Senior High School

Physical
Science
Quarter 2 - Module 2
The Laws of Physics

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 Physical Science-Grade 11/12
Alternative Delivery Mode Self-Learning Module
Quarter 2 - Module 2: The Laws of Physics
First Edition, 2020

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 Senior
Senior High
High School
School

Physical Science
Quarter 2 - Module 2
The Laws of Physics

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 Table of Contents

What This Module is About........................................................................................................................i

What I Need to Know...................................................................................................................................ii
How to Learn from this Module................................................................................................................ii
Icons of this Module ................................................................................................................................... iii

What I Know...................................................................................................................................................iv

Lesson 1: The Concept of Motion.............................................................................1

What I Need to Know......................................................................................................1
What’s New: Find Me.....................................................................................................1
What Is It: The Concept of Motion..............................................................................2

What’s More: Aspects of Motion.................................................................................4

What I Have Learned: Let’s Compare......................................................................5

What I Can Do: You Complete Me.............................................................................5

Lesson 2: Uniform Acceleration..................................................................................6

What’s In.............................................................................................................................6
What I Need to Know......................................................................................................6
What’s New: I Belong ....................................................................................................6
What Is It: Uniform Acceleration..................................................................................7
What’s More Free Fall ....................................................................................................9
What I Have Learned: Caption Time........................................................................10
What I Can Do: My Ball................................................................................................10

Lesson 3: Cause of Motion................................................................................................11

What’s In.............................................................................................................................11
What I Need to Know......................................................................................................11
What’s New: Count Me In .............................................................................................11
What Is It: Cause of Motion...........................................................................................12
What’s More: Inertia in Motion......................................................................................12
What I Have Learned: Be Organized ........................................................................13
What I Can Do: Photos of the Day.............................................................................14

Summary ........................................................................................................................................................14
Assessment: (Post-Test) ...........................................................................................................................15
Key to Answers..............................................................................................................................................17
References......................................................................................................................................................18
What This Module is About
Welcome to the Physical Science Self Learning Module. This material will sharpen
your understanding of Mechanics—the study of motion and its causes. This will enable you
to explore a variety of activities applying diverse concepts of the laws of physics. These
universal laws always apply under the same conditions and imply that there is a causal
relationship involving its elements. Discover these laws of Physics and you will sharpen your
intuition of nature!

This module covers the following lessons:

Lesson 1: The Concept of Motion
Lesson 2: Uniform Acceleration
Lesson 3: The Cause of Motion

What I Need to Know

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

1. Compare and contrast the Aristotelian and Galilean concepts of vertical motion,
horizontal motion, and projectile motion. (S11/12PS-IVc-46)

2. Explain how Galileo inferred that objects in vacuum fall with uniform acceleration, and
that force is not necessary to sustain horizontal motion (S11/12PS-IVc-47)

3. Explain the subtle distinction between Newton’s 1st Law of Motion (or Law of Inertia)
and Galileo’s assertion that force is not necessary to sustain horizontal motion
(S11/12PS-IVd-51)

How to Learn from this Module

To achieve the objectives cited above, you are to do the following:
.1. Carefully read and follow instructions.
2. As a courtesy to the future users of this module, PLEASE DO NOT WRITE
ANYTHING ON ANY PART OF THIS MODULE. Write your answer/s on a
separate sheet of paper, notebook, workbook, or whichever is specified by your
facilitator.
3. Take the pretest--a simple multiple-choice test provided at the start to determine
how much you know about the content of this module. Be very honest in taking
the test so you will know how much knowledge you already have about the topic.
4. Read all lessons included in this module.
5. Perform all the activities diligently, as these will help you have a better
understanding of the topic. When you need help, tap your parent/guardian,
facilitator, or contact your subject teacher.
6. At the end of each lesson, take the self-tests to determine how much did you learn
with the concept and applications. Cultivate your integrity by doing what is right
even if no one is watching.
7. Eventually, take the post-test at the end of this module.

i
Icons of this Module
Here are the Icons used as your guide in every part of the lesson:

This part contains learning objectives that

What I Need to
are set for you to learn as you go along the
Know
module.

