Structure 1: Negative expressions

On no account can =SHOULD NEVER we ignore the

immense=huge=enormous=vast value of knowledge.

Under no circumstances should youngsters=1. young people//young

generation=the youths=youths=teenagers=adolescents=juvenile delinquents
(crime) 2. children=offspring follow negative information on mass
media=press media+ electronic media+ news media blindly.
juvenile delinquent >>rampant=unchecked=uncontrolled juvenile delinquency
[U] tình trạng vị thành niên phạm tôi

Parents would not expect their children=offspring to become

capable=competent=accomplished=qualified=adept individuals=member of
society//citizen/ ordinary citizen// the general population without the
presence of=if there is no//without working hard.

Never has there been such a rise in the incidence=rate of crime in this country.

Instead of/rather than indulging in/immerse/absorb oneself in doing sth

playing computer games, children should be
taught=instructed=trained=coached how to benefit from useful =practical
=informative= educational ~ fruitful project information on the internet.

In terms of nutrition, fast food is far from=not at all

satisfaction(N)/satisfying(adj).

College students take up part-time jobs not for making more money, but for a
(improved/enhanced/sharpened/strengthened) better=more profound//deeper
understanding of =grasp of=insight into=appreciation of of society
part-time job= do/take part-time work= work as a part-timer/work part-time

Structure 2: Relative clause, WH questions words:

Children tend to=have a tendency to= be apt to do sth= to be likely to do
sth=to be inclined to do sth imitate=copy=duplicate=emulate(copy and do
better) what they have seen and heard=been exposed to on (THE) mass
media, which is sometimes dangerous=catastrophic=destructive and harmful.

Undoubtedly, practical courses can be applied to reality=put into

practice=translated into
action=implemented=conducted=executed=introduced=adopt, which is vital
to their personal development in the future.
The (overwhelming) majority of>< the minority of students 1. pupils 2.
undergraduates//university students//college students= learners believe that
part-time jobs will provide them with more opportunities to develop their
communication >>interpersonal skills, which may put them in a
good=favorable=advantageous=sound=decent (job)= positive position in the
future job=labour market.

We should take pride in=be proud of our cultural legacy handed from our
ancestors, which reflects our brilliant history and rich culture
ADJ>> NOUN
become popular => gain popularity among/amongst
consider => take sth in consideration
emphasize => place/put emphasis on
threat (v) => pose potential threat(s) to
censor (v) =>impose censorship on

Genetic engineering is a safe and powerful tool that will

yield=produce=generate=create sudden>>abrupt=unprecedented
results=outcomes=consequences=by-product(negative),
specifically=particularly=in particular=especially in the field of medicine . It
will usher in=bring (about) a world where gene
defects=imperfections=flaws=errors=mistakes, bacterial disease, and even
aging are a thing of the past.

The Mississippi River is one of the longest rivers in the world, and in spring
time it often overflows its banks, and the lives of many people are endangered.
>>The Mississippi River, which is one of the longest rivers in the world, often
overflows its banks in the spring time, endangering the lives of many people.
for example, Bill Gates, who is…. , has done sth
What SVO people are more concerned with=uneasy about`~~preoccupied
with at this stage is whether the government can create more job=employment
opportunities

Who is qualified to be the censor| remains an issue of controversy.

BE => remain => capital punishment remains an unsettled issue
BE=> prove => finishing/accomplishing all the tasks proves (adj) (to be)
difficult/a difficulty

One quality which makes the difference between=differentiate/distinguish sb

from sb a man of great caliber<<level and a man of average performance is
how odd moments are handled.
it is contributed by
What factors contribute to/responsible for the disappearance=extinction of
some rare species| has always been a research focus of scientists.
sth stems from sth(nguyên nhân)|| sth can be attributed to sth(nguyên nhân)||
sth is attributable to sth(nguyên nhân) >< sth(nguyên nhân) is the culprit/cause
of//contributes to: illiteracy contributes to high crime rate>< high crime rate
can be attributed to illiteracy

What the parents do and how they behave in front of their children, according
to some psychologists, will have=exert >> lead to a great impact on their
children in shaping their behaviors.
How we can
curb=prevent=hamper=impair=impede=deter=hinder=limit=diminish the
soaring=rampant=widespread crime rate has been widely discussed in our
community these days.

