Cause and Effect

1. Cause
+ underlying causative factors
+ several reasons
+ contributing factors
+ rationales+ behind Ving/N
There are several reasons for Ving/N Đấ

There are several reasons why S+V

+ A is mainly associated with/attributed to/ linked with/
has its roots/stem from/derive from B
A có nguyên nhân từ B
Nêu nguyên nhân theo thứ tự
The prominent/main reason is that (nguyên nhân chính)
Another reason is that/ Another contributing factor that leads to
A is B
Cause and Effect
1. Effects=> Positive and Negative
(v): cause/lead to/result in+ N phrase=> lead to Sb+Ving
=> The desire to signal social status leads to people buying more branded items
(v) make/render+ sb+ adj to do st
(v): spark+ N phrase=> mang nghĩa tích cực
=> Government-funded exhibitions sparks people’s awareness of cultural identities.
(v): trigger+ N phrase=> mang nghĩa tiêu cực
=> Heavy traffic trigger cities’ higher air pollution
Điều kiện thuận lợi
Đấ
a.

Mang đến điều kiện thuận lợi cho A

+ bring advantageous conditions to sb
+ create advantageous conditions for sb
+ provide sb with advantageous conditions/ advantageous conditions to sb
+ offer sb advantageous conditions to
=> Learning vocational training offers students advantageous/beneficial/favorable conditions to secure job
opportunities in the future
+ pave the way for sb to st
+ advantageous conditions = valuable/precious chances/opportunities to do st
+ A acts an effective way/ catalyst to do st
A có lợi từ việc
A has gained/reaped several/ numerous benefits from Ving ………..
Cause and Effect
2. Negative Effects/Impacts/Influence
+ lead to/cause/result in + N phrase
The popularity of modern music leads to the disappearance of cultural music
+ lead to negative/ detrimental/ harmful/adverse effects on A
+ exert severely adverse impacts on A
+ wreak havoc on=> có sức tàn phá=> natural disaster=> cause extensive damage to st
+ leave sb in danger of bankruptcy/ insolvency (phá sản)
+ put strain on sb/ Đấ

+ demotivate/ discourage/ deter/dishearten sb from doing st: cản trở ai làm gì

+ B acts as a deterrent to do st: một biện pháp ngăn chặn
 HUY ĐỘNG VOCAB
- khi đọc đề bạn hãy gạch chân các keywords
- liệt kê ra động từ, tính từ, danh từ, V-ing, V-ed…
- Liệt kê ra word family của keywords chính
- Ví dụ: “Nowadays many people choose to educate their children at home”
- Keywords: educate, children, home, chủ đề là homeschooling
- Word family: learn, parents, offspring, teachers, formal learning, academic journey, learning
materials, classmates (peers)...
- educate / teach, teaching, educating, educated, taught, education, educator, homeschooled
- danh từ ghép: home education, teaching method, teaching materials…
 ADVERTISING 1
1. a target market 1. Fulfill/ meet/ satisfy (a need)
2. increase customer awareness/ brand awareness 2. Demanding customers/ Discerning customers=>
3. boost sales/ profit maximization k.h khó tính
4. attract potential customers 3. Loyal customers/ regular customers/ frequent
5. create artificial needs ☹=> unnecessary items customers/patrons
6. use emotional appeal ☹ 4. Well-educated customers
7. Influence consumers’ shopping behavior 5. Customer satisfaction
8. impulse purchases / unplanned purchases/ 6. Upscale / high-end, luxury, upmarket/branded
impulsive buying ☹ (products)
=> Exorbitantly/prohibitively expensive
9.