This is an assessment as to your level of

knowledge of the subject matter at hand
What I know
meant specifically to gauge prior related
knowledge

This part connects the previous lesson with

What’s In
that of the current one.

An introduction to the new lesson through

What’s New various activities, before it will be presented
to you

These are discussions of the activities as a

What is It way to deepen your discovery and
understanding of the concept.

These are follow-up activities that are

What’s More intended for you to practice further to
master the competencies.

What I Have Activities designed to process what you

Learned have learned from the lesson

These are tasks that are designed to

showcase your skills and knowledge gained
What I can do
and applied to real-life concerns and
situations.

ii

What I Know
Multiple Choice. Select the letter of the best answer from among the given choices.

1. What is the force required to maintain an object at a constant velocity in a frictionless

surface equal to?
A. zero B. the mass of the object
C. the weight of the object D. the force required to stop it

2. When does an object undergo acceleration?

A. when it is changing direction B. when it is moving faster
C. when it is moving slower D. all of these
.
3. A ball is thrown upwards and returns to the same location. When it returns, how much
is the final speed compared with the initial speed?
A. half as much B. the same
C. twice as much D. four times as much

4. How does Galileo's interpretation of motion differ from Aristotle's? Galileo emphasized
A. rate of time.
B. the acceleration of free fall.
C. the role of distance in describing motion.
D. none of these

5. What will happen if you roll a ball along a level surface?

A. keep rolling if friction is absent
B. roll as long as its inertia nudges it along
C. soon roll in the opposite direction
D. soon slow down due to its natural place

6. What is the straight-line motion caused by the gravitational pull of the earth?
A. free-fall motion B. horizontal motion
C. projectile motion D. none of these

7. How does the acceleration of a stone thrown upward compared to the one thrown
downward?
. A. greater B. smaller
. C. the same D. undetermined

8. What will happen to a moving object if no external forces act on it?

A. It will come to an abrupt halt.
B. It will continue moving at the same speed.
C. It will move slower and slower until it finally stops.
D. None of these

9. When no forces act on moving objects on-air, how can you describe their paths?
A. circles B. ellipses
C. parabola D. straight lines

10. Suppose you are riding a motorcycle, but it runs out of fuel while driving. Why will
your body be thrown forward when the motorcycle suddenly stops?
A. because of gravity B. because of inertia
C. because of continuation principle D. because of resistance

iii
11. Suppose you are standing in the aisle of a moving bus. If the driver suddenly makes
a left turn, why are you likely to lurch to the right? Because of__________________
 A. an equilibrium challenge B. an unbalanced force
C. the bus’ speed D. your tendency to keep moving forward

12. Which of the following best describes an accelerating object?

A. object at rest B. object in mechanical equilibrium
C. object moving at constant velocity D. object moving slower

13. A ball rolling along a horizontal frictionless surface maintains a constant speed. Why
is it so?
A. friction is present B. no inertia on the object
C. no applied force acts on it D. surface is smooth

14. Why do a coconut and a bird's feather falling from a tree through the air to the ground
below gain speed?
A. their velocity changes B. there is a gravitational force acting on them
C. their inertia D. their nature to become closer to the Earth

15. Which of the following is true about acceleration due to gravity?

A. It is different for different objects in free-fall.
B. It is a fundamental property.
C. It increases in decreasing altitude.
D. it is a universal constant.

iv
 Lesson

1 The Concept of Motion

What I Need to Know

A lot of Physics can be observed in daily activities. Motion occurs all around you. It
refers to a change in the position of any mass to time. It's easy to recognize but hard to
describe. A motion has held the attention of scientists and philosophers since ancient times.

In this lesson, you will be able to compare and contrast Aristotelian vs. Galilean
views of vertical motion, horizontal motion, and projectile motion.

