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Regarding The Six-fold Nature of Reality

By

Ian Beardsley

Copyright © 2023 by Ian Beardsley!

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Contents

Introduction………………………………………………………3

1.0 Inertia………………………………………………………….4

2.0 The Constant k……………………………………………..8

3.0 The Proton Radius…………………………………………12

4.0 Discussion…………………………………………………….15

5.0 Solar Eclipsing Moon……………………………….22

Appendix 1………………………………………………………….26

Appendix 2…………………………………………………………27

 3 of 30

Introduction

Here I hypothesize an equation of state for the periodic table of the elements from Avogadro’s
number, and determine from that a constant k based on the idea that there is a constant for the
intermediary scale between protons and stars using the Chandrasekhar limit for white dwarf
stars. After constructing a six-fold theory for inertia, or mass, based on the idea that a proton is
a three dimensional cross-section of four dimensional hypersphere, I successfully predict the
radius of a proton. In the course of this we find the second is a Natural unit of time both in terms
of the proton, and gravitational constant G and Planck’s constant h, and in terms of the Earth/
Moon orbital mechanics. I show Avogadro’s number is a natural unit as well, both for the proton
and atom, the equation of state, or constant k, and for the macroscale of Moon/Earth/Sun. We
also see that this is a consequence of six-fold symmetry based on carbon the core element of life,
and hydrocarbons, the skeleton’s or biological life chemistry.!

 4 of 30

1.0 Inertia

We now need to show that the fundamental particles that build reality are based on sixfold
symmetry for their mass, size, and charge and we want to do it in terms of gravity on the
macroscale, thus it has to use G the universal constant of gravitation and Planck’s constant h,
that quantizes energy on the microscale. I find I can do this as such:

The natural constants measure the properties of space and time. We can list some of them here:

mP : 1.67262 × 10−27kg (Proton Mass)

h: 6.62607 × 10−34 J ⋅ s (Planck Constant)
rp : 0.833 × 10−15m (Proton Radius)
m2
G: 6.67408 × 10−11N 2 (Gravitational Constant)
kg
c : 299,792, 459m /s (light speed)
α : 1/137 (Fine Structure Constant)
qp = qe = 1.6022E − 19coulom bs
Nm 2
ke = 8.988E 9 2
C
Gravity is a property of space measured by the universal constant of gravity, G:

m2 m3
Equation 1.0 G = 6.674E − 11N = 6.674E − 11
s2 s 2 ⋅ kg
Matter, or inertia, which measures matter’s ability to resist a force is for each particle (protons
and neutrons) we will suggest given by:

h kg ⋅ s
Equation 1.2 =
Gc m
Which describes mass per meter over time, which is:

kg ⋅ s
Equation 1.3 1.82E − 16
m
1
It must be adjusted by the fine structure constant α. It is my guess the factor should be
α2
which is 18,769.:

Equation 1.4

(1.82E − 16kg ⋅ s /m)(18,769) = 3.416E − 12kg ⋅ s /m

Because the fine structure constant squared is the ratio of the potential energy of an electron in
the first circular orbit to the energy given by the mass of an electron in the Bohr model times the
speed of light squared, that is it represents the ground state. It is

 5 of 30

Ue
Equation 1.5 α2 =
mec 2
Here we are suggesting that the proton and neutron are the 3-dimensional cross-sections of a
hypersphere. Thus we consider the surface area of a proton, Sp:

Equation 1.6 Sp = 4π rp2 = 8.72E − 30m 2

We take the square root to get meters:

Equation 1.7 Sp = 2.953E − 15m

We multiply that with the value we have in equation 1.4:

kg ⋅ s
Equation 1.8 (2.953E − 15m)(3.416E − 12 ) = 1.009E − 26kg ⋅ s
m
We find that the mass of a proton mp realizes if we divide this by six seconds:

1E − 26
Equation 1.9 mh = = 1.67E − 27kg
6secon ds
That is hydrogen. We see that the element carbon manifests if we divide instead by 1 second:

1E − 26kg ⋅ s
Equation 1.10 mc = = 1E − 26kg = 6protons = 6mp
1secon d
Carbon (C) is the core element of life chemistry and it combines with hydrogen (H) to make the
skeletons of organic matter, the so-called hydrocarbons:

1E − 26kg ⋅ s
Equation 1.11 mp =
6secon ds
1E − 26kg ⋅ s
Equation 1.12 mc =
1secon d
It seems the duration of a second is natural. If it is, since it was formed by a calendar based on
reconciling the periods of the moon and the sun in the earth sky, it should be in the Earth-moon
orbital mechanics. I find it is, that (See Appendix 1):

