Materials for Earthquake

Resistant Structures
Wednesday, October 27 2021

BY: ACHINTYA ARYA (20JE0046)

PRIYABRATA PRADHAN (20JE0720)

TANYA KUMARI (20JE1021)

UTKARSH GUPTA (20JE1043)

Page 1
 ABSTRACT

We have made this report file on the topic MATERIALS FOR EARTHQUAKE RESISTANT STRUCTURES ;
We have tried our best to elucidate all the relevant detail to the topic to be included in the report.
While in the beginning we have tried to give a general view about this topic.

Our efforts and wholehearted co-corporation of each and everyone has ended on a successful note. I
express my sincere gratitude to my team members who assisted me throughout the preparation of this
topic. I thank them for providing me the reinforcement, confidence and most importantly the track for
the topic whenever I needed it.

Page 2
 CONTENTS

Chapter No. Particulars Page No.

1. Cover Page 1

2. Abstract 2

3. List of Figures 4

4. Introduction of Earthquake 5

5. Causes and Impacts of Earthquake 6-7

6. Need of Earthquake Resistant buildings 8

7. Common materials used as Earthquake resistant 9-11

buildings
8. Latest advancements in Earthquake resistant buildings 12-15

9. Earthquake Design practices for buildings 16-19

10. Indian Seismic Codes 20-21

11. Conclusion 22

12. References 23

13. Contributions of different Group members 24

in the Project

Page 3
List of figures

Fig. 1- Causes Of Earthquakes………………………………………………………………..6

Fig. 2 – Impacts Of Earthquake………………………………………………………………7

Fig. 3 – Wooden Frame Building……………………………………………………….……..9

Fig. 4 - Earthquake proof Steel structures……………………..………………….…….….10

Fig. 5 - Reinforced concrete…………………………………………………………..…..….11

Fig.6- Factory made EPS core panel and welded wire mesh reinforcement…………….12

Fig.7- Building Skeleton made of factory-made EPS core Panels……………..…….……12

Fig. 8 – Nitinol………………………………………………………………………………...13

Fig. 9 – SIMCON…………………………………………………………………….…….….14

Fig. 10 - Fibre Reinforced Plastic ……………………………………………………….......15

Fig. 11 – Building With Flexible Foundation………………………………………..…...16

Fig. 12 – Dampers………………………………………………………………………….....17

Fig. 13 – Pendulum Power……………………………………………………………..….…17

Fig. 14 - Shield Buildings……………………………………………………………..……18

Fig. 15 – Reinforce the Building’s Structure…………………………………….…..….18

Fig. 16 – I.S CODES………………………………………………………………..………....20

1. Introduction

Page 4
One of the most frightening and destructive phenomena of nature is a severe earthquake and its terrible
effects. An earthquake is a sudden movement of the Earth, caused by the abrupt release of strain that
has accumulated over a long time. For hundreds of millions of years, the forces of plate tectonics have
shaped the Earth as the huge plates that form the Earth's surface slowly move over, under, and past each
other. Sometimes the movement is gradual. At other times, the plates are locked together, unable to
release the accumulating energy. When the accumulated energy grows strong enough, the plates break
free. If the earthquake occurs in a populated area, it may cause many deaths and injuries and extensive
property damage.

Today we are challenging the assumption that earthquakes must present an uncontrollable and
unpredictable hazard to life and property. Scientists have begun to estimate the locations and likelihoods
of future damaging earthquakes. Sites of greatest hazard are being identified, and definite progress is
being made in designing structures that will withstand the effects of earthquakes.

Page 5
2. Causes and Impacts of Earthquake

2.1 Causes of Earthquake

When there is sudden movement on the Earth's crust, earthquakes occur. Earthquakes are
caused due to sudden lateral or vertical movements in the crust of the Earth. Or we can say that
when tectonic plates ride over the other and cause the collision of orogeny or mountain
building. The largest faults are formed on the surface of the Earth due to boundaries between
moving plates. When there is relative motion between the plates, it is more severe. Circum-
Pacific Belt is the most important earthquakes belt which affects several populated coastal
regions around the Pacific Ocean like New Zealand, New Guinea, and Japan, etc. It is
estimated that the energy about 80% is released in the earthquakes that come from those
whose epicentres are in this belt.