What’s New

Activity 2.1.1 Find Me

Encircle five words that relate to motion. The words can be read horizontally,
vertically, and diagonally. 1 point each

F E C A M N T R S T L O A C
P R O J E C T I L E M S S R
O A E T H C A V O J Y B R E
E S N E E C C E E V E S T H
F R D F F L C L F I C A U G
S T U T H A E V S C F R I I
T U H A U T L E T P I Y O C
B I O D E L E L B E E O M R
G O N W D E R O G H Y E G R
H M E V E R A C H G N J D V
R G S Q S F T I N J R T I Z
E R R O S T I T E C V S C O
G F Y M E N O Y G R F C N W
T C G M I S N T T R I B E V

1
 What Is It

The motion of objects has been studied since ancient times. Let us look at the past
for a thorough understanding of the motion concepts at the present.

Aristotle thought that heavy objects fall faster than light objects in proportion to their
weight. Galileo argued that the motion of a falling body should be nearly dependent on its
weight and should have constant acceleration through careful measurements of distances
and time experiments.

Several physical quantities help described the motion of objects. Here are some of
them:

Table 2.1.1 Physical Quantities in Describing Motion

Physical Symbol Description Working Equation S. I.
Quantity Unit

Distance Δd length of the path m

travelled from starting
point to final point

Displacemen length of the path m

t travelled from the
starting point to the
final point with
consideration to the
direction

 arrow indicates direction

distance
Speed v the rate at which
speed= m
−timeinterval
distance is covered s
Δd
v=
Δt
displacement
Velocity ⃗v the displacement in a
velocity= m
timeinterval
given time interval s

c h ange of velocity
Acceleration a⃗ a measure of how
acceleration= m
−time interval
fast the velocity ∆ ⃗v s
2
changes to time. a⃗ =
∆t

Aristotle and Galileo were two of the most important historical figures that laid the
foundation of motion concepts. Their views regarding motion may be opposite but both
helped the progress of science.

2
 Table 2.1.2 Aristotle vs Galileo’s Concept of Motion

Motion Aristotelian Concept Galilean Concept

Horizontal Force is required to maintain Objects moving in a straight line at

motion horizontal motion. a constant speed requires no force
to keep them moving.
All moving bodies naturally come to
rest It will continue in motion due to
inertia unless an external force acts
on them.

Vertical A. Freefall is a natural motion A. Gravity causes an object to move

motion occurring due to the tendency of
nature to established balance to
bring disturbing elements to its
natural resting place.
B. Heavier objects have more
earthly elements than lighter ones
hence they should fall faster and
will take a shorter time to reach
the ground
downward.
B. The rate of fall or acceleration of
an object is independent of its
mass.
C.In the absence of air resistance,
the motion of falling objects is
uniformly accelerated.

C. Warmer bodies have access to

fiery elements hence they ascend
faster.

Projectile The motion of a projectile is parallel A projectile moves two-dimensional

motion to the ground until it is the object's
time to fall back into the ground.
motion in a parabolic path.
The horizontal motion component
has zero acceleration (constant
speed horizontally) and vertical
acceleration is constant.

 Free fall- a body in vertical motion where only gravity is acting on it. It could be an object
thrown upward (positive initial velocity), thrown downward (negative initial velocity), or
dropped (zero initial velocity).

 Projectile- a body or a particle in

two-dimensional motion given an
initial velocity and it moves
along a curved path under the
influence of gravity alone (see
figure a)

Figure 1. Projectile’s trajectory

In recent times, the motion of falling bodies has been studied with great precision.
When air resistance can be neglected, all bodies experience equal acceleration regardless
of their size and weight. This constant acceleration g is called the acceleration due to
gravity. The standard value of g at or near the earth’s surface is approximately 9.8 m/s2.