7.Low-end products/ low-cost products

affordable/reasonable/ wallet-friend
=> A is offered at a …….. Price/ prices
 ADVERTISING 2
1. Marketing = Sales + Advertising + Public Forms of advertising:
Relations + Market Research 1. TV commercials
2. Marketing 4Ps = Product + Price + Place 2. Social media: Facebook Ads, Google Ads
(Distribution) + Promotion (discounts, 3. Print advertising
advertising) 4. Outdoor advertisements
3. PR = Events sponsorship + Press release + 5. Celebrity endorsement
Charitable Programs Famous figure to advertise products
4. Effects: lead to excessive buying 6. a fancy/ glamorous lifestyle
Promote materialism 7. Word-of-mouth marketing (advertising)
get into debts/ financial distress
result in waste increase=> plastic
Waste=> accumulate in water bodies
=> Make aquatic animal die
 ANIMALS
wild species/ wildlife, flora and fauna
biodiversity loss/ habitat loss
Animal testing/ side effects
human safety
Vegetarianism/ plant-based diets
Keep animals in captivity
Disrupt the balance of the ecosystem
/The delicately balanced ecosystem
Endangered animals/ species
=> Threaten the habitat of species, pushing to the
brink/risk of extinction
natural reserve/ conservation park/ natural
Park/ semi-natural
A food chain
The extinction of bees=> unable to polinate
flowers=> reduce crop productivity (năng suất
Lương thục)=> food supply reduce=> famine
(food security: an ninh lương thực)
natural selection
die out/ become extinct
at risk of extinction
Poaching / illegal hunting and trafficking of wild
animals/ wildlife trade
Domestic/household animals: agricultural
activities/ rescuing people/ tracking down
criminals/ companionship

1. Creative/ artistic skills (ability)
/creativity/imagination
2. Creative thinking/ creative pursuits/
Creative leisure activities
3. An outlet for creativity and emotion
4.stimulate imagination
5. social & emotional development
6. nurture/foster/cultivate essential traits
=> self-discipline, resilience/persistent, hard
work/diligence
7. Appreciate / admire works of art
8. aesthetically -pleasing
9. depict/ illustrate / convey
3. composition/ watercolor painting
ART
The arts: architecture; visual arts (ceramics,
drawing, filmmaking, painting, photography,
sculpting) Literary arts (fiction, poetry) Performing
arts (dance, music, theater)
folk art, handicraft , culinary arts
cultural heritage
masterpiece / fine arts
decorative art or applied art
 BUILDING
1. Urban dwellers/ citizens/ residents
2. Liveable/ well-planned / well-designed
(cities / neighborhoods)
3. a healthy, safe & convenient living
environment/ residential areas
4. easy access to public facilities
5. entertainment & recreation facilities
6. house design / housing architecture
7. Future housing trends: green, cutting-
edge, smart homes, sustainable, energy-
efficient
Housing + area / cost/ price/ affordability/ availability
(supply)/ demand
A decent (house/ home/ accommodation/ place to reside)
+ substandard housing
home+ occupants, owners, ownership
rental / renting/ rents / tenants
overcrowding / overpopulation
=> People migrate from rural areas to cities
Urban/ city + planning/ vertical or horizontal city/
landscape/ high-/low-rise
Lack of open space and green space
unique, aesthetic designs / architecture
uniformity=> attract more tourists
=> income
 CRIME 1
1. a minor offense, non-violent crimes, traffic
offences, serious crimes, wrong-doing
2. Criminals/ offenders/ lawbreaker/ perpetrator/
convict/ those committing a crime/ reoffenders/
delinquent (vị thành niên)/juvenile offenders
3. Criminality/ crime/ criminal acts/ illegal activities/
unlawful activities/ criminal offences
4. Children delinquency/ Juvenile offending /
antisocial/unethical behavior/ reoffending / future
offending
Juvenile offending / antisocial behavior/
reoffending / future offending
Mimic violent behavior /lack positive role models
Lead a life of crime
=> Lazy=>To earn an easy life / a comfortable life
without having to work
Increased crime rates/ rising crime rates/
prevalent crime
Act as a deterrent / deter people from..