Fig. 1- Causes Of Earthquakes

(Date Of Access : 19/10/2021)

Let us tell you that when the friction overcomes by mechanical stresses, the rocks slip and
releases vast amounts of energy and is known as an earthquake. Refer to the above figure.
When there is motion between the plates, the stress increases and if it continues allows sliding
over the locked portion of the fault and releases the stored energy as shock waves. In Rift
valley, Africa such types of faults are seen known as Andreas fault in San Francisco.

Page 6
2.2 Impacts of Earthquake
We all know that the impacts of an earthquake are terrible and devastating. Several buildings collapsed,
schools, hospitals, a whole city may be destroyed due to it. A lot of people get killed and injured.
Various people lose their property and money. It not only affects the health of the people but
emotionally also make weak.

Some environmental effects occur due to the earthquake are surface faulting, tectonic uplift and
subsidence, tsunamis, soil liquefaction, ground resonance, landslides, etc. are linked to the
tremblors or due to the shaking of the ground. Following figures show the Impacts of the Earthquake.

Fig. 2 – Impacts Of Earthquake

(Date Of Access : 19/10/2021)

Page 7
3. Need of Earthquake Resistant buildings

Building designed to prevent total collapse, preserve life, and minimize damage in case of an earthquake
or tremor. Earthquakes exert lateral as well as vertical forces, and a structure’s response to their
random, often sudden motions is a complex task that is just beginning to be understood. Earthquake-
resistant structures absorb and dissipate seismically induced motion through a combination of means:
damping decreases the amplitude of oscillations of a vibrating structure, while ductile materials (e.g.,
steel) can withstand considerable inelastic deformation. If a skyscraper has too flexible a structure, then
tremendous swaying in its upper floors can develop during an earthquake. Care must be taken to
provide built-in tolerance for some structural damage, resist lateral loading through stiffeners (diagonal
sway bracing), and allow areas of the building to move somewhat independently.

Earthquake-resistant structure, Building designed to prevent total collapse, preserve life, and minimize
damage in case of an earthquake or tremor. ... If a skyscraper has too flexible a structure, then
tremendous swaying in its upper floors can develop during an earthquake.

Page 8
4. Common materials used as Earthquake resistant buildings

Shock absorbers, pendulums, and “invisibility cloaks” may help dispel the energy to an
extent, the materials used in a building are equally responsible for its stability.

4.1 Wood’s proven track record of seismic performance

Wood’s natural elasticity, strength and lighter weight give it an advantage during an earthquake.
The natural ability for wood buildings to flex and return to their original shape in the event of an
earthquake has made them a popular choice for centuries in regions prone to seismic activity. In some
instances, historic centuries-old wooden buildings have remained nearly intact after strong earthquakes,
while modern reinforced concrete buildings have endured significant damage, or even collapse.

Following earthquakes in Asia, reports indicate that wood structures best maintained their structural
integrity and contributed least to injury and loss of life. And recent testing is showing that midrise light-
frame wooden buildings up to six stories can endure a 7.5 magnitude seismic test with little damage. In
Fig. 3 wooden frame building is shown.

Fig. 3 – Wooden Frame Building

(Date Of Access : 20/10/2021)

4.1.1 Wood's lightweight Advantage :

• Damaging forces in an earthquake are proportional to a structure’s weight. Wood is

substantially lighter than other building materials, giving it an advantage when paired with good
seismic design.
• The fact that wood buildings tend to have numerous nail- or other metal-connections means
they have more pathways to dissipate the load (something known as load paths), so there is less
chance the structure will collapse should some fail. This is what is referred to as ductility—a
building’s ability to undergo large deformations without failing.

Page 9
4.2 Steel as earthquake resistance structure
How can buildings be made earthquake proof using steel ?

For any building or structure to be earthquake proof, their foundation has to be resistant to sideways
loads. The load will be lesser if the building is light. In order to reduce the load of the building, you need
to focus on the top as maximum weight is on the roof. However possible, the roof should be made of a
material that is extremely light-weight. Steel is the perfect material for rooftops as it is known to be
lighter when compared to concrete.

