The latest round in an ongoing debate over global-warming trends claims

that warming has indeed slowed down this century. An obvious slowing in the rise
of global temperatures was recorded at the beginning of the twenty-first century.
This was referred to as a "hiatus" or a "pause". This hiatus was first observed
several years ago. Climate-change skeptics have used this as evidence that global
warming has stopped permanently. But in June the previous year, a study in
science claimed that the hiatus was just an artifact which disappears when biases
in temperature data are corrected.

Now a prominent group of researchers is countering that claim. They argue

in Nature Climate Change that even after correcting these biases the slowdown
was real. "There is this mismatch between what the climate models are producing
and what the observations are showing," says lead author John Fyfe. "We can't
ignore it." Fyfe uses the term "slowdown" rather than "hiatus". He also stresses
that it does not in any way weaken global-warming theory.

The study that questioned the existence of the slowdown corrected known
biases in the surface temperature record maintained by the US National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The finding showed differences in
temperature readings from ships and buoys. This effectively increased the record
about warming. The researchers also extended the record to include 2014. This set
a new record high for average temperatures.

Thomas Karl, director of National Centers for Environmental Information in

Asheville, calculated the rate of global warming between 1950 and 1999 as being
0.113°C per decade. This was similar to the 0.116°C a decade calculated for 2000-
14. This, Karl said, meant that an assessment done by the influential
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in 2013 showing that warming had
slowed was no longer valid.

6. The passage above mainly discusses about….

A. the hiatus observation was first carried out several years ago
B. the reason why global warming is slowing down in this century
C. global warming is a verifiable issue in the space of a decade
 D. the contention about global warming and whether it is indeed slowing this
period
E. the view of study in science that the hiatus is an artifact which vanishes

 The word “prominent” in paragraph 2 means….

A. well-known
B. promenade
C. shrewd
D. indolent
E. magnificent

Sleepiness after eating is a response of the body to chemical changes during the
digestion process. This is normal and it happens to everybody. However, if
sleepiness occurs every time after eating and obstructs your ability to function, this
may be a concern. Sleepiness after eating is caused by many factors, such as the
type of food you consume, messy sleeping habits, your health condition and so
forth. The body requires energy to function and this energy is obtained through
food. Post-eating, the body releases hormones such as amylin, glucagon and
cholecystokinin. These hormones increase blood sugar levels, creating a feeling of
fullness and producing insulin that will be streamed through cell tissues and
provide energy for them. At the same time, the brain releases serotonin that causes
drowsiness.

Moreover, food also influences melatonin production in the brain. This is the
hormone that is responsible for sleepiness post-meal. Some foods that are rich in
protein, such as meat, poultry, eggs, fish, spinach, tofu, cheese and soybeans can
trigger more drowsiness than others. Additionally, foods containing carbohydrates
also help produce serotonin and tryptophan amino acids found in the brain. This is
the reason why you feel sleepy after eating carbohydrate-rich foods.

Overeating can also cause sleepiness. Post-meal, the body streams more blood to
the digestive system to better digest foods in massive amounts. This causes a
temporary blood and nutrients shortage in the brain. To prevent post-meal
drowsiness, it’s better to eat a balanced diet containing vegetables, grains and
good fats to provide continuous energy. Drink lots of water and limit your sugar
intake.

Bad sleeping patterns can also cause sleepiness after eating. After a meal, the body
feels full and relaxed, making the body feel like it is resting, resulting in a feeling of
sleepiness, particularly if you didn’t get a good night’s sleep the night before. To
avoid this, improve your sleeping habits to prevent stress. Engaging in regular
physical exercise can help you get a good night’s sleep. It is recommended that you
avoid napping if you are having trouble sleeping at night.

11. What is the author’s purpose in writing the passage?

A. To discuss the amount of food to consume so as not to feel sleepy

B. To inform the readers about the factors of sleepiness after eating
C. To argue the effect of eating too much foods for the brain
D. To tell the readers the benefit of eating certain foods
E. To investigate what causes drowsiness after overeating

 12. By writing the sentences in paragraph 2, the author intends to tell the readers
about….

A. foods that are rich in protein, such as meat, eggs, fish, tofu, cheese and
soybeans can generate more drowsiness
B. overeating protein and carbohydrate-rich foods obstructs your brain’s
ability to function well
C. the reason why carbohydrate-rich foods make you feel sleepy
D. food combinations containing tryptophan amino acid and carbohydrates
make you feel drowsy
E. the hormone melatonin production in the brain is responsible for sleepiness
after eating

13. It can be predicted from the passage that….

A. the finer you manage your sleep, the more lethargic you feel
B. the more fish you eat, the better it is for the brain
C. the less you eat carbohydrate-rich foods, the less you will feel drowsy
D. the less meat you eat, the more you will feel drowsy
E. the less you consume protein and carbohydrates, the better it is for the body