Batch VI: CH22B108-CH22B119 and EE22B001-EE22B073

Slides on Google Drive. Link on Google group of batch VI, PH1020

Mon 11:00 - 11:50 (D1)

Tue 10:00 - 10:50 (D1)
RJN 302
Wed 09:00 - 09:50 (D1)
Fri 09:00 - 09:50 (G1)
 PH-1020: Basic Information to the students

Course Content

70 % of the course is Electrostatics, Magnetostatics, and  Elctrodynamics.

Textbook:  “Introduction to Electrodynamics” by David J. Griffiths (fourth edition)

The remaining 30% covers introduction to quantum mechanics. 

Textbook: To be informed later.

The syllabus is uploaded in the moodle.

 PH-1020: Basic Information to the students

Calendar

First  Instruction day: 13/03/2023, Last instruction day: 22/06/2023

Tentatively there will be 41 lectures and 10 tutorials. 

Quiz-I: 20/04/2023, Quiz-II: 25/05/2023, Endsem: 28/06/2023

Evaluation pattern: Quiz-I: 20 marks, Quiz-II:  20 marks, Endsem: 60 marks

Note: The zeroth tutorial, which is designed for you to recap the vector calculus, is
already provided in the moodle. Since, PH1010 has already covered this section, you
are expected to solve it on your own.
 PH-1020: Basic Information to the students

Contact Us

Coordinators: Prof. Sudakar Chandran (csudakar@iitm.ac.in)  and Prof. Ranjit Nanda (nandab@iitm.ac.in)

Instructor:  Rajesh Singh, rsingh@smail.iitm.ac.in

TAs:           Ketan (PH19D044@smail.iitm.ac.in) and Padhye Apurva Ashok (EP18B004@smail.iitm.ac.in)

Incase of any need, you should contact your instructor before contacting the coordinators.
THE THEORY OF GRAVITATION

Copernicus (1473-1543): planets went around the sun. A revolutionary idea!

Tycho Brahe (1546-1601) had another revolutionary idea…

Motions of the planets would best be resolved if the actual positions of the planets in the sky

were measured su"ciently accurately.

To find something out, it is better to perform some careful experiments.

The voluminous data of Tycho Brahe was studied by Kepler, after his death, to obtain laws

regarding planetary motion

 1642 – 1726

Using the understanding gained by major thinkers who have gone before in order to make intellectual progress
 Galileo set out his ideas in a book called
“Two New Sciences”.
(a) The science of motion

1642 – 1726 (b)The science of materials.

Galileo discovered the principle of inertia.

Bodies retain their velocity in the absence of any
impediments to their motion

Galileo at ages 35 and 69. He died in 1642, aged 77.

Newton was born in 1642… He also derived the correct kinematical law for the
distance d traveled during a uniform acceleration —
starting from test, distance is proportional to the
square of the elapsed time d ∝ t 2.
Newton's laws

Newton modified Galileo’s idea, saying that the only way to change the motion of a body is to use force.

The force is in the direction of motion if the body speeds up…

The force is sideways if the direction of motion changes…

Consider a ball, attached to a string, moving on a circle.

The principle of inertia says that, for a planet to go around the sun, the force on the planet is not around the sun
but towards the sun.
Two questions

Newton (1642-1726) and Maxwell (1831-1879)

What is the main difference between their approaches?

10
Newton's law of universal gravitation

The attractive force F between two point-like bodies of mass m1 and m2

Here G is the gravitational constant.

11
The Cavendish experiment, performed in 1797–1798 by English
scientist Henry Cavendish, was the first experiment to measure
the force of gravity between masses in the laboratory[1] and the
first to yield accurate values for the gravitational constant.
Coulomb's law

The electrostatic force F between two point-like charges q1 and q2

Here ke = 1/(4πϵ0), where ϵ0 is the electric permittivity of the vacuum or the free space.
13
Coulomb's law and the principle of superposition

The force on a test charge Q due to a single point charge q at a distance r away s given by Coulomb's law:

1 qQ
F= r ̂
4πϵ0 r 2

The force on a test charge Q due to a several point charge q1, q2, q3, … is

F = F1 + F2 + F3 + …

14
Faraday and fields…
Wanted to know how the lines of force were disposed in and about magnets

Faraday (1791-1867)

Faraday’s used the word `field` for

the first time in 1850s

A sprinkling of the iron filings gave beautiful curves

James Clerk Maxwell (1831-1879) gave a mathematically concise set of equations for the fundamental
of electric and magnetic fields - Maxwell’s equations for electric and magnetic fields

15
 If we have a point charge q, what is ρ?
Maxwell’s equations for electrostatics

The electric field E due to a volume charge density ρ is

1⇢
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<latexit sha1_base64="sXxb/+CmwB5Okw44uj9gMQrjCgY=">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</latexit>

r ·· E
E== ⇢, r⇥E=0
✏✏0

16
Notation:
• Notation throughout follows that of Griffiths, Electrodynamics.

• Bold face characters, such as v, represent three-vectors.

