Last Name 1

Student’s Name

Professor’s Name

Subject

Date

A&P Homework

Elizabeth decides she is going on a low fat and low carbohydrate diet. What issues might

develop and how would you explain these issues to her?

Low carbohydrate and low-fat diets are meals that are that are low in the food classes

mentioned above. They are food materials rich in protein, fibers and vegetables and are usually

consumed by people who intend to lose weight. Though this dietary plan can help reduce body

fat, it has been shown to cause some complications.

Prolonged Low carbohydrate dietary plans are associated with heart complications like

arrhythmias. (Jinyao Liu 2020). A low carbohydrate and high protein diet lead to an increased

risk of left ventricular systolic dysfunction, thus increasing death risk from ventricular

arrhythmias. It also causes cardiac contractile ability impairment and, as such, can lead to sudden

death. Low carbohydrate and fat diets are associated with an increased risk of osteoporosis.

(Maria Perrissiou 2020). The hypoglycemic state induced by this choice of diet is associated with

a high level of ketogenesis there by increasing bone and muscle mass loss, thus increasing the

risk of osteoporosis.

Damage to the kidneys is associated with a low carbohydrate and fat diet. This is because

various very active processes requiring the transportation of substances occur in the kidneys, and

as such, without an appropriate energy source, this process is impaired. Impairment of physical
 Last Name 2

activity is also one of the most common features seen in people who adopt this dietary pattern

due to the low energy level.

While going through the storage room, you find a bag of 5% saline solution. Can you use this

for an intravenous solution? Why or why not?

5% saline is a hypertonic solution, and it can be given intravenously, but this should only

be done when there is an indication for it. It is rich in electrolytes and is usually used for

relacement of electrolytes in patients with hypervolemic conditions such as congestive cardiac

failure, severe renal insufficiency, and other edema conditions concurrent sodium retention. Due

to its high level of hypertonicity, it is sometimes associated with vein damage, and as such, it has

to be with great caution when it is being used.

Due to the high level of electrolyte concentration, fluid balance, blood electrolyte

concentration, and acid-base balance should all be closely monitored when administered

intravenously. It has also been shown to have teratogenic effects and should not be used in

pregnant women unless needed. It has also been shown to have diuretic inducing properties.

Kansas has diabetes, but this does not stop him from going on daily runs. Why would you

make sure he both eats before his run and paces himself during his exercise

Diabetes is a chronic metabolic condition associated with deranged blood glucose

metabolism. It is related to a defect in insulin production or usage or both. The body recognizes

exercise as a stressful state. There is signaling to the pancreas, which leads to insulin and other

stress hormones, leading to increased use of blood glucose, causing a fall in the blood glucose

level. This, in turn, leads to an activation of the ketogenic pathway. For a patient who has
 Last Name 3

diabetes, the body’s ability to compensate for this fall is deranged. As such, they are pushed into

a state of hypoglycemia and hyperketogenic condition and can be fatal if not properly managed.

Some of the symptoms of hypoglycemia include sweating, shaking, headaches, exhaustion, and

hunger. Thus for a patient who has diabetes, it is of paramount importance that he eats before

exercising and has a source of rapidly absorbable glucose close by.

Marina is recovering from an accident that left her with nerve and muscle damage. In terms

of the cell cycle, try to explain why she may have a long recovery time.

Nerve cells are cells that serve to carry impulses from one part of the body to another. They,

alongside muscle cells, are known as excitable tissues. This is due to their ability to sense,

receive and transmit signals in the form of electrical impulses all over the body. Due to their high

level of specialization, they have lost the ability to regenerate fully. This is because once they

achieve such a level of discipline, they exit the cell cycle. The cell cycle is made up of the First

Growth phase( where the intracellular organelles increase in size), Synthesis(where the cell

organelles multiply), Second Growth phase, Mitosis( where the cell division takes place). Nerve

cells exit the cell cycle and move into a G0 phase, where no cell division occurs. Thus unlike

other cell types and nerve damage, healing takes a long time and is usually incomplete.

Petrov is a heavy smoker, which damaged his respiratory cilia. How does this affect his

respiratory health, and what symptoms do you expect to see?

The cilia are tactile and highly mobile structures that serve as a means of transport of a cell or are

present on some cells and serve to move substances outside the cell. These structures are

distributed within the respiratory system. They are present on the Ciliated Pseudostratified

squamous cells present in the Respiratory tract. They serve to move debris, mucous, and other
 Last Name 4

substances out of the airway, thereby maintaining a relatively clean and unclogged respiratory

tract. However, when they have been damaged by activities such as long term or heavy smoking,

this ability is lost; thus, there is stasis of substances within this tract leading to symptoms of

upper respiratory tract obstruction such as coughing, due to the involuntary need to clear up the

airway; respiratory distress, due to the clogging of the airway and recurrent pneumonia, due to

stasis of microorganisms and other materials within the airway, etc.

Reference

1. Jinyao Liu. Alcohol consumption combined with dietary low – carbohydrate/protein

intake increased the left ventricular systolic dysfunction risk and lethal ventricular

arrhythmia—Science direct.

2. Maria Perrissiou et al. The effect of an 8-week prescribed exercise and low carbohydrate

diet on cardiorespiratory fitness, body composition and cardiometabolic risk factors in

obsessed individuals