NATIONAL UNIVERSITY OF STUDY AND RESEARCH IN LAW,

Ranchi

WINTER SEMESTER 2022

INTERNATIONAL TRADE LAWS

(ELECTIVE -I)

U.G. VIII SEMESTER

FACULTY

DR. MAUSAM
About the Course

The Course is a honours paper on International Trade Law. It will familiarize the students
with the normative framework of the General Agreement on Trade and Tariffs (GATT) 1994
and the Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization. It will also discuss
the relevant case laws and engage with the academic commentary which has developed in the
implementation and interpretation of these documents. The students will also get introduced
to the Dispute Settlement Mechanism and its current challenges. Further there will be a brief
introduction to some of the Special agreements which came into the force when World Trade
Organization (WTO) was formed.

Learning Outcomes/Objective of the Course

After the completion of the course students will be able to:

▪ Get introduced to the historical development of the International Trade Law

▪ Understand the basic theories of International Trade Law

▪ Understand the salient Articles of GATT 1994

▪ Understand the Dispute Settlement Understanding and the challenges in its current
implementation

▪ Get introduced to the agreements accompanying the WTO

Pedagogy

The following pedagogical tools will be employed by the instructors:

▪ Live Lectures

▪ Power Point presentations

▪ Discussion

Evaluation Criteria

As per the University Format for Undergraduate Courses

▪ Mid Term Examinations 20

▪ End Term Examinations 50

▪ Project Submission (with Presentations) 30 (20+10)

Module I

a. Introduction to International Trade Law

Meaning, Nature, Importance and Scope of International Trade Laws

b. Various modes of entry:

 Trade related
 Contractual
 Investment
c. Theories of International Trade Law
 Absolute Advantage
 Comparative Advantage
 H-O Theorem
 Factor Equalisation Theorem
 Product Life-Cycle Theory
 New Trade Theory

Readings

▪ Prof, John Jackson: World Trade and the Law of GATT

▪ Prof. John H. Jackson: The Jurisprudence of GATT and the WTO

▪ Reinhard Schumacher: Free Trade and Absolute and Comparative Advantage

▪ Simon Lester and Bryan Mercurio with Arwel Davies and Kara Leitner: World Trade

Law; Text, Materials and Commentary

▪ Kenneth Rogoff, Harvard University: ‘Paul Samuelson’s Contribution to International

Economics’.

▪ Paul Krugman: International Trade: Theory and Policy.

Module II

a. Most Favoured Nation Concept under General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade,

1994(GATT) Article I:1, GATT 1994

Cases

▪ Belgian Family Allowances 1952

▪ Spain-Tariff Treatment of Unroasted Coffee 1981

▪ Canada/Japan: Tariff on Imports of Spruce, Pine, Fir (SPF) Dimension Lumber 1989

▪ Canada Certain Measures Affecting Automotive Industry 2000

▪ EC-Conditions for the Granting of Tariff Preferences to Developing Countries 2004

Readings

▪ Prof. John Jackson: World Trade and the Law of GATT

▪ Simon Lester and Bryan Mercurio with Arwel Davies and Kara Leitner: World Trade

Law; Text, Materials and Commentary.

▪ Petros C Mayroidis: Trade in Goods; The GATT and other WTO Agreements
RegulatingTrade in Goods.

Autar Krishen Koul, ‘Guide to the WTO & GATT: Economics, Law and Politics, Fifth
Edition, 2015.

▪ Prof Raj Bhalla: Modern GATT Law; A Treatise on the General Agreement on Tariffs

and Trade

▪ Biswajit Dhar and Abhik Majumdar: ‘The India -EC GSP Dispute: The Issues and the

Process’

▪ Ravindra Pratap: ‘WTO and the Tariff Preferences, India Wins Case, EC the Law’

b. National Treatment under General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, 1994 (GATT)

Article III, GATT 1994(a) (Article III:1, Article III:2, Article III: IV, Article III: VIII)

Cases

▪ Japan -Taxes on Alcoholic Beverages 1996

▪ United States-Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline 1996

▪ EC-Measures Affecting Asbestos and Products containing Asbestos 2001

▪ Korea-Measures Affecting Imports of Fresh, Chilled and Frozen Beef 2001

▪ India-Certain Measures Relating to Solar Cells and Solar Modules 201

Readings

▪ Andrew Mitchell and Tania Voon: ‘Regulating Tobacco Flavours: Implications of WTO

Law’

▪ Prof. John Jackson: World Trade and the Law of GATT

▪ Simon Lester and Bryan Mercurio with Arwel Davies and Kara Leitner: World Trade

Law; Text, Materials and Commentary.