 CRIME 2
1. to combat / curb / reduce / eliminate/ eradicate crime
2. Lenient/merciful punishment=> community service /
3. Harsher/tougher/stricter/more rigorous/draconian
punishment/ stricter law enforcement
4. Imprisonment/ incarceration / serve a sentence/
confinement / sentencing => bỏ tù/ thụ án tù
5. Pay a fine/ to suspend (tạm giữ) a license/vehicles / to
revoke (thu) a license / probation sentence (án treo)
6. To do community service (community punishment:
more humane and less costly)
Rehabilitation / ex convicts/ prisoners/
reintegration into society
Social injustice/ social inequality=> poverty
=> Commit a crime => to enjoy an easy life
lack of parental guidance / lack of moral
education=> misunderstanding of social rules
Dysfunctional family/ troubled family
=> Children are abandoned/abused=> negatively
impact their mental health=> crime
an aggressive nature=> genetic/ biological traits
(aggressive+lazy)
bad role models (parents set role models-> mimic
violent behavior)
conscientious / dutiful/ law-abiding + citizens
 EDUCATION 1
1. Learn from parents, grandparents by
mimicking their behavior
2. absorb moral values and acquire life
lessons/ life skills
3. set a good example for children
4. Homeschooling (educate children at home,
not send them to school)
5. Formal education/ formal learning/
attending a school/ academic learning
6. A well-rounded education, a
comprehensive education
family upbringing
streaming education/ mixed ability
education
same-sex school/ co-educational school
School curriculum/ curricula
Become good/ contributing/ responsible
members of society
Lead a balanced and fulfilling life/ reach
their full potential
better job prospects/ higher income
 EDUCATION 2
Methods: Independent learning / rote
learning/ active learning / remote learning/
online learning, blended learning
Teacher: lesson plans, marking,
continuous assessment, teaching materials/
methods
Children: formative years, cognitive
development, social and emotional
development
level of education/ schooling
Students: Low-performing students,
high-performing students, fast learners,
visual learners, auditory learners,
disruptive behavior, learning at their
own pace
school: learning environment, peer
pressure, peer competition, bullying,
social interactions, class disruption,
prestigious/privileged school, ordinary
school, core subjects, academic subjects,
curricula
 EDUCATION 3
Extra-curricular activities: student clubs
of sports, hobbies, community service,
career orientation programs, part-time
work
Technical skills = specific job skills= hard
skills: programming (coding), software
skills, accounting, language skills, math…
(can be measured easily/ measurable)
3. Academic journey/ achievements
Soft skills (non-measurable): Effective
communication, Teamwork, Creativity,
Problem-solving, critical thinking,
Leadership, People skills (Interpersonal
skills), Adaptability
Academic skills: learning, research,
report writing and presentations,
analysis, communication, social,
planning, studying, test-taking
Score/ Grade/ Performance
 ENVIRONMENT 1
global warming: rising global temperature,
heat-trapping greenhouse gases, Carbon
emission, carbon dioxide, the Earth’s
atmosphere, carbon footprints, human activities,
fossil-fuel burning, coal-powered plants/
factories, gas-powered vehicles, conventional
vehicles, electric vehicles, renewables, exhaust
fumes
Climate change: changing weather patterns,
land and ocean temperatures, rising sea levels,
ice loss at Earth’s poles
Extreme weather: frequent & severe /
devastating hurricanes, heatwaves, wildfires,
droughts, prolonged floods and precipitation
Environmental Pollution: air/ ocean
pollution, soil and water contamination, soil
erosion, land degradation, polluted,
pollutants, resource depletion, increased
waste , desertification, deforestation,
wildlife’s habitat destruction, overfishing,
plastic pollution, overconsumption
 ENVIRONMENT 2
increase at an alarming / unprecedented rate
release toxic emissions into the air
discharge hazardous waste into rivers and
oceans
pesticides and fertilizers contaminate soil and
groundwater
destroy natural habitats of wildlife
natural resources are being overexploited
disrupt the balance of the ecosystem
exacerbate, worsen,
solve, address, handle, tackle
encourage, promote
discourage, mitigate, lower, cut down on
present/ pose a severe threat to ST
protect/ conserve / recycle / reuse
embrace a sustainable lifestyle
raise public awareness of ST