K Emoon
Equation 1.13 (Ear th Day) ≈ 1secon d
K Eearth
That is, the earth day (86,400 seconds) times the kinetic energy of the moon to the kinetic
energy of the earth is about 1 second (about 1.2 seconds). The earth day changes very little, by
very small amounts over millions of years. The solar system has evolved towards this since the
explosion of life called the Cambrian, and will slowly decay away from it. But we need to derive
the second in terms of something else. For now we have the mass of a proton as:

 6 of 30

Fig. 1

3rp 4πh
Equation 1.14 mp =
18α 2 Gc

This way of looking at things is to say matter is that which has inertia. This means it resists
change in position with a force applied to it. The more of it, the more it resists a force. We
understand this from experience, but what is matter that it has inertia? In this analogy we are
suggesting a proton is a three dimensional bubble embedded in a two dimensional plane. As
such there has to be a normal vector holding the higher dimensional sphere in a lower
dimensional space. (See Fig. 1) Thus if we apply a force to to the cross-section of the sphere in
the plane there should be a force countering it proportional to the normal holding it in a lower
dimensional universe. It is actually a 4-dimensional hypersphere whose cross-section is a
sphere. This counter force would be experienced as inertia. Our reasoning above in one equation
is:

Equation 1.15

1 h 4π rp2
= 6proton ⋅ secon ds = carbon(C )
α 2 mp Gc
That is 1 second gives carbon. We find six seconds gives 1 proton is hydrogen:

Equation 1.16

1 h 4π rp2
= 1proton ⋅ 6secon ds = hydrogen(H )
α 2 mp Gc

 7 of 30

For time t greater than 6 seconds we have fractional protons. For t<6 we the have other
elements. This is another indication that a second is natural; Carbon and hydrogen are the
upper and lower limits for integer seconds.

1 h 4π rp2
α 2 mp Gc
Is proton-seconds. Divide by time we have a number of protons because it is a mass divided by
the mass of a proton. But these masses can be considered to cancel and leave pure number. We
make a program that looks for close to whole number solutions so we can create a table of values
for problem solving (Program in Appendix 2):

By what value would you like to increment?: 0.25

How many values would you like to calculate for t in equation 1 (no more than 100?): 100
24.1199 protons 0.250000 seconds 0.119904 decpart
12.0600 protons 0.500000 seconds 0.059952 decpart
8.0400 protons 0.750000 seconds 0.039968 decpart
6.0300 protons 1.000000 seconds 0.029976 decpart
4.0200 protons 1.500000 seconds 0.019984 decpart
3.0150 protons 2.000000 seconds 0.014988 decpart
2.1927 protons 2.750000 seconds 0.192718 decpart
2.0100 protons 3.000000 seconds 0.009992 decpart
1.2060 protons 5.000000 seconds 0.205995 decpart
1.1486 protons 5.250000 seconds 0.148567 decpart
1.0964 protons 5.500000 seconds 0.096359 decpart
1.0487 protons 5.750000 seconds 0.048691 decpart
1.0050 protons 6.000000 seconds 0.004996 decpart
0.2487 protons 24.250000 seconds 0.248659 decpart
0.2461 protons 24.500000 seconds 0.246121 decpart
0.2436 protons 24.750000 seconds 0.243635 decpart

So again, a very interesting thing here is looking at the values generated by the program, the
smallest integer value 1 second produces 6 protons (carbon) and the largest integer value 6
seconds produces one proton (hydrogen). Beyond six seconds you have fractional protons, and
the rest of the elements heavier than carbon are formed by fractional seconds. These are the
hydrocarbons the backbones of biological chemistry. So we have the six-fold symmetry in the
chemical skeletons of life.This is to say that Carbon equals one second produces the radius of a
proton.

Equation 1.17

18 2 Gc
rp = α mp = 8.288587 × 10−16 m = 0.829f m
3 4πh
Where the above is multiplied by one second to make the units work. Where t is exactly:

1 h4πrp2
Equation 1.18 = 1.004996352seconds!
6α 2 mp Gc

 8 of 30

2.0 The Constant k

Warren Giordano wrote in his paper The Fine Structure Constant And The Gravitational
Constant: Keys To The Substance Of The Fabric Of Space, March 21, 2019:

In 1980, the author had compiled a series of notes analyzing Einstein’s geometric to kinematic
equations, along with an observation that multiplying Planck’s constant ‘h’ by ‘1 + α’, where
‘α’ is the Fine Structure Constant, and multiplying by 10 23 yielded Newton’s gravitational
constant numerically, but neglecting any units.