▪ Petros C Mayroidis: Trade in Goods, The GATT and other WTO Agreements Regulating

Trade in Goods.

▪ Prof Raj Bhalla: Modern GATT Law, A Treatise on the General Agreement on Tariffs

and Trade

Module III

a. Anti-Dumping Agreement, Article VI of GATT 1994

Readings

▪ Judith Czako, Johann Human, Jorge Miranda: A Handbook on Anti-Dumping

Investigations

▪ Thomas R. Howell, Dewey Baltimore: Dumping: Still a Problem in International Trade

b. Customs Valuation Agreement, Article VII of GATT 1994

Readings

▪ Sheri Rosenow and Brian J. O’Shea: A Handbook on the WTO Customs Valuation

Agreement

Module IV

Quantitative Restrictions, Article XI, GATT 1994

Cases:

▪ Argentina-Measures affecting the Export of Bovine Hides 2000(Panel Report

▪ China-Measures Affecting Trading Rights and Distribution Services for Certain

Publications

and Audio-visual Entertainment Products 2009, (Panel and Appellate Body Report)

▪ China-Measures Related to the Exportation of Rare Earths, Tungsten and Molybdenum

Panel

Report 2014 and AB Report 2014

▪ China-Measures Related to the exportation of various Raw Materials Panel Report 2011 and

AB 2012

▪ Colombia-Indicative Prices and Restrictions on Ports of Entry, 2009(Panel Report)

▪ India -Quantitative Restrictions on Imports of Agricultural, Textile and Industries Products

1999 (Panel Report and Appellate Body)

▪ Japan-Trade in Semi -Conductors, Report of the Panel 1988

▪ Korea-Various Measures on Beef, Panel Report 2000 and AB Report 2001

Readings:

▪ William J. Long. The U.S. -Japan Semi-Conductor Dispute: Implications for U.S. Trade

Policy, Volume 13/Issue 1, Maryland Journal of International Law (1988).

▪ Impact on India of Tariff and Quantitative Restrictions under WTO, Bishwanath Goldar,

Working Paper No. 172, Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relations,

November 2005

▪ Non – tariff Barriers Affecting India’s Exports, Rajesh Mehta, Research and Information

System for the Non-Aligned and the Other Developing Countries, June 2005

▪ Non – Tariff Measures to Trade: Economic and Policy Issues for Developing Countries,

Developing Countries in International Trade Studies, United Nations Conference on Trade

and Development (UNCTAD), United Nations 2013

▪ Non-Tariff Barriers to Trade: Case Study of India vis a vis EC, Japan and USA,
Madanmohan

Ghosh, April 1994, MPhil Dissertation to Jawahar Lal Nehru University, New Delhi.

▪ Non-Tariffs Barriers in the Transport and Logistics Sectors: India, Arpita Mukherjee &
Smita

Miglani, August 2010, Research Report, European Business and Technology Centre

▪ Trade Politics and the Semi-Conductor Industry, Doughlas A. Irwin, Working Paper No.
475,

National Bureau of Economic Research (NBER) Working Paper Series, May 1994

Module V

State Trading Enterprises, Article XVII, GATT 1994

Cases

▪ Canada -measures Relating to Exports of Wheat and Treatment of Imported Grain, Panel

Report, 2004 and AB Report 2004

▪ Canada-Administrative of the Foreign Investment Review Act, Panel Report, 1984

▪ Japan Restrictions on Imports of Certain Agricultural Products, Panel Report, 1988

Readings

▪ China’s Trade Development Strategy and Trade Policy Reforms: Overview and Prospect,

Sheng Bin, April 2015, International Institute for Sustainable Development, Nankai

University

▪ State Trading and Non-Market Economies, John H. Jackson, International Lawyer, Vol

23, No. 4, 1989.