3
 What’s More
Activity 2.1.2 Let the Coin Move!

Perform the following activity to help you acquire more understanding of motion
concepts. Collaborate with one or two of your housemates, use indigenous materials
whenever possible and keep safe all the time. Submit a complete report. (Criteria: critical
thinking-15, collaboration-5, communication-5)

I. Objective: Explain the relationship between speed and acceleration

II. Materials: 2 pcs identical coins, timer, table

III. Drawing of the Set-up:

IV. Procedure:
A. Horizontal Motion

1. Label the coins A and B.

2. Place coin A 1 foot (0.30m) from coin B on the smooth tabletop. With your timer
on your left hand (if you are right-handed), slide coin A across the table (such as
by flicking with your finger using your other hand) so that it strikes coin B. Sliding
the coin and turning on the timer must be done simultaneously. Observe the
motion closely and stop the timer when coin A hits B. Complete Table 2.1.3.

Table 2.1.3 Horizontal Motion Description

Parameter Complete Answer
Time
Distance
Displacement
Speed
Velocity

3. Based on your observation, answer the following questions:

A. Is coin A moving slower or moving faster?
B. Is it accelerating?

B. Projectile Motion
1. Place coin B at the edge of the tabletop so that it hangs over slightly.
2. Place a coin A on the same tabletop some distance from the overhanging coin B.
3. Flick coin A so that it strikes the overhanging coin B and both coins fall to the floor
below. Observe which coin hit the ground first and record Table 2.1.4 number 1.
4. Repeat Steps 2-3 but this time flick coin A harder so that it will have greater speed
as it strikes coin B. Complete the table.

Table 2.1.4 Initial Velocity and Acceleration due to Gravity

Trial Which Coin Hit the Ground First
1. Flicking coin A to hit coin B
2. Flicking coin A harder to have
greater speed in hitting coin B

4
V. Conclusions:

VI. Guide Questions:

1. Does the landing of both coins on the floor depend on the speed of the sliding
coin? Explain.
2. What is the relationship between speed and acceleration?

What I Have Learned

Activity No. 2.1.3 Let’s Compare!

Using Venn Diagram, compare and contrast Aristotle and Galileo's concepts of
vertical, horizontal, and projectile motion.

What I Can Do
Activity 2.1.4 You Complete Me

Give an example of other real-life applications of motion by completing the table. The
first item is done for you. 1 point each

Table 2.1.5. Conceptual Application of Motion

Type of Motion Application
Projectile Motion the motion of water coming out from a hose you hold
when watering plants in your yard
Horizontal Motion
Free-Fall Motion
Projectile Motion

5
 Lesson

2 Uniform Acceleration

What’s In

Galileo Galilei having the insight and talent to link theory with the experiment was
regarded as the father of modern science. He did many experiments on the concept of
Freefall.

What I Need to Know

In this lesson, you will be able to explain how Galileo inferred that objects in vacuum
fall with uniform acceleration and that force are not necessary to sustain horizontal motion.

What’s New

Activity 2.2.1 I BELONG

Unscramble the words related to uniform acceleration. Write down your answers in
the box. 1 point each
1. EFER LFLA

2. AIGVRYT

3. ARTIGSHT EINL

4. CRJLTOPEEI

5. UAUCVM

6
 What Is It
Objects in Vacuum Fall with Uniform Acceleration

Galileo was interested in the behavior of falling objects. He knew that as falling
objects go down, they have increased speed. This change in speed is called acceleration.
Although he did not have any tool to measure this change, he used inclined planes to reduce
the acceleration of the moving bodies. He was then able to take a close look at the moving
bodies carefully.

With his experiments, Galileo proved that regardless of their masses and air
resistance, two objects dropped simultaneously will reach the ground at the same time. He
also discovered that objects fall with uniform acceleration.

What is uniform or constant acceleration?

For Galileo, constant acceleration means moving with increasing velocity evenly
proportionate to time. The following graphs show the comparison between the motion of
objects with constant velocity and objects with constant acceleration.