Steel structures are known to be earthquake proof as they are made of steel components that come in a
variety of shapes, such as angles, plates, and beams. Steel offers the highest ductility and allows the
resistant building steel structures to bend considerably without breaking. When you have steel
structures, you can be assured that your resistant building steel structures will behave well during an
earthquake and not cause much of damage. You can refer to figure 4.

Fig. 4 - Earthquake proof Steel structures

(Date Of Access : 20/10/2021)

The steel structures are said to be earthquake proof but they cannot be guaranteed to be 100%
resistant to any possible earthquakes. However, the resistant building steel structures might have the
best possible chance of survival and would provide greater safety to the people in the building.

4.3 Reinforced concrete

It is a fact that science has not yet invented such a structure that can be entirely immune to damage
from earthquakes. However, science has made much progress to invent some techniques like
appropriately sizing the structure to be strong and ductile enough to survive the shaking with an
acceptable damage, to equipping it with base isolation or using structural vibration control technologies
to minimize any forces and deformations which can fare better during earthquakes than their
conventional counterparts.

Page 10
 Fig. 5 - Reinforced concrete

(Date Of Access : 20/10/2021)

The conventional masonry, particularly in un-reinforced and non- engineered structures, suffers from
many drawbacks. For example, conventional non- engineered/ un-reinforced masonry construction have
heavy dead weight and very stiff buildings, attracting large seismic inertia forces. Also they have
low tensile and shear strength. From the above figure shown we can get the idea of reinforced
concrete.

Modern engineering has made lot of progress in developing various construction techniques that can
construct structures to live through the anticipated earthquake exposure up to the expectations and in
compliance with the applicable building codes.

For example, reinforced concrete structures are considered much safer as concrete resists compression
forces, and reinforcing steel resists tensile forces produced by an earthquake. The exceptional ductility
of the steel to resist tensile forces, coupled with the rock-like ability of concrete to resist compression
make reinforced concrete an ideal material in earthquake prone zones. Reinforced concrete structures
produce three most important earthquake resistance properties, namely, stiffness, strength, and
ductility. It should be noted that even a lightly reinforced concrete shear wall has over six times the
racking load resistance as framed wall construction. It is due to this reason that modern reinforced
concrete buildings were found to survive these recent earthquakes with rarely any significant damage.

Such structures that will not be damaged in minor shaking and will avoid serious damage or
collapse in a major earthquake. However, the crucial fact is that, for safety, earthquake-resistant
construction techniques are as important as quality control and using correct materials.

Page 11
5. Latest Advancements in Earthquake resistant building materials
5.1 Thermocol
According to new research done at IIT Roorkee, it have been found that thermocol or
Expanded Polystyrene (EPS) is used as a composite material in core of reinforced concrete
sandwich, could resist earthquake forces on up to four-storey buildings.

Fig.6- Factory made EPS core panel and Fig.7- Building Skeleton made of factory-
welded wire mesh reinforcement made EPS core Panels

(Date Of Access : 20/10/2021)

The researchers tested a full-scale building and a number of wall elements constructed with
thermocol sandwiched between two layers of concrete at the National Seismic Test Facility
(NSTF) of the Department of Earthquake Engineering, IIT Roorkee, developed under Fund for
Improvement of S&T Infrastructure (FIST) programme of Department of Science & Technology
(DST), Government of India. Mr. Adil Ahmad, the research Scholar who conducted the tests,
evaluated the behaviour of the constructions under lateral forces, as earthquake causes a force
predominantly in lateral direction. The investigation was supplemented with detailed computer
simulation of a realistic 4-storey building. Prof. Yogendra Singh, supervising the research,
informed that the analysis shows that a four-storey building constructed with this technique is
capable of resisting earthquake forces, even in the most seismic zone (V) of the country, without
any additional structural support.

In this test, they have attributed this earthquake resistance capability to the fact that the EPS
layer is sandwiched between two layers of concrete having reinforcement in the form of welded
wire mesh.

In this technique, the EPS core and the wire mesh reinforcement is produced in a factory. The
building skeleton is first erected from the factory-made core and reinforcement panels, and then
concrete is sprayed on the skeleton core. This technique does not require any shuttering and
hence can be constructed very fast.