That is why many white collars workers regard=consider=perceive=interpret

job-hopping as an opportunity to tap their potentials=fulfill their potentials=
use=utilize=realize=accomplish=attain=obtain
employ(v)=use => the methods employed in the reasearch

This diagram depicts how people obtain water=water is obtained in the wild in
order to survive
the flowchart depicts how new bottles are manufactured and sold in the market
PROCESS: áp dụng luân phiên bd va chủ động

Structure 3: Contrast expressions

In spite of a lot of=a range of= a mixed/rich diversity/variety of= an array of
conveniences that cars=private cars=automobiles bring to people's life, they
can create=cause=trigger=spawn a series of=numerous/various (+/-) serious
problems.

In spite of this, the obvious=evident benefits of computer skills for young

children cannot be denied.
Reasonable=sensible=plausible=justifiable as the opinion sounds, it cannot
bear the test of thorough=comprehensive=extensive=detailed=rigorous
analysis
ADJ/ADV as S may/might sound/appear/seem/look/be: mac du
Be it+ Noun Clint Eastwood, David Beckham or Gordon Brown, one individual
cannot have done all alone what seems to have been
achieved=accomplished=obtained=attained by himself.
BE IT PRIMARY-LEVEL OR TERTIARY-LEVEL, THE AIM OF
EDUCATION IS TO HELP PEOPLE BECOME PRODUCTIVE AND LAW-
ABIDING CITIZENS
Strange as it may seem, parents’ attention sometimes hinders students’
academic=scholastic achievements/deeds/feats/accomplishment/ attainment
development.

Structure 4: Expression with “It”, Nominal clause, Whether/if or

It has been a few decades since the computer came into being.
It is worth caring about the way a child behaves.
It is universally acknowledged that=it is a well-established fact that= it is
an inescapable fact that=it is undeniable that=it stands to reason that water
and air are indispensable to=integral=vital=pivotal(role) human
beings=human=humans=humankind.
it is essential that he does sth (should) do sth
It is essential=urgent=imperative that endangered species of animals should
be protected=preserve(cultural relics)=conserve from being killed~slaughter
(kill for meat).

It is a highly controversial issue=a highly charged issue whether women

should join the armed forces or not.
charge: cuc cua battery>> charged=controversial
shield (n)>> shield=protect
grasp >> hold >>> grasp=understand
bar>> bar=prevent

It is no use crying over spilled milk.

It is high time that the government took (V2) effective measures to

solve=tackle=cope with=resolve these problems any
adversaries=opponents=critics of cultural globalization fear that Western
influences will infiltrate=permeate=pervade=penetrate ~assimilate into a
new=novel culture and dominate other cultures,creating a kind of Western
hegemony=a dominant culture throughout the world
Supporters of drug legalization believe=strongly believe that= i hold a firm
conviction that= i am convinced that that crime and violence would decrease
if drug use were legal

Advocates of legalization hold that if government oversees and regulates

drugs such as cocaine and marijuana by imposing/levying/enforcing taxes,
then the black market will be eliminated=eradicate=wipe out=phase out
eradicate hunger and alleviate poverty
It is suggested that private cars should be restricted=confined=limited in big
cities=metropolis(es)=megacities to solve the energy
shortage=deficit=dearth=scarcity=lack=depletion problem
natural resources are depleting being depleted>> are running out>> are
being used up

There arises a contentious debate over whether gambling should be made

legal=legalized=authorized: give sb/sth the green light

Whether or not children should be given pocket money has sparked a heated
discussion.

This debate is about whether we should sacrifice animal rights for human
benefits .

Whether human cloning should be banned has triggered=caused=prompted a

fierce argument fierce/stiff/cut-throat competition

As to whether we should abolish corporal punishment=physical punishment ,

people’s views vary=differ= subject to multiple interpretations

Structure 5: Common inversions with only,so,by: conclusion trong body.

Once you change your present/current job=post=position~
occupation/profession/ career (path), you will be faced/confronted with sth
|| face/confront=encounter sth the danger/prospect/ worst-case scenario of
being unemployed=jobless.

So valuable is water that we cannot afford to waste it.

so+ adj+ be+ noun
such+ be+ N+that: Such is the value of water that we cannor afford to
squander/lavish it

Not only does studying in school serve academic purpose, but(also) students
learn how to handle interpersonal<<communication relations.(as well)

We can see that not only are there very large

differences=discrepancy=distinction=gap=gulf between these economies, but
that these gaps are widening/broadening>> bridge/narrow the gap

Only when children make arduous=concerted=joint<<great efforts can they

become (professionally) successful (in one’s career path)
Only in this way can the problem be solved effectively=tackled properly
Only in this way can this problem be effectively solved.
Only in very few regions do the residents have
enough=adequate=sufficient~abundant=ample water for their daily
needs/demands.>> meet/fulfill/satisfy residents/citizens’daily needs

Structure 6: Cleft sentence:

It is the interaction of the two that shapes a person’s personality and
dictates=determines how that personality/character <<
characteristic/quality/virtue develops.