Constant velocity Constant acceleration

y y y y y y y y
Position
velocity
Position
velocity

Position

Position
velocity
velocity

0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 x 0 0 x

time time time time time time time time

Positive velocity Negative velocity Positive acceleration Negative acceleration

Figure 2. Comparison Between Constant Velocity and Constant Acceleration

Positive velocity indicates the object moves toward the positive direction
Negative velocity indicates the object moves toward the negative direction
Positive acceleration indicates the object is speeding up
Negative acceleration indicates the object is slowing down

In one of his experiments on the inclined plane, Galileo was able to gather the data
as shown in Table 2.2.1

Table 2.2.1. Galileo’s Data on a Free Fall Experiment

Time (s) Speed (m/s) Acceleration (m/s2)

0 0
1 2 ≈2
2 4 ≈2
3 6 ≈2
4 8 ≈2
6 10 ≈2

7
After every second, a ball rolling down an inclined plane increases its speed by the same
value. He then observed the following;
 acceleration of the rolling ball increases as the inclined plane becomes steeper.
 When the inclined plane was positioned vertically, the rolling ball has maximum
acceleration.

To have a constant velocity, an object must have a constant speed in a constant

direction. If an object maintains a constant or a uniform change in its velocity in a given time
interval along a straight line, then it is said to have a constant acceleration.

Force is Not Necessary to Sustain Horizontal Motion

While Aristotle believed that forces are necessary to keep objects in motion, Galileo
believed otherwise, although a force is needed to start an object moving. Galileo believed
that force was not necessary to sustain motion and did this experiment:

Figure 3. Galileo’s Experiment on Sustaining Motion

Galileo let balls rolled down inclined planes and observed and recorded the gain in
speed as the rolling continued. On downward-sloping planes, the force of gravity increases a
ball’s speed while on an upward slope, the force of gravity decreases a ball’s speed. If
smoother planes were used, the ball rolled up the opposite plane closer to the initial height.
The difference between initial and final heights was because of friction. He postulated the
ball would reach the same height if friction could be eliminated. He also observed that as the
inclination of the opposite plane decreases, the ball rolled farther.

So when the ball is now rolling on a level surface, it neither slows down nor speeds
up. It maintains a constant speed. Galileo reasoned that a ball would move forever if it is in a
horizontal motion. If friction were absent once it is moving, no force is needed to keep it
moving except for the force needed to overcome friction. A moving object needs no force to
keep it moving when friction is absent. Such a ball would remain in motion all by itself due to
its inertia.

8
 What’s More
Activity 2.2.2 FREE FALL

Perform the following activity to help you acquire more understanding of the free-fall
concept. Collaborate with one or two of your housemates, Use indigenous materials
whenever possible, and keep safe all the time. Submit a complete report. (Criteria: critical
thinking-15, collaboration-5, communication-5)

I. Objective: Determine the factors affecting the difference in the rate of fall of objects.

II. Materials: 2 pcs of used bond paper (any paper of the same size), old notebook, coin

III. Drawing of the Set-up:

IV. Procedure:

1. Crumple up one piece of paper.

2. Hold the piece of paper in one hand and the crumpled paper in another hand at about
a meter from the ground. Drop them simultaneously. Which falls to the ground faster?
White your answer in Table 2.2.2.

3. Hold a piece of paper and a coin at the same height. Drop them simultaneously.
Which falls to the ground faster? Paper or coin?

4. Repeat Step 2 but this time pair the piece of crumpled paper with a coin. Complete
the table.

5. Repeat Steps 2-4 but this time at a higher height (caution: safety first). Record your
observation in column 4.

Table 2.2.2. Size and Acceleration Due to Gravity

Do the two If no, which What if you do What factor

Pair of Objects objects reach falls to the the same causes the
the ground at ground first? activity more difference in
the same time? than 1 m above the rate of fall?
[Yes/No] the ground?
Piece of Paper
and Crumpled
Paper
Piece of Paper
and Coin
Piece of
Crumpled
Paper and Coin

IV.Conclusions:

9
V. Guide Questions

1.What factors affect the rate of fall of the object? Justify your answer.
2.What is uniform acceleration?

What I Have Learned

Activity 2.2.3 Caption Time

Place your detailed caption below the image to infer Galileo’s explanation on motion
concepts: Choose one from the following;
 objects in vacuum fall with uniform acceleration

 force is not necessary to sustain horizontal motion.

1.

2.