The researchers said that the force being applied on a building during an earthquake arises due
to the inertia effect and hence depends on the mass of the building. Thermocol resists
earthquakes by reducing the mass of the building.

Page 12
5.1.1 Advantages:

• Besides resisting earthquakes, the use of expanded polystyrene core in concrete

walls of a building can result in thermal comfort. The core provides the necessary
insulation against the heat transfer between building interior and exterior environment.
This can help in keeping the building interiors cool in hot environments and warm during
cold conditions. India suffers a large variation of temperature in different parts of the
country and during different seasons of the year. Therefore, thermal comfort is a crucial
consideration along with structural safety.

• The technology also has the potential of saving construction material and energy, with
an overall reduction in carbon footprint of buildings. It replaces a large portion of
concrete volume from the walls and floor/roof. This replacement of concrete with the
extremely lightweight EPS not only reduces mass, thereby decreasing the earthquake
force acting on a building but also diminishes the burden on the natural resources and
energy required to produce the cement concrete.

Barriers: Limited upto 4 storey buildings.

5.2 Shape Memory Alloys (SMA)

SMAs are smart materials that exhibit variable stiffness and strength associated with their
different polycrystalline phases. SME is the unique phenomenon by which SMA can recover its
predetermined shape by heating even after large deformations. A Superelastic SMA can
restore its initial shape spontaneously even from its inelastic range upon unloading. Various
compositions of SMAs such as NiTi, Cu-Zn, Cu-Zn-Al, Cu-Al-Ni, Fe-Mn, Mn-Cu, Fe-Pd, and
Ti-Ni-Cu have been developed and their properties have been investigated (Otsuka and
Wayman 1999). Among these, Ni-Ti or Nitinol has been found to be the most appropriate SMA
for structural applications because of its large recoverable strain, superelasticity and
exceptionally good resistance to corrosion. SMAs are mainly referred to Ni-Ti SMA.

Fig. 8 – Nitinol

(Date Of Access : 20/10/2021)

“Shape-memory alloys exhibit unique characteristics that you would want for earthquake -
resistant building and bridge design and retrofit applications: they have the ability to
dissipate significant energy without significant degradation or permanent deform ation,”

Page 13
said Reginald DesRoches, a professor in the School of Civil and Environmental
Engineering at Georgia Tech.

Georgia Tech researchers have developed a model that combines thermodynamics and
mechanical equations to assess what happens when shape-memory alloys are subjected
to loading from strong motion. The researchers are using the model to analyze how shape -
memory alloys in a variety of components -- cables, bars, plates and helical springs --
respond to different loading conditions. From that information, they can determine the
optimal characteristics of the material for earthquake applications.

A paper describing the thermo-mechanical model was published online Feb. 3 in

the International Journal of Non-Linear Mechanics. This research was supported by the
Transportation Research Board IDEA program.

To improve the performance of structures during earthquakes, researchers around the

world have been investigating the use of “smart” materials, such as shape -memory alloys,
which can bounce back after experiencing large loads. Potential applications of shape-
memory alloys in bridge and building structures include their use in bearings, columns and
beams, or connecting elements between beams and columns. But before this class of
materials can be used, the effect of extreme and repetitive loads on these m aterials must
be thoroughly examined.

5.3 Slurry Infiltrated mat concrete (SIMCON)

SIMCON stands for Slurry Infiltrated Mat Concrete. SIMCON uses a manufactured continuous mat of
interlocking discontinuous steel fibers, placed in a form, and then infiltrated with a flow able cement
based slurry. SIMCON is shown in figure 9.

Fig. 9 – SIMCON

(Date Of Access : 21/10/2021)

The use of continuous mats, typically made with stainless steel to control corrosion in very thin
members, permits development of high flexural strengths and very high ductility with a reduced volume
of fibers. SIMCON is well suited for repair, retrofit, and new construction of earthquake-resistant
buildings, bridges, and other structures that require high strength and ductility. After a month of

Page 14
curing, compressive strengths of up to 88 MPa and strains at ultimate stress ranging between
0.5% and 0.7% were reached with 5.39% fiber volume fraction SIMCON.

5.3.1 THE BENEFITS :

The presence of a SIMCON layer led to:

• Both improved structural performance and durability of the member

• Optimization of member dimensions, amount of reinforcement and member weight.