Module VI

General Exceptions, Article XX, GATT 1994

Cases

▪ EC-Asbestos, Panel Report (2000) and AB Report (2001)

▪ Brazil – Measures Affecting Imports of Re-treaded Tyres, Panel Report (2005) and AB

Report (2007)

▪ Canada-Certain Measures Affecting the Renewable Energy Generation Sector/Canada-Feed

in Tariff Program, Panel Report 2012 and AB Report 2013

▪ China – Measures Related to the Exportation of Various Raw Materials, AB Report 2012

▪ Gasoline-United States-Standards for Reformulated and Conventional Gasoline, Panel

Report

1996 and Appellate Body Report 1996

▪ Japan-Alcoholic Beverages II, Panel Report and AB Report,1996

▪ United States Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products, Panel and AB

Report, 1998

▪ Tuna Dolphin Case I and II

Readings

▪ The Appellate Body Rulings in the Shrimp/Turtle Case: A New Legal Baseline for the
Trade

and Environment Debate, Robert Howse, Columbia Journal of Environmental Law, Vol 27:2,
2002

▪ Bilateralism under the World Trade Organization, Y.S. Lee, Northwestern Journal of

International Law & Business, Volume 26, Issue 2, 2006

▪ The WTO Impact on Internal Regulations- A Case Study of the Canada-EC Asbestos
Dispute,

Robert Howse and Elizabeth Tuerk, Chapter 12, WTO Impact of International Regulations

▪ Free Trade and the Environment- Can NAFTA Reconcile the Irreconcilable? James E.
Bailey,

American University International Law Review, Volume 8, Issue 4, 1993

▪ GATT and the Environment: Reconciling Liberal Trade Policies with Environmental

Preservation, David M. Parks, Journal of Environmental Law, Vol 15,1996

▪ The Judicial Resolution of Conflicts Between Trade and Environment, John H.Knox,
Harvard

Environmental Law Review, Volume 28,2004

▪ Multilateral Failure: A Comprehensive Analysis of the Shrimp/Turtle Decision, Marc

Rietvelt, Ind. Int’l & Comp. L. Rev. , Volume 15.3, 2005

▪ Bradley J.Condon, Reconciling Trade and Environment: A Legal Analysis of European and

North American Approaches, 8 Cardozo J. Inl’l & Comp.L. 1, 26(2000)

▪ Revisiting the WTO Shrimps Case in the Light of Current Climate Protectionism: A

Developing Country Perspective, Dr Pallavi Kishore, Journal of Energy and Environmental

Law, Winter 2012

▪ The Next Generation of Trade and Environment Conflicts: The Rise of Green
IndustriaPolicy, Mark Wu & James Salzan, Northwestern University Law Review,108:401,
2014

▪ The Seduction of the Appellate Body: Shrimp/Sea Turtle I and II and the Proper Role of

States in WTO Governance, J Patrick Kelly, Cornell International Law Journal, Volume 38,

2005

▪ The Shrimp – Turtle Case: Implications for Article XX of GATT and the Trade and

Environment Debate, Bruce Neuling, Loyola of Los Angeles International and Comparative
Law Review, Volume 22, 1999.

▪ The World Trade Organization Appellate Body-United States v. Venezuela: Interpreting the

Preamble of Article XX-Are Possibilities for Environmental Protection under Article XX(g)

of GATT Disappearing, Hans J. Crosby, Vill. Environment law Journal, volume 9,1998

Module VII

Dispute Settlement System under the WTO, GATT 1994

a. Procedure

b. Reverse Consensus

c. Appellate Body

d. Amicus Curiae

e. Third Party Role

f. Current Challenges

Cases

▪ EC Bananas Case, AB Report 1997

▪ EC Hormones Case

▪ Australia Canada Salmon Dispute Case

Link

▪ Law P12 M-14. Dispute Settlement under the WTO, ePG Pathshala

Reading

▪ Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade Organization, Annex 2, Understanding

on Rules and Procedures governing the settlement of disputes.

▪ The History and Future of the World Trade Organization, Craig Van Grasstek, World Trade

Organization, WTO Publications, 2013

▪ The Economics of Trade Disputes, the GATT’s Article XXIII, and the WTO’s Dispute

Settlement Understanding, Chad P. Bown, January 2002

▪ Reflections on US-Zeroing: A Study in Judicial Overreaching by the WTO Appellate Body,

Roger P. Alford, 2006

▪ Amicus Curiae in WTO Dispute Settlement: Theory and Practice, By Henry S. Gao, China

Rights Forum, 2006

▪ Dispute Settlement in the WTO, Developing Countries and India, Anwarul Hoda, ICRIER

Policy Series, April 2012

▪ Due Process in the World Trade Organization: The Need for Procedural Justice in the
Dispute