I found I could eliminate the 10 23 and at the same time get the six of the six-fold symmetry with
which I was working by considering Avogadro’s number 6.02E 23atom s.

I suggested there exists some k that serves as a constant that describes both the microcosmos
and macrocosmos from the proton, to the atoms, to planetary orbits. It is such that the square
root of it times the earth orbital velocity is 6, because we are guessing we are dealing with six-
fold symmetry as the basis of Nature. That is

Eq. 2.1 k ve = 6

We have that k is

4 8π 3G
Eq. 2.2 k = mp (1 + α) ⋅ NA
3 c 3h
This follows from what Warren Giordano noticed that

Eq. 2.3 h(1 + α) ⋅ 1023 = G

Without the right units. I noticed since Avogadro’s number is 6.02 × 10 23 ≈ 6 × 10 23 that I
could introduce an equation of state for the periodic table of the elements:
gram
Eq. 2.4 ℍ=1
atom
(1 + α) kg 2 ⋅ s
Eq 2.5 h NA H = 6.0003
G m
Let us say we were to consider Any Element say carbon ℂ. Then in general

(1 + α) s
h ⋅ NA = 6.0003kg 2 ⋅
G m
We have

6gram s 6(6E 23protons)

ℂ= and NA =
6protons 6gram s
𝔼
𝔼
𝔼

 9 of 30

Because there are six grams of protons in carbon which has 6 protons and 6 neutrons and a
molar mass of 12. We have

12-6=6 grams of protons in the 12 grams of protons and neutrons. Thus

NAℂ = 6E 23
And it follows that

(1 + α) s
h ⋅ NAℂ = 6.0003kg 2 ⋅
G m
We see in general since the atomic number Z is the number of protons in an atom that in general
this holds for all elements because

Z ⋅ 6E 23protons
NA =
Z ⋅ gram s
And

Z ⋅ gram s
=
Z ⋅ protons
Therefore we always have:

NA ⋅ = 6E 23
NA is a variable, the number of protons in multiplied by Avogadro’s number.

Put in the Earth mean orbital velocity which is 29.79km/s (Zombeck, Martin V. 1982). We get:

(1 + α)
Equation. 2.6 h ⋅ NA ⋅ ve = 422.787kg
G
While we have masses characteristic of the microcosmos like protons, and masses characteristic
of the macrocosmos, like the upper limit for a star to become a white dwarf after she novas (The
Chandrasekhar limit) which is 1.44 solar masses — More mass than that and she will collapse —
we do not have a characteristic mass of the intermediary world where we exist, a truck weighs
several tons and tennis ball maybe around a hundred grams. To find that mass let us take the
geometric mean between the mass of a proton and the mass of 1.44 solar masses. We could take
the average, or the harmonic mean, but the geometric mean is the squaring of the proportions, it
is the side of a square with the area equal to the area of the rectangle with these proportions as
its sides. We have:

Equation. 2.7 M⊙ = 1.98847E 30kg

We multiply this by 1.44 to get 2.8634E30kg. The mass of a proton is mp = 1.67262E − 27kg.
We have the intermediary mass is:

Equation 2.8 mi = (2.8634E 30)(1.67262E − 27) = 69.205kg

𝔼
𝔼
𝔼
𝔼
𝔼

 10 of 30

All we really need to do now is divide equation 2.6 by equation 2.8 and we get an even number
that is the six of our six-fold symmetry.

1 (1 + α)
Equation. 2.9 h ⋅ NA ⋅ ve = 6.1092 ≈ 6
mi G
The six of our six-fold symmetry.

We have something very interesting here. We have

1 s
6kg 2 ve = 6
69.205kg m
This is:

Eq. 2.10 k ve = 6

Where k is a constant, given

1 s
Eq. 2.11 k=
773.5 m
It was the Indian physicist Chandrasekhar who found the limit in mass for which a white dwarf
will not have its gravity overcome the electron degeneracy pressure and collapse. The non-
relativistic equation is:

c 3ℏ3
M ≤ 0.77 = 1.41 ⊙
GN3 mp4

Let us approximate 0.77 with 3/4. Since we have our constant

1 1+α
Eq 2.12 k= h ⋅ NA
mi2 G

Eq. 2.13 mi = Mmp

Then
1/2
3 3 3
c ℏ
Eq. 2.14 mi =
2 G 3mp2

Since ℏ = h /2π our constant k in terms the Chandrasekhar limit is

𝔼
𝔼

 11 of 30

4 8π 3G
Eq. 2.15 k= mp (1 + α) ⋅ NA
3 c 3h
The fine structure constant squared is the ratio of the potential energy of an electron in the first
circular orbit to the energy given by the mass of an electron in the Bohr model times the speed of
light squared, that is it represents the ground state. It is