What I Can Do
Activity No. 2.2.4 My Ball

Throw a ball upward. Observe closely. Why does the ball not hang there forever?
Write your observation on a clean sheet of paper.

Lesson
Cause of Motion
10
 3
What’s In
In the previous lessons, we learned how to describe motion. Galileo’s achievements
in the study of motion paved way for Newton in his development of the laws of motion. What
causes changes in motion? Applied force, you may say, but is that so?

What I Need to Know

In this lesson, you will be able to explain the subtle distinction between Newton’s 1st
Law of Motion (Law of Inertia) and Galileo’s assertion that force is not necessary to sustain
horizontal motion.

What’s New

Activity 2.3.1 Count Me In

Check the box of the word/phrases if it is an application of the Law of Inertia. 1 point
each

1. An ABM book/business ledger sliding across the working table slows down and
stops

2. Headrest placed in cars

3. A HUMSS research group of students walking from the house to the Baranggay
Hall to conduct a survey

4. A ball rolling in the basketball court during PE class of Grade 11 GAS

5. TVL work immersion students riding an accelerating public utility jeepney

What Is It
11
 For many years, the accepted opinion was Aristotle’s concept that moving objects
would stop because the natural state of objects was to be at ‘rest’. However, as for Galileo,
once the ball is in motion, no force is needed to keep it moving except for the force needed
to overcome friction. Friction is an opposing external force that retards motion. A moving
object needs no force to keep it moving when friction is absent. It will remain in motion all by
itself. All objects tend to resist changes in motion. This means they all have inertia.

Sir Isaac Newton made a great revolution in the growth of Science primarily in
Physics with his famous Laws of Motion. He built these concepts on Galileo’s concept of
inertia. He established a new set of ideas with his three (3) Laws of Motion that includes the
1st Law of Motion, more popularly known as the Law of Inertia. It states:

“An object at rest remains at rest and an object in motion remains in motion in a
straight line with a constant speed unless an external unbalanced force acts on it.”

This means that things tend to keep on doing what they are already doing. Notebooks on top
of the table are in a rest state, they tend to stay at rest even when you quickly snap the
tablecloth or paper underneath. If you slide a coin along the road, the coin soon comes to
rest. If you let it slide along a frictionless surface such as an ice rink, it continuously moves.
A moving object tends to move in a straight line indefinitely in the absence of a force.

The object’s resisting changes in its state of motion depends upon its mass. The
more mass the object has, the greater is the tendency to resist changes in motion.

What’s More
Activity 3.3.2 Inertia in Motion

Perform the following activity to help you acquire more understanding of the inertia
concept. Collaborate with one or two of your housemates, Use indigenous materials
whenever possible, and keep safe all the time. Submit a complete report. (Criteria: critical
thinking-15, collaboration-5, communication-5)

I. Objective: Explain Newton’s First Law of Motion

II. Materials: ball, clearly-marked target (i.e., notebook paper, tape measure, or ruler)

III. Drawing of the Set-up:

IV. Procedure:

1. Mark a starting point and target point, A and B, respectively, six meters (about 20 ft)
away from each other. Mark also C, 1 meter (3.28 ft) before the target (B) and mark D
1 meter after the target.

2. With the ball in your hand, you are about to sprint towards the target (B) to drop the
ball on it. Record your predictions in Table 2.3.1.

12
 3. Hold the ball and do not let your elbow leave your side as you sprint toward the target
and drop the ball. Do not give the ball an initial velocity; hold the ball steadily on your
side so that you can freely release your grip as you let it drop.

4. Record where the runner released the ball and where the ball strikes the ground.

Table 2.3.1. Verifying Motion Prediction

Motion Prediction Actual Remarks
(What will happen?) (What happened?)
1. Running
in
full sprint
2. Running
at
reduced
speed
3. Walking
speed

5. Draw the best diagram for each attempt to drop the ball on the target. Specify where
the ball was released and where it landed.