mitigate their carbon footprints
allocate greater funding into environmental
conservation
 ENVIRONMENT 3
Tính từ:
detrimental, worrying, alarming, adverse,
harmful, toxic, hazardous, catastrophic,
damaging, devastating, excessive, disposable
pressing, urgent, imperative
energy-efficient, energy-saving, renewable,
sustainable/ unsustainable, eco-friendly,
green, environmentally-frinedly,
environmentally conscious/ recyclable,
reusable
Danh từ
Environmental problems/ issues/
challenges/ crises
existential threat / risk
overpopulation/ overcrowding
overconsumption of consumer goods
industrial waste/ household waste
illegal waste disposal
excessive packaging
far-reaching/ serious repercussions
(impose) environmental taxes on …
 FAMILY 1
Types: Single person household, nuclear family,
extended family, single-parent family, broken
family, dysfunctional family, close-knit family,
dual-income family, low-income family, affluent
family, disadvantaged family
Roles: Caregiver, family provider, breadwinner,
working parents, working mother, work/life
balance, grandparents/ their offspring, Parental
guidance, parental responsibilities, parenting
course, parenting methods, parental involvement,
child-rearing, child-minding
Family collocation: Family upbringing, family
background, family traditions, family bonds,
family gatherings, family unions, family
mealtime, weakened family ties, family
members, family support, family activities,
family cohesion, emotional support, financial
support, financial security
Family education: codes of conduct, moral
values, life skills, life lessons, history, wisdoms,
discipline, empathy
 FAMILY 2
Problems: unequal division of housework,
Domestic roles, household duties, chores,
household responsibilities, domestic violence, child example for children
abuse (physical/ mental/ verbal abuse), Child
neglect, parental negligence
Child:child-rearing, child-minding, child care
Early childhood education/ formative years/
cognitive, social and emotional development
mimic behavior of their parents/ idols/ peers
absorb moral values and life lessons from their
parents
Child collocation: Raise a child/ nurture a child/
bring up a child/ look after/ care for/ set a good
Set a good example/ become a positive role
model for their children
Spend quality time with their children/ Get
their children engage in …. activities
Dutiful / well-mannered/ well-educated/ well-
behaved/ well-adjusted/ well-brought up /
stubborn/ disciplined +children
Young people / the young / youth
 FAMILY 3
Old people: elders/ the elderly / retired people/ wisdoms increase with age
senior citizens/ aging people/ older adults/ the aged, family traditions / family life
elderly parents / retirees family traits
Collocations: hereditary diseases
Elderly care, / nursing home/ mental decline / family trees / nonrelatives
cognitive decline / health decline important units of society
social welfare programs/ pension social competence
dutiful offspring home-cooked / home-grown food
physically - fit healthier dietary habits
frail / lonely / isolated pass down from generation to generation
be out of touch with the modern world
 FOOD
Food types:
Fast food/ junk food/ convenience food/ packaged
food/ highly processed food/ pre-prepared food/
freshly-cooked food/ healthy food/ organic food/
home-cooked food/ home-grown food/ local food/
imported food/ genetically modified food/
traditional foods/ unhealthy foods/ unused food/
unwanted food/
Drinks: Soft drinks/ sugary drink/ sweetened
foods and drinks/ drinks that are high in sugar
Food + Noun:
food waste/ food scraps/ food banks/ food
portions/ food servings/ food packaging/ food
container/ food wrappings/ food choice / food
content
Nutrition / nutrients/ nutritious/ delicious /
delicacy/ recipe/ cuisine / cooking method (style)
Diet/ dietary habits / eating habits / calorie
intakes / daily intakes
Overweight / obese / obesity/
 GENDER
Gender Issues:
- Gender stereotype / gender bias/ gender
discrimination/ gender equality / gender gap/
- the underrepresentation of women in…
- sustain gender inequities
- reinforce and perpetuate harmful gender
stereotypes
- gender-based / gender-biased
- women are underrepresented in high political
positions/ in the field of science
Aims & Solutions:
- To eradicate / eliminate /abolish +gender
discrimination / gender inequality
- To close the gender gap in … / to promote
gender equality /
- to achieve equal gender representation in
- encourage goal pursuit
- to encourage girls/ females to participate in
