1 rp h 4π
KEm
⋅ = 1.0m
(Ear th Da y) 6α 2 mp Gc
KEe

Mm K Em mp Gc
6α 2 ⋅ (mi ) (Ear th Da y) ⋅ = 1kg
Me K Ee rp h 4π

And we point out that (because it really is quite incredible) for the unit of time the second is
described by just the proton, independently of the Earth/Moon/System and is described by just
the Earth/Moon/System, independently of the proton. In the case of the meter and the kilogram
they are described in terms of both, not independently of one another. The incredible thing
about the second is it comes from the evolution of the calendar since ancient times by
reconciling the periodicities of the Moon and Sun in the Earth sky by using sexagesimal, or base
60 counting, which we already went into in full. We have that
1
2

( )
M⊙ re
Me
⋅ rm
⋅ rpre

KEm
= 1.0m /s
KEe
(Ear th Da y)

1
2

( ) mp
M⊙ re
Me
⋅ rm
⋅ rpre
Gc
6α 2 KEm
= 1.0m /s 2
(Ear th Da y) rp 4πh
KEe

m
Then force, F, or kg = 1N is
s2
 38 of 42

1/2
M M⊙ r mp2 G c
36α 4 ⋅ m (mi ) ⋅ e ⋅ rpre = 1N
Me Me rm rp2 4πh

m2
We finally have energy, Joules, or J = kg is
s2
M Gc M⊙re
6α 2 Mm (mi )(mp) 4πh
⋅ Me rm
⋅ re
e
KEm
= 1J
KEe
(Ear th Da y)

Something very interesting is going on here so we want to start a new page to look at it so all the
equations are on one page…
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Let us look at our equation for kilograms. This is actually incredible. Let’s see that: We write it

mp
( Me ) ( K Ee )( h 4π )
Mm K Em Gc
(mi ) (Ear th Da y) 6α 2 ⋅ = 1kg
rp

And say that

( Me )
Mm
(mi ) = m a ss = 0.847kg

( K Ee )
K Em
(Ear th Da y) = spin = 1.2secon d s

mp
( h 4π )
Gc
6α 2 ⋅ = f requ en c y = 1secon d −1
rp

The mass above is the intermediary mass adjusted by the ratio of the Moon’s mass to the Earth’s
mass. The spin is given by the rotation of the Earth adjusted by the kinetic energy of the Moon to
the kinetic energy of the Earth and is close to one second, and in some cases is one second. The
frequency is given by the size and mass of a proton and is one cycle per second, its inverse is
actually one second. The product of all three is actually one kilogram even. The second turned
out to be a natural unit, and now so is the kilogram. We want to point out that the intermediary
mass mi is, where we made the approximation 0.77~3/4:
1/2
3 c 3h 3
mi = = 67.9943kg
2 8π 3G 3mp2

The constant k is

1 (1 + α) 1 s
k = h ⋅ NA = ⋅
mi2 G 773.5 m

Which putting in mi is

4 8π 3G
k = mp (1 + α) ⋅ NA
3 c 3h

And finally we see k with the velocity of the Earth ve defines the sixfold symmetry in this

k ve = 6

(k)
2
1
mi = (68.897kg)(788.46m /s)2 = 4.92558E6J ≈ 5,000,000J
𝔼
𝔼
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In so-much-as we have

mp
( Me ) ( K Ee )( h 4π )
Mm K Em Gc
(mi ) (Ear th Da y) 6α 2 ⋅ = 1kg
rp

Where

( Me )
Mm
(mi ) = m a ss = 0.847kg

( K Ee )
K Em
(Ear th Da y) = spin = 1.2secon d s

mp
( h 4π )
Gc
6α 2 ⋅ = f requ en c y = 1secon d −1
rp

And

k ve = 6

Is like a quantum number where

1 (1 + α) 1 s
k = h ⋅ NA = ⋅
mi
2 G 773.5 m

And
1/2
3 c 3h 3
mi = = 67.9943kg
2 8π 3G 3mp2

Since quantum mechanical states are described by mass, spin, and frequency, it may be that the
Earth/Moon/Sun system is a quantum mechanical system. Which is interesting because the
Earth is the planet in our solar system brimming with life and the Moon makes that possible by
holding the Earth at the inclination to its orbit around the Sun that it has allowing for the
seasons preventing extreme hot and extreme cold. Thus we want to introduce the energy

(k)
2
1
E = mi = (68.897kg)(788.46m /s)2 = 4.92558E6J ≈ 5,000,000J

And note that in a quantum mechanical system, the energy of a quantum is

E = hν

Where h is Planck’s constant and ν is frequency.

𝔼
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We apply our formulation to predict the Earth orbital period as a quantum mechanical system.
In so far as we have for the solar system

(k)
2
1
E = mi = (68.897kg)(788.46m /s)2 = 4.92558E6J ≈ 5,000,000J

And, for the the atom

E = hν
We introduce what we will call a universal energy

h c3 6.62607E − 27 (299792459)3
⋅ = ⋅ = 1.599E 36J ≈ 1.6E 36J
G mp 6.67408E − 11 1.67262E − 27

The mass of the Moon is

Mm = 7.34767E 22kg .

We have

(k)
2
1
E = Mm = 7.34767E 22kg(788.4626m /s)2 = 4.56785E 28J

h c3
⋅ rp
G mp 1 4πh 1.599E 36J
⋅ ⋅ = ⋅ 1secon d = 35005527secon d s
Mm ( k )
1
2 6α 2 mp Gc 4.56785E 28J

(365.25d a ys)(24hrs /d a y)(60m /hr)(60sec /min) = 31557600secon d s

This is the Earth year (Earth orbital period) to an accuracy of

31557600
= 90%
35005527
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The Author