6. Repeat the experiment until the ball hits the target.

7. Repeat steps 2-5 but this time, do not sprint, just run at a slower speed. Record your
observation in Table 2.3.1.

8. Repeat step 7 but at a walking speed. Record your observation in Table 2.3.1.

V. Conclusions:

VI. Guide Question:

How will you relate today’s activity with Newton's First Law of Motion and with inertia?

What I Have Learned

Activity 2.3.3 Be Organized
Create a graphic organizer to present a subtle distinction between Newton's Law
of Inertia and Galileo’s assertion that force is not necessary to sustain horizontal motion.
(Critical Thinking-5, Communication 5, Creativity 5)

13
 What I Can Do
Activity 2.3.4 Photos of the Day (Criteria: Critical Thinking-5, Communication 5, ICT-5)

1. Take pictures with you or your family featuring different applications of Newton’s Law
of Inertia. Choose the best three photos.

2. Find a friend on Facebook Messenger or somebody at home. Share with him for 2
minutes what you have learned about the subtle distinction between Newton's Law of
Inertia and Galileo's assertion that force is not necessary to sustain horizontal
motion.

3. Encourage the person to ask 2-3 questions about what you have shared. If he has no
questions, you may ask him these:
a. Where can you use the concept and skills I have shared with you today in your
daily life?
b. Why is it important to know the Law of Inertia?
c. How can you develop desirable values and traits in life (i.e. respect, helpfulness,
critical thinking, etc.) with the topic that I have shared?
Record questions and answers.

4. Show him the pictures that you have taken one at a time and ask him if those
pictures describe the Law of Inertia.

5. Send screenshots or submit a related output to your teacher.

Summary
 An object is in motion when it changes position to a reference point.

 Velocity consists of an object’s speed and direction.

 Acceleration is a rate of change in an object’s velocity.

 Objects in a vacuum fall with uniform acceleration regardless of mass.

 Force is not necessary to sustain horizontal motion in the absence of friction.

 Newton’s First Law of Motion states that an object at rest remains at rest and an object in
motion remains in motion in a straight line with a constant velocity unless an external
unbalanced force acts on it.
 14

Assessment (Posttest)
Multiple Choice. Answer the question that follows. Choose the best answer from
among the given choices.

1. What is the straight-line motion caused by the gravitational pull of the earth?
A. free-fall motion B. horizontal motion
C. projectile motion D. none of these

2. Which of the following has negative acceleration?

. A. a stone is thrown downward B. a dropped object
. C. a stone is thrown upward D. all of these

3. If no net external forces act on a moving object, what can we expect?

A. It will come to an abrupt halt.
B. It will continue moving at the same speed.
C. It will move slower gradually until it stops.
D. none of these

4.Which is the best description of the paths of objects thrown upward?

A. circles B. ellipses
C. parabola D. straight lines

5. Suppose you are riding a motorcycle but it runs out of fuel while driving. Why will your
body be thrown forward when the motorcycle suddenly stops?
A. because of gravity B. because of inertia
C. because of continuation principle D. because of resistance

6. Suppose you are standing in the aisle of a bus at rest. If the driver suddenly
accelerates the bus, why are you likely to lurch to the back? Because of
___________________
A. an equilibrium challenge B. an unbalanced force
C. the bus’ speed D. your tendency to stay at rest

7. Which of the following objects is accelerating?

A. object at rest B. object in mechanical equilibrium
C. object moving at constant velocity D. object moving slower

8. Why is a rolling ball along a horizontal surface does not maintain a constant speed?
A. no applied force acts on it B. no inertia on the object
C. the surface is slippery C. there is an external net force

9. Why do fruit and a leaf falling from a tree through the air to the ground below gain
speed? Because
A. their velocity changes B. there is a gravitational force acting on them
C. of their inertia D. their nature is to become closer to the
Earth
 15
10. Which of the following is false about acceleration due to gravity?
A. It is the same for different objects in free-fall.
B. It is a universal constant.
C. It increases in increasing altitude.
D. It was conceptualized by Galileo.