sports , science, STEM activities…
- empower women to reach leadership positions
 GOVERNMENT
The government:
- political leaders, government officials, local
authorities, municipal authorities, lawmakers,
policymakers
- the law, laws, legal system, law enforcement,
legislation system,
- citizens, taxpayers, politicians,
- public spending, government spending / tax
revenue/ public funding
- healthcare, security forces, the police force,
military forces, armed forces
Responsibilities of the government:
- Build and maintain a country’s
infrastructure and public facilities
- introduce/ impose/ abolish laws on…
- impose a ban/ restriction/ penalty on ST
- protect its citizens from violence
- provide for vulnerable people (through
social programs)
- run public campaigns to raise public
awareness of …
 HEALTH
Collocations: Well-being/ health benefits/ health
concerns/ health issues/ healthcare/ health
warning/ health risk/ health education/ level of
fitness /
- metabolism / immune system / digestive
system / stamina / agility / regular exercise
- Stay healthy/ stay in shape/ stay fit/ keep fit/
maintain (pursue) a healthy lifestyle
- Sedentary lifestyle/ physical inactivity /
physical activities / physical exertion
- Health issues: Cardiovascular diseases/
respiratory diseases/ obesity/ heart attack/
stroke/ hypertension/ mental illnesses /
mental conditions/ depression/ anxiety
disorder
- Healthy (unhealthy) + eating/ diet / habits/
routine/ body/ food/ living/ lifestyle/ food
choices/ environment
- Physically-fit , mentally-fit, physically-
demanding , labor-intensive, mentally-
intensive
-
 THE INTERNET
Collocations: The virtual world/ virtual
classroom/ virtual workplace / virtual
interactions (#real-life interactions)/ the digital
age, computer literacy/ the Internet literacy /
digital literacy
- Instant reply, instant access to a wealth of up-
to-the-minute information, cost-saving
learning platforms, e-commerce, e-learning,
online shopping, distance learning, remote
working/ learning, teleworking
- Internet issues: Excessive use of social
media, pervasiveness of social media,
excessive gaming, withdrawal from the real
world/ weakened social cohesion/ inadequate
social competence
- online bullying / cyber crime / online
threats / personal information safety /
hacking / blackmail/ fake news/ anonymous
identity/ online predators / inappropriate
content/ video game addiction
 COMPUTER- TECHNOLOGY
Collocations: Technological advancement/
technological advances/ technological
breakthroughs / innovations/ inventions /
unprecedented development / the fast-changing
world of technology
- Hi-tech gadgets/ fancy gadgets/ cutting-edge
technologies/ state-of-the-art technologies/
advanced technologies
- tech-savvy / low-tech / time-consuming
- time-saving/ cost-saving/ cost-effective
- AI: Super-intelligent computers/ highly-
intelligent machines (robots)/ humanoid
- computer literacy / computer skills/
computer programing / software/ hardware /
screen time/ e-waste
- transform the way people work, learn,
communicate, do business and entertain
- privacy, inequality, safety, security
- loss of jobs caused by automation
 LANGUAGE
Collocations: Second language / native language/ English as a global language:
mother tongue / minority language / the
dominant language / the world’s lingua franca
(common language/ trade language) / language
learning
- Verbal communication / body language / non-
verbal communication / written
communication / spoken communication
- cross-cultural communication/
communication flow
- Promote international trade/ cultural
exchange / international cooperation
- Cultural assimilation , homogeneous society
(vs heterogeneous society)
- adapt to western culture/ western
civilization
- loss of cultural identities
- disappearance of traditional values and
customs
- Misunderstanding / miscommunication /
 FAMOUS PEOLE
Collocations: influential celebrities / high-profile Problems:
personalities / idols/ superstars/ A-list actors/
actresses / singers/ KOL - key opinion leaders/
influencers / fanbase/ public figures/ political
figures
- Preoccupation with celebrities / celebrity
worship/ fascination with celebrities/ stalking/
paparazzi
- exert enormous influence on young people
- bad role models/ narcissists / narcissistic
behavior/ self-seeking workaholics
- poorer self-esteem/ lower satisfaction with
life / poor mental well-being
- the desire to compensate for some
inadequacy in the empty self.