Ue
α2 =
mec 2
Since

k ve = 6

We are suggesting the earth orbit is the ground state for our planetary system. We suggest it
holds for any planetary system because k as we will see is a natural constant that solves many
physical problems on many levels, not just planetary systems but atomic systems and the
particles that make them up.

Let us now recall equations 1.15 and 1.16

1 h 4π rp2
= 6proton ⋅ secon ds = carbon(C )
α 2 mp Gc

1 h 4π rp2
= 1proton ⋅ 6secon ds = hydrogen(H )
α 2 mp Gc
While we have considered them to be proton-seconds because they are a mass divided by the
mass of a proton, we can consider these two masses to cancel and say they are equal to 1 second
and six seconds respectively. We have that carbon, which is to evaluate them at one second, is
the radius of a proton:

Eq. 2.16

1 h 4π rp2
= 6secon ds
α 2 mp Gc
This gives the radius of a proton is:

Eq 2.17.

18 2 Gc
rp = α mp t1 = 8.288587 × 10−16 = 0.829f m
3 4πh
Where t1 = 1secon d. The experimental value of the proton radius is 0.833fm+/-0.014fm!
𝔼

 12 of 30

3.0 The Proton Radius

Thus we have the radius of a proton is given by carbon by evaluating at one second:

18 2 Gc
rp = α mp = 8.288587 × 10−16 m = 0.829f m
3 4πh
But to get that we have to multiply by one second and we need one second in terms of the atom
for a theory of the proton. I find we can do that…

1 h 4π rp2
t6 = 2
α mp Gc
rp h 4π
t6 =
α 2 mp Gc

Substitute RH /2 for rp to get

RH h 4π
t=
2α 2 mp Gc

We now introduce the radius of a hydrogen atom RH = 1.2E − 10m. It seems we have to
divide RH by two which I think is because we are looking at packing of atoms. Divide that by ck
where 1/k is our constant

1 3 1 c 3h 1 1 1 3 1 c 3h 1
= ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ≈ = ⋅ ⋅
k 4 mp 8π 3G 1 + α NA k 4 mp 8π 3G NA
And we find

t 3 2 6.626E − 34 18769 1.2E − 10 1

= ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ = 1.12secon ds
ck 16 6.674E − 11 (1.6726E − 27)2 6.02E 23 π

3 2 h 1 R
⋅ ⋅ 2 2 ⋅ H = 1.12secon ds
16 Gπ α mp NA
We have our equation for the radius of a proton

18 2 Gc
rp = α mp = 8.288587 × 10−16 m = 0.829f m
3 4πh
We only need to multiply it by t /ck = 1secon d to have the right units, and we get
𝔼
𝔼
𝔼

 13 of 30

9 1 hc RH
Equation 3.1. rp = 2⋅ ⋅
8 mp 4π 3G NA
Then suggest we picked up 9/8 in approximations which is close to one anyway so we write

1 hc RH
Equation 3.2. rp = ⋅
mp 2π 3G NA

rp = 8.26935E − 16m ≈ 0.827f m

( s )( s )( m ) NAℍ
1 m2 m s2 RH 1
rp = kg kg 3 = (kg)m
kg kg

We form constants:

hc
k= = 6.93E − 9kg
2π 3G
RH
= 1.99E − 34m
NA
And we have the Equation:

RH
Equation 3.3 rp mp = k
NA
We can say that Avogadro’s number is not an arbitrary number because it is such that there are
twelve grams of carbon and carbon is 6 neutrons plus 6 protons equals 12. We now want to add
to this section the equation of the mass of a proton.