However, it is only those who reach the very top of their profession who/that
can get these huge/enormous salaries.=secure a decent income// obtain a well-
paid job

It is not until people suffer from some fatal diseases : obesity/ diabetes /
depression/ sleep deprivation=insomnia / heart=cardiovascular diseases /
stroke / lung cancers= tuberculosis such as SARS and AIDS that they are
becoming aware of=gain full-scale awareness of how significant it is<< the
significance of for the government to invest more money= increase
government spending/expenditure (on) in medical care
Nothing in the world is more valuable=of more value than health.

Structure 7: Generalization, Opinion and comparisons

Compared with/to= as opposed to= in comparison with those with different
abilities, intelligent=smart= with a high level of intelligence ~well-
educated=well-cultivated children have a higher tendency to do
better=perform more excellently/outstandingly>>>>
distinguishing/outstanding/extraordinary/exceptional performance in their
school work and intelligence

Studies=reasearch has shown=researches show that juvenile delinquency

rates are twice as high for youngsters from single-parent families as for those
in traditional=conventional~stereotyped families=households.

Generally speaking, people in modern times work more hours and enjoy less
leisure time and more workload than they did previously=in the past=in
former times..

Contrary to pop stars, other professionals like doctors and teachers

create=generate=contribute to the true value for society

Just like the movie stars, they live/lead extravagant>>lavish(v)/squander

money on lifestyles with huge houses=mansions=villas and cars=private
cars/automobiles/means of transport

Like self-awareness, this is also difficult=proves challenging//a challenge to

achieve=accomplish=attain=obtain=acquire, but I think these are the two
factors that may be the most important for achieving happiness=a sense of
happiness/contentment/fulfillment in life >>> blissfully happy || contented.

Unfortunately, professionals from other fields=discipline=area/field of

study/specialization= domain who make a much greater contribution to human
society, are paid so much less that it is hard to disagree with the statement.

Oddly enough (Strangely enough) , most people seem to enjoy saying which
ones are bad, and then say some are slightly better.
Surely, few people would seek to
preserve=conserve=protect=maintain=prevent sth from
extinction//disappearing/vanishing such traditions as living in caves.

Interestingly, a reasonable=adequate=proper amount of pressure seems to

make the majority of employees more productive/efficient.>< counter-
productive

Specifically/to specifiy/to be more specific, some laws=legislation[U]

prohibit=impose/enforce a ban=forbid acts of this kind.

For example/To illustrate, the population of some islands is too small to have
normal schools. Rather than=instead of breaking up families by sending
children to the mainland, education authorities have been able to
use=utilize=make use of= employ the Internet to deliver schooling<<teach
sb.

Structure 8: Middle-position and final-position phrases

Computers, most important of all, create a wide communication network
>>social networking websites like Facebook and Twitter around the world.

Providing=supplying~ subsidize/sponsor/fund/finance more parking areas, in

the long run, has proved to be a practical way out in many large cities in the
world

Observing=follow=adhere to= conform to= comply with= abide by= respect

>< show disregard for/to// violate/break local culture, consciously and
unconsciously, can reduce=diminish=decrease=lower=dwindle(intran) the
chance of offending the locals, and it can even save one from embarrassment
and even conflict=friction.

This will affect the job market, which, after all, Is a key target in any economic
plan=scheme >> incentive scheme/programme.

Feelings (and emotions) about one’s job must reflect=mirror how an

individual feels about his or her life, and because of this, job satisfaction=sense
of job satisfaction/fulfillment >> satisfaction at the workplace//in the work
environment is indeed=very very important.

Sport stars and pop stars, for example, are soon replaced=substituted by the
next younger, more energetic=dynamic=vibrant generation.

A person needs to feel that they are doing valued and valuable work, so positive
feedback from superiors=manager=bosses><
subordinates/employees/staff/staff members is very important in this respect

Some jobs are repetitive and boring/monotonous/mundane, and labour

relations may be poor, which leads to resentment=hatred=grudge and (job)
insecurity rather than to job satisfaction.