Settlement System, John P. Gaffney, American University of International Law Review,

Volume 14,1999

▪ Effects and Outcomes of Amicus Curiae Briefs at the WTO: An Assessment of NGO

Experiences, Leah Butler, Amicus Curiea Briefs and NGOs, May 8 2006

▪ The Dispute Settlement Understanding of the WTO Agreement: An Inadequate Mechanism

for the Resolution of International Trade Disputes, Sean P. Feeney, Pepperdine Dispute

Resolution Law Journal, Volume 2, 2001

▪ The Role of Consensus in GATT/WTO Decision making, Mary E. Footer, North western

Journal of International Law & Business, Volume 17, 1997

▪ The WTO Banana Dispute Settlement and Its Implications for Trade Relations between the

United States and the European Union, Hunter Clark, Volume 35, Cornell International Law

Journal, 2002

Module VIII

WTO Covered Agreements

a. Agreement on Agriculture

b. Agreement on the Application of Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures

c. Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade

d. Agreement on Trade Related Investment Measures

e. Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures

f. General Agreement on Trade in Services

g. Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Right

Readings:

▪ The WTO Agreements, The Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the World Trade

Organization and its Annexes, Cambridge University Press

▪ The World Trade Organization: Law, Practice and Policy, By Mitsuo Matsushita,Thomas J

Schoenbaum, Oxford International Law Library,2015

▪ The Oxford Handbook on The World Trade Organization, Edited by Amrita Narlikar,
Martin

Daunton, Robert M. Stern, Oxford University Press,2012

Links

▪ Different Agreements of WTO and its impact on Indian Economy, Vidya-mitra, E-pathshala

▪ Law P12 M-17. The Agreement on Agriculture, e-PG Pathshala

▪ Law P12 M-09. The anti-dumping agreement under the WTO, e-PG Pathshala

▪ Law P12 M-22. The General Agreement on Trade in Services-PG Pathshala

▪ Law p12 M-10 Agreement on subsidies and countervailing measures, e-PG Pathshala

▪ Law P12 M-18 Trade Related Investment Measures (TRIMS), e-PG Pathshala

▪ Law P12 M-19 Technical Barriers to Trade, e-PG Pathshala

▪ Law P12-M-20 Agreement on sanitary and phytosanitary measures, e-PG Pathshala

▪ Law P12 M-23 The agreement on trade related aspects of intellectual property rights, e-PG

pathshala

Required Readings:

▪ General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994

▪ Marrakesh Agreement Establishing the WTO

▪ Annex 2, The Rules and Procedures Governing Settlement of Disputes (DSU)

Recommended Readings:

▪ Peter Van den Bossche, Zdouc, Werner, The Law and Policy of the World Trade

Organization: Text, Cases and Materials, Cambridge University Press.4th Edition.

▪ Hoekman, B and Kostecki, M. 1995, The Political Economy of the World Trading System:

From GATT to WTO, Oxford University Press

▪ The World Trade Organization: Law, Practice and Policy, By Mitsuo Matsushita, Thomas J

Schoenbaum, Oxford International Law Library,2015

▪ The Oxford Handbook on The World Trade Organization, Edited by Amrita Narlikar,
Martin

Daunton, Robert M. Stern, Oxford University Press,2012

▪ The Oxford Handbook of the Political Economy of International Trade (Oxford University

Press), Edited by Lisa L. Martin, 2015

▪ Making Rules in the WTO: Free or Managed Trade? Surendra Bhandari, Rose Books, 2012

▪ India in the World Trading System: A Quantitative Assessment, Institute of International

Economics, 2003

▪ Trade Policy Reform in India Since 1991, Harsha Vardhana Singh, Working Paper 02,

Brookings India, March 2017

▪ GATT and the Evolution of the Global Trade System: A Historical Perspective, Gerald A.

Bunting, Journal of Civil Rights and Economic Development, Volume 11, 1996

Suggested Materials (Content Available on You Tube):

▪ WTO: Past, Present and Future-The Political perspective, World Trade Organization

▪ Talking Disputes: The India-Solar Cells Disputes, ICTSD

▪ Law P12 M-01. Introduction to International Trade Law, e-PG Pathshala

▪ M-18, WTO Regime and Environment-PG Pathshala

▪ What Trade and environment negotiations agenda for the WTO? Peterson Institute for

International Economics.

▪ The Common Law of International Trade and the Future of the WTO, Centre for
International