1 hc RH
mp = ⋅
rp 2π 3G NA

If our equation is right and we put it into natural units then the product rp mp should be close to
one:

Let us start with the units with which we are working:

m3
G=
kg ⋅ s 2
m2
h = kg ⋅
s
𝔼
𝔼
𝔼
𝔼
𝔼

 14 of 30

c = m /s
And convert these to proton-masses and proton-radii:

m3
G = 6.67408E − 11 ⋅ 1.67262E − 27kg(0.833E − 15m)3 ⋅ s = 193,131, 756
kg ⋅ s 2
m2 s
h = 6.62607E − 34kg ⋅ ⋅ = 5.71E 23
s (0.833E − 15)2(1.67262E − 27kg)
(299,792, 459m /s)(1sec)
c= = 3.6E 23
(0.833E − 15m)
1.2E − 10m
RH = = 144,058
0.833E − 15m
Now we find k in these units:

hc
k= = 6.93E − 9kg
2π 3G

(5.71E 23)(3.6E 23)

k= = 4E18proton − m asses
2π 3(193131756)

Thus we have:

RH
rp mp = k
NA
(4E18)(144058) 5.76E 23
rp mp = = = 0.96 ≈ 1!
(6E 23) (6E 23)
𝔼

 15 of 30

4.0 Discussion

The crux is that

1 h 4π rp2
= 1.004996352secon ds
6α 2 mp Gc
K Emoon
(Ear th Day) = 1.08secon ds
K Eearth
K Emoon
K Eearth
Is calculated with perihelion ve = 30,290m /s and at aphelion vm = 966m /s giving a near
perfect result for one second. And, Si x Days = 6(24)(60)(60) = 518400s. And,
6mp = carbon. We have

18 2 Gc
rp = α mp t1 = 8.288587 × 10−16 = 0.829f m
3 4πh
If multiplied by one second, which gives

1 hc RH
rp = ⋅
mp 2π 3G NA
Where t is

RH h 4π
t=
2α 2 mp Gc
Giving

rp = 8.26935E − 16m ≈ 0.827f m

Using

t 3 2 6.626E − 34 18769 1.2E − 10 1

= ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ = 1.12secon ds
ck 16 6.674E − 11 (1.6726E − 27)2 6.02E 23 π
Where ck is m/s cancels with s/m, and k is

1 3 1 c 3h 1 1 1 3 1 c 3h 1
= ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ≈ = ⋅ ⋅
k 4 mp 8π 3G 1 + α NA k 4 mp 8π 3G NA
𝔼
𝔼
𝔼

 16 of 30

But as well we can get our one second from

K Emoon
(Ear th Day) = 1.08secon ds
K Eearth
We notice this is centered around the structure at the basis of life, the hydrocarbons

1 h 4π rp2
= 6proton ⋅ secon ds = carbon(C )
α 2 mp Gc

1 h 4π rp2
= 1proton ⋅ 6secon ds = hydrogen(H )
α 2 mp Gc

The k is derived from coupling these two NA :

(1 + α) s
h ⋅ NA = 6.0003kg 2 ⋅
G m
Which holds for any element:

6gram s
ℂ=
6protons
6(6E 23protons)
NA =
6gram s
Because there are six grams of protons in carbon which has 6 protons and 6 neutrons and a
molar mass of 12. We have

12-6=6 grams of protons in the 12 grams of protons and neutrons. Thus

NAℂ = 6E 23
And it follows that

(1 + α) s
h ⋅ NAℂ = 6.0003kg 2 ⋅
G m
We see in general since the atomic number Z is the number of protons in an atom that in general
this holds for all elements because

Z ⋅ 6E 23protons
NA =
Z ⋅ gram s
And
𝔼
𝔼
𝔼

 17 of 30

Z ⋅ gram s
=
Z ⋅ protons
Therefore we always have:

NA ⋅ = 6E 23
NA is a variable, the number of protons inmultiplied by Avogadro’s number. By using the
Chandrasekhar limit we define an intermediate mass from the mass of the Sun

M⊙ = 1.98847E 30kg
We multiply this by 1.44 (1..44 solar masses is the Chandrasekhar limit) to get 2.8634E30kg.
The mass of a proton is mp = 1.67262E − 27kg. We have the intermediary mass is:

mi = (2.8634E 30)(1.67262E − 27) = 69.205kg

More explicitly using the Chandrasekhar limit:

c 3ℏ3
M ≤ 0.77 = 1.41 ⊙
GN3 mp4

Intermediary mass:
1/2
3 3 3
c ℏ
mi =
2 G 3mp2

The constant k given explicitly:

4 8π 3G
k= mp (1 + α) ⋅ NA
3 c 3h
The k is such that

k ve = 6

And k using the approximation (1 + α) ≈ 1

4 8π 3G
k = mp ⋅ NA
3 c 3h

We show the equation for one second in terms of the Natural constants on the next
page…!
𝔼
𝔼
𝔼
𝔼
𝔼