- materialism / consumer culture /
- longing for others’ acceptance
 MUSIC & FILMS
Music: Musical pursuit/ musical instruments/
rhythms / meaningful (relatable) lyrics / the art
of storytelling/ creative pursuit/ musician /
songwriter
- relieve stress, ease pain,boost mental health
- connect people across borders
- express and arouse emotions
- Soothing/ calm/ comforting/ traditional/ folk/
ethnic / live/ recorded/ background/ instrumental/
classical/ modern/ popular/ western + music
Films:
- Documentary/ comedy / romance comedy /
fiction film / horror film / period drama/
soap opera/
- A blockbuster/ a high-budget film/ a well-
directed film/ film crew/ a cast/
- Film adaptation / film setting / filmmaking/
film industry / film production / computer
animated effects/ sound effects/ digital
softwares / image editing techniques
 NATURE & NURTURE
Nature: Nurture:
- born to be a …/ - learned/ made/ trained/ accumulated /
- inherent / innate + (abilities/ qualities) obtained / acquired from experience
- hard-wired /genetically predisposed to do ST - Victim of circumstance / family upbringing /
- hereditary / talented / gifted / musically gifted, external factors/ poverty
musically-inclined - Leadership: visionary, ambitious,
- Genetic traits, natural (talents/ability), charismatic, emotionally intelligent,
aptitude / genetic factors/ accountable
- Give individuals a definite advantage/ have a - A prerequisite of success/ the key to success
head start over others
 READING & BOOK
- Types: Digital books/ e-books/ print books/ paper Reading:
books/ a hard copy / physical books/
- Genre: Storybooks, fiction books, self-help
books, personal development books, novels,
textbooks, technical books/ detective books /
comic books/ bedtime stories/ illustrated books/
academic books/ entertaining books/ educational
books, children’s books, bedtime stories
- Reading habit, leisure reading, critical reading,
intensive reading
- Foster cognitive, social and emotional
development
- Stimulate imagination and creativity
- strengthen family bonds
- relieve stress/ escape from the reality
- broaden their knowledge/ perspective
- exercise the brain
- improve concentration ability, discipline
 SOCIETY
Collocations:
- social beings, a sense of community, a sense of
belonging
- Social withdrawal / social integration / social
exclusion / feel disconnected from family/ social
creature/ active (inactive) social life / social
circle / social networking
- Long-established / long-standing traditions
- Socially acceptable / morally acceptable
- Rules and laws maintain an orderly society
Problems:
- Traditional lifestyle is disappearing due to rapid
globalization, urbanization, immigration
- The lack of real-life social interactions due to
virtual communication
- The loss of cultural identities due to the popularity
of western culture
- Aging population / low birth rates/ less working
people and more retirees/ increased burdens on
taxpayers and the public healthcare system
 SPACE EXPLORATION
Collocations: The outer space/ the universe/ the
cosmo /Space study / extraterrestrial beings/ aliens/
alien civilisations
Benefits:
- might provide viable solutions to pressing
problems facing our planet
- Job creation/ generation (Nasa)
- Space technologies are useful, ex: MRI scan
- quench (satisfy) humans’ thirst (yearning) for
exploration/ discovery
Drawbacks:
- A waste of taxpayers’ money
- Extremely costly and risky
- Present a threat to the world’s peace
- Mounting space debris
- Escalating tension between countries for
military dominance over the outer space
 SPORTS
Collocations: Sports events, the world of sport/
sportsperson , athletes, sports professionals, sport
facilities and equipment / arena/ stadium , sports
programs, sporting events, sports team, sports fans
Types: Professional sports / amateur sports/
televised sports/ high-profile sports/ team sports/
individual sports/ competitive sports/ non-
competitive sports/ extreme sports (skydiving,
bungee jumping, rafting/ trekking)
- Opponents/ opposing team/ tournament /
sports game (match)
- Rigorous training/ intensive practice / stamina/