1. Consider the r operator in cartesian coordinates

@ @ @
r ⌘ x̂ + ŷ + ẑ (1)
@x @y @z
(a) For any two vector fields A and B, calculate (A · r)B
Make sure you understand the meaning of this expression properly; we will encounter it
in several places, particularly in the study of the physical aspects of electric and magnetic
fields in material media.
(b) Compute (r̂ · r)r̂

2. Let r be the position vector of a point with respect to some origin, with magnitude r = |r|,
and let n = r/r be the corresponding unit vector. Prove the following identities:

r·r = 3 (2)
r⇥r = 0 (3)
2f @f
r · [nf (r)] = + (4)
r @r
r ⇥ [nf (r)] = 0 (5)

where f (r) is some well behaved function that depends only on r.

3. (a) Consider the vector field

r̂
v= 2 (6)
r
Sketch this vector field, and calculate its divergence. From your understanding of diver-
gence (recall Physics I), does the answer make sense intuitively? If not, what do you
think is the origin of the problem? If yes, please refresh your understanding of divergence
and think again!
(b) Recall the divergence theorem for a vector field v:
Z Z
dV (r · v) = v · dA (7)
V S=@V

where V is the volume over which the integration on LHS is done, dV is the small volume
element in your chosen coordinate system (for e.g., in cartesian coordinates dV = dxdydz
 ∂V(x0) V(x0 + Δx) − V(x0)
Derivatives = lim
∂x Δx→0 Δx

∂ ∂ ∂
∇ = x̂ + ŷ + z ̂ A vector operator:
∂x ∂y ∂z

∂f ∂f ∂f
∇f = x̂ + ŷ + z ̂ Gradient
∂x ∂y ∂z

( ∂x ∂z )
∂ ∂ ∂ ∂Fx ∂Fy ∂Fz
∇ ⋅ F = x̂ + ŷ + z ̂ ⋅ (x̂ Fx + ŷ Fy + z ̂ Fz) = + + Divergence
∂y ∂x ∂y ∂z
 3 3
∂r
dxi xî = hi dxi xî
∑ ∂xi ∑
Consider the line element: dr =
Gradient, i=1 i=1
divergences.
Surface area dS = h1h2 (dx1dx2). Volume element: dV = h1h2h3 (dx1dx2dx3)
and curl

Cartesian coordinates 1 ∂f 1 ∂f 1 ∂f
∇f = x̂1 + x̂2 + x̂3
x1 = x, x2 = y, x3 = z h1 ∂x1 h2 ∂x2 h3 ∂x3

h1 = 1, h2 = 1, h3 = 1,

h1h2h3 [ ∂x1 ∂x3 ]

1 ∂(h2h3A1) ∂(h1h3A2) ∂(h1h2 A3)
∇⋅A= + +
∂x2
Spherical coordinates

x1 = r, x2 = θ, x3 = ϕ
x1̂ h1 x2̂ h2 x3̂ h3
1 ∂ ∂ ∂
h1 = 1, h2 = r, h3 = r sin θ ∇×A= ∂x1 ∂x2 ∂x3
h1h2h3
A1h1 A2h2 A3h3
3. (a) Consider the vector field
r̂
v= 2 (6)
r
Sketch this vector field, and calculate its divergence. From your understanding of diver-
gence (recall Physics I), does the answer make sense intuitively? If not, what do you
think is the origin of the problem? If yes, please refresh your understanding of divergence
and think again!
(b) Recall the divergence theorem for a vector field v:
Z Z
dV (r · v) = v · dA (7)
V S=@V

where V is the volume over which the integration on LHS is done, dV is the small volume
element in your chosen coordinate system (for e.g., in cartesian coordinates dV = dxdydz
etc.), S = @V is the notation for the boundary of the region V , and dA represents a
small area element of this boundary (of 1 course, this area element is a vector).
Apply the divergence theorem to the vector field v in 3(a) above by choosing V as a
sphere of radius r0 , say. That is, calculate the RHS above and see whether it matches
with the LHS evaluated using your result for 3(a). Does the answer depend on r0 ? And
once again, can you think of the origin of the problem?
Note:
This problem represents a peculiar property of the scalar function f (x) = r · v. It is
zero (almost) everywhere, but it’s volume integral over a region that includes the origin
is finite! Obviously, an object such as f (x) can not be regarded as an ordinary function.
It is something called as a Dirac delta “function”, represented in three dimensions
as 3 (x). Its properties would be discussed in the lectures, since we will encounter this
Dirac delta “function”: what and why?

{1 if i = j .
Consider a function f(x) 0 if i ≠ j,
Kronecker delta. δij =
Can we construct an object which gives the value
of the function at some point, say x = a
Say we have a sequence a1, a2, a3, …

Represent it as aj, where j = 1,2,3,…

The continuous analogue of the Kronecker delta is We can pick a particular value as
written like a function retaining the δ, such that
∑
∞ δij aj = ai

∫−∞
δ(x) dx = 1 j

∑
∞ For each value of i, we have δij = 1
∫−∞
We also have f(x) δ(x − a) dx = f(a) j

Symmetry property: δij = δji