 18 of 30

!
 19 of 30

We discuss what interests me most on the next page, the two different equations for one
second that connect the macrocosmos (the Earth, Moon, and Sun) to the microcosmos,
the constants of the elements.!
 20 of 30

If we can predict the radius of a proton with

18 2 Gc
Equation 4.1. rp = α mp t1 = 8.288587 × 10−16 = 0.829f m
3 4πh
Where t1 is given by in terms of the Moon, Earth, and Sun:

KEmoon
Equation 4.2. (Ear th Day) = 1.08seconds
KEearth
Or in terms of the Natural Physical Constants Using equations:

RH 3 2 h
Equation 4.3. ⋅ ⋅ = 1.12seconds
16πα 2 mp2 NA G
Then to understand why the solar system is described in in terms of elemental states of
periodic table that we have formulated and in that this predicts the solar system as
something that can be described in a quantum mechanical manner, we equate the latter
two:

KEmoon RH 3 2 h
Eq. 4.4. (Ear th Day) = ⋅ ⋅
KEearth 16πα 2 mp2 NA G
RH h KEearth 1
Eq. 4.5. NA = ⋅ 3 2 ⋅ ⋅
16πα 2 mp2 G KEmoon Ear th Day
Which is

RH h KEearth 1
Eq 4.6 6.02E 23 = ⋅ 3 2 ⋅ ⋅
16πα 2 mp2 G KEmoon Ear th Day
This seems to say something interesting to me. A mole does not just pertain to atoms
per gram of an element, or molecules per sample, but perhaps speaks of a number of
Moons, Planets, Stars, or even galaxies. Let’s analyze to try and determine how that
might work, we break equation 4.5 and 4.6 down into its factors (Next page):
𝔼
𝔼
𝔼

 21 of 30

We see that we might be speaking of 4E20 H atoms per kg mass perhaps in a Nebula
where stars form:

RH (18769)1.2E − 10m atoms

Equation 4.7. = = 4E 20
πα 2 mp2 π(1.6726E − 27kg) kg
We see the scaling is given by h/G by a factor of 1/mp which is like comparing the small
(h) to the large (G):

h (6.626E − 34) s
Equation 4.8. = = 5,936kg ⋅
Gmp (6.674E − 11)(1.6726E − 27kg) m
And finally this is given by a factor of the Earth to the Moon:

KEearth (5.972E 24kg)(30,290)2

Equation 4.9. = = 79,912 . 5
KEmoon (7.34767E 22kg)(966m /s)2
There is also a fraction of:

Equation 4.10. 3 2 = 4.2426

And, there is a frequency given by the Earth day, the time it takes to rotate:

4 4 c ycles
= = 4.63E − 5
Ear th Day 86400s s
We find something interesting. If these factors describe the Solar System the way
Avogadro’s number describes elements and their compounds, then it would make sense
because their product is Avogadro’s number and as such it applies not just to elements
and compounds but to planets and stars and the interstellar medium. And we see here
that

RH h KEearth 1
6.02E 23 = ⋅ 3 2 ⋅ ⋅
16πα 2 mp2 G KEmoon Ear th Day
Describes the KE of Earth and Earth rotation period in terms of Avogadro’s number, the
mass of a proton, the radius of a hydrogen atom, and the mass of a proton, the latter two
being the primary constituents of the Universe, gas giant planets, and the interstellar
medium.!

 22 of 30

5.0 Solar Eclipsing Moon

Essentially that the Moon perfectly eclipses the Sun as seen from the Earth means while
it is 400 times smaller than the Sun it is 400 times further from the Sun than it is from
the Earth. This determines its orbital velocity and mass, as well as that of the Earth and
the mass of the Sun. The orbital velocities of the Moon and the Earth are given by:

GM⊙ GMe
Equation 5.1. ve = and vm =
re rm

ve M⊙ rm
Equation 5.2. = ⋅
vm Me re

M⊙ rm 1.989E30kg 1.74E6m
⋅ = ⋅ = 28.86
Me re 5.972E 24 6.957E8m

The Moon perfectly eclipses the Sun because

re R⊙
Equation 5.3. ≈
rm Rm
Where re is the Earth orbital radius, rm is the lunar orbital radius, R⊙ is the solar radius,
and Rm is the lunar radius. This gives:

ve M⊙ Rm
Equation 5.4. = ⋅ = 28.6
vm Me R⊙

We have more explicitly:

ve R M⊙ re
Equation 5.5. = m ⋅
vm R⊙ Me rm

Rm M⊙ re 1.74E6m 1.989E30kg 1.496E11m

⋅ = ⋅ = 28.46
R⊙ Me rm 6.957E8 5.972E 24kg 3.84748E8m

The rotational period of the moon is Tm = 27.3days = 2,358, 720seconds and the
orbital period of the Earth is Γe = 24hours = 86,400seconds is 27.3 which gives