agility / mental stamina /
- Be stressed out over winning a competition
(=>mental illnesses)
- Host sports events/ sponsor sports events/
sports sponsorship
- Lifelong injuries /doping/ unfair bad
reputation / unfair sports practices/ unethical
behavior in sports
 TOURISM 1
Collocations: Tourist attractions/ tourist
destinations/ tourist traps/ holidaymakers /
travelers/ visitors / vacationers / family travel/
group tour/ organized tour/ package tour/
independent travelers/ budget tour/ luxury tour /
- Airport transfer / long-distance flights / carbon
footprints
- Accommodation / hospitality / food and beverage
/ ecotourism/ responsible travel
-
Benefits:
Obtain first-hand experience and knowledge
about other countries
Dispel negative stereotypes of a country
Promote cross-cultural understandings/
cultural tolerance
Promote cultural preservation
Create jobs & income, a better life
Develop the infrastructure of a country
Tourist spendings boost local economies
Attract foreign investment
 TOURISM NEGATIVES
Environmental impacts: wild habitat destruction,
forest clearance, the ecosystem disruption,
pollution, waste, carbon emissions from long-
distance flights and car trips…
Cultural impacts:
- culture shock/ a clash of cultures, disrespectful
tourists
- Commercialization of culture: local culture is
modified to appeal to tourists’ tastes => Loss of
cultural authenticity and cultural diversity
Economic challenges:
- Tourism - dependent economies (over-reliance
on tourism): Ex: Covid-19
- higher costs of living
- Degradation of tangible cultural heritage
(historical buildings, ancient architechture
- Economic inequality : tourism-related jobs for
locals are low-paying, low-ranking positions,
tourist destinations have better infrastructure
-
 TRANSPORT
Collocations:
Private transport/ private vehicles/ traffic
congestion / public transport/ inadequate
infrastructure /
Commuting/ commuters/ passengers/ road users/
train users/ electric vehicles/ hybrid cars/ self-
driving cars/ road accidents/ road system/ road
safety / car owners/ pedestrians/ bullet train/ Hi-
speed train/ express train/ night train/ railway
system / low-cost airlines/ air travel
Problems: Careless driving/ stunt driving/ responsible
driving / Fossil fuels/ carbon emissions/ exhaust
fumes/ air and noise pollutions / rush hours/ traffic
ticket
Solutions: Car-free zones/ renewable energies/ bike-
sharing schemes/ bike lanes/ bike-friendly cities /
walkable cities Traffic calming measures/
surveillance camera/ traffic offenses (speeding, drunk
driving, red light running) Revoke or suspend the
driver’s license/ impose harsher penalties / green
taxes / congestion charge
 WORK 1
Collocations: JOBS: Job prospect/ career prospect/ job
- Corporate jobs/ 9-to-5 jobs/ dead-end jobs/ opportunity/ employment opportunity / job
repetitive jobs/ challenging jobs/ rewarding jobs requirements /job offer/ job market / the
/ lucrative jobs/ physically-demanding jobs/ workforce / work experience / job satisfaction /
labor-intensive jobs/ mentally-intensive jobs employee morale/ career advancement / a strong
- Staff/ employees/ workers/ co workers/ work ethic
colleagues/ team members/ workers/ social - Professions/ occupations / professionals/ entry
workers At work / in the workplace / remote jobs/ high-ranking positions/ corporate ladder /
working/ working from home/ career ladder , freelancer/ work/life balance /
personal life/ professional life
 WORK 2
Benefits:
- Corporate culture / work environment / on-the-
job training/ benefit packages/ incentives/
bonus/ commission/ base salary /
- paid leaves/ maternity leaves/ paternity leaves/
paid holidays/ health insurance / pension plan
- Autonomy / delegation / performance review/
promotion prospect/ salary raise /
Employable skills:
- Critical thinking / problem solving /
interpersonal / teamwork/ creative + skills
- Job Interview / interviewee/ recruitment/
screening interview/ candidates / applicants / hire/
newly hired/
- Alternatives to interviews: Competency tests, Test
Projects
- apply for a job/ accept a job offer