A sense of fulfilment is also encouraged=stimulated If a worker feels the job

is worth doing=worthwhile= (financially) rewarding because it contributes
to society or the economy as a whole.

A child will learn to Interact with different people= people of diverse

educational and cultural backgrounds and some children learn to
communicate very early because of this.

Structure 9: Cause; Hypothesis

It is important=urgent=imperative=compulsory that children (should) learn
at an early age to use the equipment confidently= with confidence/ease/self-
discipline as they will need these skills throughout their studies and working
lives.

Owning to the fierce=stiff=intense=cut-throat competition in today’s world, a

great many young people find themselves under great pressure (...characterized
by ….)

Human beings are chiefly responsible for=are the culprit of/cause of >>
cause=trigger=contribute to[prep] wild animal extinction. sth can be attributed
to= is attributable to Ngnhan gay ra
We should attribute medical
advances=breakthroughs/innovations/advancement=improvements
to[prep] the animals which do/make substantial contributions to the
experiment/experimentation/testing>>test subject.

Without the natural talent, continuous training would be neither attractive nor
productive, and without the training, the child would not learn how to
exploit=harness and develop their talent.

High quality nursery schools could be established=set up=put into operation=

run that would support=aid=assist families more in terms of raising the next
generation. (support=sponsor=subsidize=be financially responsible for= have a
financial obligation to= increase government spending/expenditure on= share a
portion of sth…….

If this were not true, then we would be able to predict the behaviour=the way
sth behaves>> the behavioral patterns and character/personality of a person
from the moment=when/since they were born.

Without electricity, many of the modern inventions would have been

impossible=out of the question.

Structure 10: Change to noun with “of”: Importance / help / value / use /
interest / significance / necessity / quality / impact
The old-style building is very valuable. >>The old-style building is of great
value
The relative Importance of natural talent and training is a frequent topic of
discussion.

Of crucial importance is, in my view, how we define responsible for bringing

the children up=raise=nurture=cultivate=foster the growth of
of great concern is the issue of crime prevention
crime prevention is an issue of great concern
of crucial importance is the way we cope with juvenile delinquency
the way w…….is of
more importantly is how government take actions
Some technology, such as weapons of mass destruction is of negative impact.
Structure 11: Present and past participle as modifiers:
When Jim came into the study room, he found Lucy suffering the internet
>>>Coming into the study room, he found Lucy surfing the Internet.
fighting fiercely against the fire, the house was saved>> the firemen saved the
house
>>>Because he was forced to stay at home, he didn’t know what had happened
outside

Forced to stay at home, he didn’t know what had happened outside

Struggling in poverty, (destitute=poverty-

stricken=needy=impoverished=less well-off in the poverty-stricken areas ~
people of poor financial/economic backgrounds// the upper class|| the lower
class>< wealthy/well-off/affluent/rich/enriched >> of advatageous
financial backgrounds)people in these countries believe international
aid=backing=assistance=support: relief funds is essential and should be
continued.>>thay menh de quan he
<<<<people who are struggling in poverty in these countries believe

Taking into account all the factors. we may reasonably arrive at the conclusion
that mandatory=obligatory=compulsory >> we have to= we are supposed
to//we have an financial/moral obligation/duty= we should be obliged to do
sth=shoulder the responsibility for. retirement is totally
unacceptable=outrageous=objectionable

Emitting=exude=give out>>discharge=dispose of=dump waste

toxic<<poisonous gases and making deafening=very loud noise, the factory
affects/impacts/ influences>>> have/exert positive effects/impacts/influence
on/effects =surroundingresidents nearby seriously.

Lacking money, many eligible=entitled children drop out of school=abandon

their (academic) study = quit school ~skip classes/ play truant and become
beggars.
=> every citizen should have their human rights
every citizen should be entitled to(prep) // eligible for human rights
We should help the wildlife and capture= bring endangered species into
captivity to breed<<raise/keep them, thus/thereby increasing the population of
those species , therefore, || ; therefore , | , therefore;

Serving in the army, females can develop independence=autonomy>>

autonomous/self-reliant/self-sufficient/ experienced/ mature, self-
confidence, self-respect and self-reliance, self-control, self-defence.

If i were asked to make a choice , I would not hesitate to side with the latter
view for several strong reasons.

Kept in zoos, some rare animals can enjoy better living conditions=better
habitat= better/more decent standard of living and professional care.