11. Which is a definite description of a moving object having zero acceleration?

A. constant speed, constant direction
B. constant speed; varying direction
C. varying speed; constant direction
D. varying speed, varying direction

12. Which of the following does NOT describe a negative acceleration?

A. gaining speed B. falling
C. moving slower D. turning to the left
.
13. A ball is thrown upwards and returns to the same location. When it returns, how
much was the initial speed compared with the final speed?
A. half as much B. the same
C. twice as much D. four times as much

14. Why did Galileo's concept of motion ultimately replace Aristotle's? Galileo
A. based his concepts upon measurements and experiments.
B. highlighted the rate of time and the role of distance in describing motion.
C. was given more freedom to publish his work.
D. was the authorized person.

15. A ball is rolling along a level surface. From what you have learned from Galileo,
which of the following is true?
A. It will keep rolling if friction is absent.
B. It rolls as long as its inertia nudges it along.
C. It will soon roll in the opposite direction.
D. It will soon slow down due to its natural place.
 16
Key Answers
Pretest: Posttest:
1. A 6. A 11. D 1. A 6. D 11. A
2. D 7. C 12. D 2. D 7. D 12. A
3. B 8. B 13. D 3. B 8. D 13. B
4. A 9. D 14. B 4. D 9. B 14. A
5. A 10. B 15. D 5. B 10. C 15. A
Activity 2.1.1 freefall velocity acceleration projectile speed
F E C A M N T R S T L O A C
P R O J E C T I L E M S S R
O A E T H C A V O J Y B R E
E S N E E C C E E V E S T H
F R D F F L C L F I C A U G
S T U T H A E V S C F R I I
T U H A U T L E T P I Y O C
B I O D E L E L B E E O M R
G O N W D E R O G H Y E G R
H M E V E R A C H G N J D V
R G S Q S F T I N J R T I Z
E R R O S T I T E C V S C O
G F Y M E N O Y G R F C N W
T C G M I S N T T R I B E V
Activity 2.1.2 A.2. Answers may vary depending on the time interval.
5. Moving slower; no
B.3
None, both coins hit the floor at the same time
None, both coins hit the floor at the same time
5 No. both have the same velocity just before hitting the floor as the
the height here and acceleration due to gravity are constant
Activity 2.1.3 For similarity
horizontal motion: no similarity,
vertical motion: both-natural motion
projectile motion: both have horizontal and vertical motion
For differences in each aspect of motion, see table 1.1.2
Activity 2.1.4 Answers may vary
Activity 2.2.1 1. freefall 2. gravity 3. straight line 4. projectile 5. inertia
Activity 2.2.2
no crumpled paper same result
no notebook same result
no coin same result
5. air resistance; if there is no air resistance, objects having the same
mass (such as the first pair-piece of paper and crumpled paper) will
reach the ground at the same time
Activity 2.2.3 1. The ball rolled up on the opposite plane closer to the initial height on a
smooth surface.
2. The ball continuously moving at a constant speed in a straight light line
on a smooth horizontal surface.
Activity 2.2.4 Because it is pulled downward by gravity
Activity 2.3.1 1. 2.  3. 4. 5.
 17
References
Department of Education CDO Learning Activity Sheets in Physical Science-Senior
High School Alternative Responsive Delivery (SHARED) Options (Cagayan
de Oro City: DepEd CDO, 2019) https://bit.ly/3dF9Kdb

Department of Education Central Office. Most Essential Learning Competencies

(2020)

Department of Education. Project EASE Physics Module 9: Going Places (Learning

Resource Management Development Systems, 2003)

Department of Education. Project EASE Physics Module 10: Force and Motion
(Learning Resource Management Development Systems, 2003)

Teaching Guide for Physical Science (CHED with PNU: Quezon City, 2016)

18
For inquiries and feedback, please write or call:

Department of Education – Bureau of Learning Resources (DepEd-BLR)

DepEd Division of Cagayan de Oro City

Fr. William F. Masterson Ave Upper Balulang, Cagayan de Oro
Telefax: ((08822)855-0048
E-mail Address: cagayandeoro.city@deped.gov.ph