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Tm R M⊙ re
Equation 5.6. = m ⋅
Γe R⊙ Me rm

Thus while second is given by:

KEmoon
(Ear th Day) = 1.08seconds
KEearth
The Lunar month is given by

Rm M⊙ re
Equation 5.7. Tm = ⋅ ⋅ Γe
R⊙ Me rm

We also found in terms of the proton, the second is given by

1 h4πrp2
= 1.004996352seconds
6α 2 mp Gc

Which gives the radius of the proton as

18 2 Gc
rp = α mp t1 = 8.288587 × 10−16 = 0.829f m
3 4πh
Where t1 is one second approximated by

RH 3 2 h
⋅ ⋅ = 1.12secon ds
16πα 2 mp2 NA G
Which gives the radius of a proton is

9 1 hc RH
rp = 2⋅ ⋅
8 mp 4π 3G NA
Which we derived using our constant k:

4 8π 3G
k = mp ⋅ NA
3 c 3h
𝔼
𝔼
𝔼

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The Earth day is then:

R⊙ Me rm
Equation 5.8. Γe = ⋅ ⋅ Tm
Rm M⊙ re

But since we also have

KEmoon
(Ear th Day) = 1.08seconds
KEearth
Then we have:

Equation 5.9

KEmoon R ⊙ Me rm
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ Tm = 1.08s
KEearth Rm M⊙ re

Where

1 h4πrp2
= 1.004996352seconds
6α 2 mp Gc

RH 3 2 h
⋅ ⋅ = 1.12secon ds
16πα 2 mp2 NA G
Which gives

Equation 5.10

KEmoon R ⊙ Me rm 1 h4πrp2
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ Tm = 2
KEearth Rm M⊙ re 6α mP Gc

Equation 5.11

KEmoon R ⊙ Me rm RH 3 2 h
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ Tm = ⋅ ⋅ !
KEearth Rm M⊙ re 16πα 2 mp2 NA G
𝔼
𝔼

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From equation 5.8 for the Earth day

R⊙ Me rm
Γe = ⋅ ⋅ Tm
Rm M⊙ re

Checking our work we see from equation 5.7 for the Earth month

Rm M⊙ re
Tm = ⋅ ⋅ Γe
R⊙ Me rm

R⊙ Me rm Rm M⊙ re
Γe = ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ Γe
Rm M⊙ re R⊙ Me rm

1=1
One of the things that we have not done yet is equate the expression on the right of 5.10
with that on 5.11

1 h4πrp2 RH 3 2 h
= ⋅ ⋅
6α 2 mP Gc 16πα 2 mp2 NA G

Which is Avogadro’s number in terms of the size of a hydrogen atom, the mass of a
proton, the radius of a proton, and h and G:

RH h Gc
NA = 6 ⋅3 2⋅ ⋅
16π mp G h4πrp2

RH hc
NA = 6 ⋅3 2⋅
16π mp Gh4πrp2

3 2RH hc
Equation 5.12 NA =6 ⋅
16π mprp Gh 4π

Let see just what kind of prediction 5.10 brings

𝔼
𝔼
𝔼
𝔼

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KEmoon R ⊙ Me rm
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ Tm = 1.08s
KEearth Rm M⊙ re

KEmoon R ⊙ Me rm 1 h4πrp2
⋅ ⋅ ⋅ Tm = 2
KEearth Rm M⊙ re 6α mP Gc

1 h4πrp2 KEearth Rm M⊙ re
Tm = 2 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
6α mP Gc KEmoon R⊙ Me rm

KEearth (5.972E 24kg)(30,290)2

= = 79,912 . 5
KEmoon (7.34767E 22kg)(966m /s)2

1 h4πrp2
= 1.004996352seconds
6α 2 mp Gc

Rm M⊙ re 1.74E6m 1.989E30m 1.496E11m

⋅ = ⋅
R⊙ Me rm 6.957E8 5.972E 24m 3.84748E8m

=28.46

=Tm = (1.005s)(79,912 . 5)(28.46) = 2.28568E6seconds

We convert that to days,

2.28568E6/{(60s)(60m)(24d)}=31.74556 days

The lunar month with respect to the Sun (sidereal month) is 27.3 days. And with respect
to the Earth (synodic month) is 29.53059 days. So we are in the right area. We have
suggested the second is a Natural unit, but we might say the month is as well. In a sense
we already knew this because we have always known the Moon perfectly eclipses the
Sun, and here we have shown that is determined by the mass of the Earth, the radius of
the Sun, its mass, and these determine the Moon’s orbital distance, size, and mass, as
well the Earth’s mass. The Moon also has a function; it allows for life on Earth because
its orbit holds the Earth’s inclination to its orbit which allows for the seasons.!