Deeply influenced by excessive violence and pornography=excessively violent

and pornographic contents on the Internet, some teenagers err from=deviate
from the right=morally sound/correct/good path.>>decent/sound code of
conduct/behaviour

If weather permits, we shall go outing on foot.>>Weather permitting; we shall

go outing on foot
No one having any more to say, the meeting was closed
They talked about the agreement with the natives, the guide acting as an
interpreter.
They redoubled their efforts, each man working like two.

Disturbed by the discord=disagreement of the noisy=the hustle and bustle(n)

of// hectic(adj) city life, Manchester took flight for the pacific islands for fun.

Structure 12: Gerund

Balancing=have/strike a balance between work and play a career and a
family is a vexing=disturbing=worrying=compelling problem
facing/confronting many career women.
Providing condoms to students in public education programsl will reduce the
incidence=rate of underage pregnancy~premature birth and the spread(n)
widespread of sexually transmitted diseases. provide/supply sth to/for sb||
provide/supply sb with sth || offer sb sth

lncreasing ventilation rates>>well-ventilated and roomy/spacious><

cramped/narrow/suffocating can be a cost
effective=economical>>economize on sth=use sth in an economical way
means of reducing indoor pollutant=contaminant=toxic chemical levels.
means/ species/ series so’it hay so nhieu nhu nhau: a series of films// many
series of films

Protecting and preserving endangered species has become a popular topic

within the last several years. boring and monotonous

Developing positive feelings (and emotions) about pets can contribute to a

child’s self-esteem and self-confidence.

Encouraging=stimulating=fostering physical activity in the young through

compulsory PE fights=combats=eradicates=eliminate=stamp out child
obesity=asthma=indigestion and constipation and contributes to[prep]
forming/the formation of lifelong habits of exercise.
Eating meat increases the risk of heart disease — vegetables contain no
cholesterol, which can build up to cause=trigger=engender blocked arteries
in meat-eaters><vegan/vegetarian.

A practical solution to(prep) fresh water

shortage=dearth=lack=scarcity=depletion~deficiency is recycling
wastewater in a scientific way/manner
Another solution to the environment problem is banning disposable=throw-
away=single-use products=items=goods=commodities= items of goods

The main task of a responsible government is eliminating poverty, disease and

illiteracy>< education>> eliminate hunger and alleviate/ease/relieve
(abject) poverty
A pressing=vexing=compelling issue troubling our government is that a
growing number/portion/percentage/rate of teenagers take drugs.

A problem vexing us| is that many people suffer from respiratory problems
due to the worsening=exacerbating=intensifying=deteriorating air
pollution/contamination.

The deteriorating environment=environmental degradation has drawn the

public attention.

Censorship should be imposed on the media that give misleading and

cheating=
biased=partial=prejudiced=distorted=exaggerated=skewed=deceptive=subj
ective=unreliable (messages) ><
genuine=factual=objective=unbiased=impartial= balanced= messages.

Too many tourists flooding/crowding/pouring into the tourist attractions pose

potential threat to the conservation of cultural relics.

Structure 13: SO…THAT expression:

Some teenagers are so sequacious=impressionable (at an ~age)= be
vulnerable to (prep)= be likely to fall prey to(prep)= be prone to that they
are likely to emulate=try to copy and do better than sb=
outperform=outshine the behavior of their idols that are sometimes negative
role models.

Air pollution has become so serious that people suffer from a variety of=a
range of respiratory diseases
Such is the seriousness of air pollution that people are now suffering from

International tourism develops so rapidly that cultural

assimilation=integration>>harmony without uniformity and cultural
penetration are inevitable=irresistible=irrevocable=unavoidable

Such is the speed of international tourism development that….

Such is the rapidity of …...
Western fast food is so tempting=appetizing=appealing=.... that few children
can resist its temptation

Structure 14: MORE/LESS…THAN; THE MORE…THE LESS…

The income of male professors is two times as much as that of female
professors.
the crime rate increased two times// twofold(adv)
the crime rate doubled// was twice as much as it was=the figure in/of 1999
figure of|| number of || increase(v) to // by(amount) >>> increase of (amount)
increase in of crime rate
there was two times a two-fold(adj) increase in crime rate/incidence// the
number people who commited crime= the rate of crime commission…

1,5 vietnmanese>> 1.5 english

30.000 vietnamese>> 30,000 | 30 0000 english.

The more tourists arrive, the more serious pollution problem

perplexes=bewilders=confuses us

The earlier you graduate from university, |the more opportunities await you
The larger vocabulary you have, the higher score you will achieve in the IELTS
test.