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Appendix 1

We suggested the second was a natural unit, and that, if it was, should be in the orbital
mechanics of the earth because the second comes from the calendar, which is based on the
orbital period of the year (1 year, 365.25 days) and the orbital period of the moon, and the
rotation of the Earth. We found that it was as the following:

K Emoon
(Ear th Day) ≈ 1secon d
K Eearth
Let’s show that…

K . E . Moon = 3.67E 28J

K . E . Ear th = 2.649E 33j
To find the translational kinetic energy of the moon:
Distance from earth: 3.85E8m
2π (3.85E8m) = 2.419E 9m
Orbital period:
T=27.32 days=2.36E6seconds
v=1.025E3m/s~1000m/s
Mass: 7.34767E22kg

1
Use E = mv 2
2
E=3.67E28 Joules

To find the translational kinetic energy of the earth:

Distance from Sun: 1AU=1.496E11m

2π (1.496E11m) = 9.399E11m
Orbital period: 1 year=3.1558E7 seconds
v=2.9785E4m/s, Earth mass: 5.9722E24kg
E=2.649E33 Joules

Earth day=(24)(60)(60)=86,400 seconds.!

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Appendix 2

1 h 4π rp2
α 2 mp Gc
Is proton-seconds. Divide by time we have a number of protons because it is a mass divided by
the mass of a proton. But these masses can be considered to cancel and leave pure number. We
make a program that looks for close to whole number solutions so we can create a table of values
for problem solving.

By what value would you like to increment?: 0.25

How many values would you like to calculate for t in equation 1 (no more than 100?): 100
24.1199 protons 0.250000 seconds 0.119904 decpart
12.0600 protons 0.500000 seconds 0.059952 decpart
8.0400 protons 0.750000 seconds 0.039968 decpart
6.0300 protons 1.000000 seconds 0.029976 decpart
4.0200 protons 1.500000 seconds 0.019984 decpart
3.0150 protons 2.000000 seconds 0.014988 decpart
2.1927 protons 2.750000 seconds 0.192718 decpart
2.0100 protons 3.000000 seconds 0.009992 decpart
1.2060 protons 5.000000 seconds 0.205995 decpart
1.1486 protons 5.250000 seconds 0.148567 decpart
1.0964 protons 5.500000 seconds 0.096359 decpart
1.0487 protons 5.750000 seconds 0.048691 decpart
1.0050 protons 6.000000 seconds 0.004996 decpart
0.2487 protons 24.250000 seconds 0.248659 decpart
0.2461 protons 24.500000 seconds 0.246121 decpart
0.2436 protons 24.750000 seconds 0.243635 decpart

A very interesting thing here is looking at the values generated by the program, the smallest
integer value 1 second produces 6 protons (carbon) and the largest integer value 6 seconds
produces one proton (hydrogen). Beyond six seconds you have fractional protons, and the rest of
the elements heavier than carbon are formed by fractional seconds. These are the hydrocarbons
the backbones of biological chemistry. Here is the code for the program:!

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#include <stdio.h>
#include <math.h>
int main(int argc, const char * argv[]) {

int n;
float value=0, increment,t=0, p=1.67262E-27, h=6.62607E-34,G=6.67408E-11,
c=299792459,protons[100],r=0.833E-15;

do
{
printf("By what value would you like to increment?: ");
scanf("%f", &increment);
printf("How many values would you like to calculate for t in equation 1 (no more than 100?):
");
scanf("%i", &n);
}
while (n>=101);
{

for (int i=0; i<n;i++)

{
protons[i]=((137*137)/(t*p))*sqrt(h*4*(3.14159)*(r*r)/(G*c));

int intpart=(int)protons[i];
float decpart=protons[i]-intpart;
t=t+increment;
if (decpart<0.25)
{ printf("%.4f protons %f seconds %f decpart \n", protons[i], t-increment, decpart);
}}}}!

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The Author