5.3.2 BARRIERS :
The use of SIMCON in seismic retrofit and for new construction and the development of self-stressing
SIMCON are still under investigations. It is believed that, if successful, the investigations could open a
new approach in developing durable and cost-effective solutions to the problems of the aging civil
infrastructure, essential for the economic well-being of the nation in the next century.

5.4 Fibre Reinforced Plastic Wrap

Fig. 10 - Fibre Reinforced Plastic

(Date Of Access : 21/10/2021)

The results of a numerical investigation into the efficiency of glass fibre reinforced polymers
(GFRPs) in improving the seismic performance of an 8-storey moment resisting reinforced
concrete building are presented. In order to assess the effect of the transverse reinforcement,
the building is detailed with different levels of transverse reinforcement representing well-
confined and poorly-confined conditions. The above figure represents fibre reinforced plastic.
Although GFRP wrapping of columns at critical regions is the main retrofitting technique
considered in this study, the effect of increasing the beam ductility on the seismic performance
of a structure is also evaluated for the code-compliant building. The retrofitting strategy aims to
provide both columns and beams with more ductility and energy dissipation instead of
increasing the lateral strength. The load–displacement curves obtained from pushover analysis
of the frames are then used in the seismic assessment using a capacity spectrum approach.
The results confirm that GFRP wraps is capable of improving the seismic performance and
ductility of the poorly-confined structure substantially, compared to the original structure.

Page 15
However, it was found that using FRP composites in order to increase the ductility of code-
compliant building only, was not that effective.

6. Earthquake Design practices for buildings

To design an earthquake resistant building, engineers need to reinforce the structure and
counteract an earthquake’s forces. Since earthquakes release energy that pushes on a building
from one direction, the strategy is to have the building push the opposite way. Here are some of
the methods used to help buildings withstand earthquakes.

6.1 Create a Flexible Foundation

Fig. 11 (Date Of Access : 21/10/2021)

One way to resist ground forces is to “lift” the building’s foundation above the earth. Base
isolation involves constructing a building on top of flexible pads made of steel, rubber, and lead.
When the base moves during the earthquake, the isolators vibrate while the structure itself
remains steady. This effectively helps to absorb seismic waves and prevent them from traveling
through a building.

6.2 Counter Forces with Damping

Engineers use shock absorbers for making earthquake-resistant buildings. Shock absorbers
reduce the magnitude of shockwaves and help buildings slow down. This is accomplished in two
ways: Vibrational control devices and Pendulum dampers.

Page 16
6.2.1 Vibrational Control Devices

Fig. 12 (Date Of Access : 21/10/2021)

The first method involves placing dampers at each level of a building between a column and
beam. Each damper consists of piston heads inside a cylinder filled with silicone oil. When an
earthquake occurs, the building transfers the vibration energy into the pistons, pushes against
the oil. The energy is transformed into heat, dissipating the force of the vibrations.

6.2.2 Pendulum Power

Fig. 13 (Date Of Access : 21/10/2021)

Another damping method is pendulum power, used primarily in skyscrapers. Engineers suspend
a large ball with steel cables with a system of hydraulics at the top of the building. When the
building begins the sway, the ball acts as a pendulum and moves in the opposite
direction to stabilize the direction. Like damping, these features are tuned to match and
counteract the building’s frequency in the event of an earthquake.

Page 17
6.2.3 Shield Buildings from Vibrations

Fig. 14 (Date Of Access : 22/10/2021)

This technique involves creating a cloak of 100 concentric plastic and concrete rings in and
burying it at least three feet beneath the foundation of the building.As seismic waves enter the
rings, they are forced to move through to the outer rings for easier travel. As a result, they are
essentially channeled away from the building and dissipated into the plates in the ground.

6.2.4 Reinforce the Building’s Structure

Fig. 15 (Date Of Access : 22/10/2021)

Page 18
To withstand collapse, buildings need to redistribute the forces that travel through them during a
seismic event. Shear walls, cross braces, diaphragms, and moment-resisting frames are central
to reinforcing a building.

Shear walls are a useful building technology that helps to transfer earthquake forces. Made of
panels, these walls help a building keep its shape during movement. Shear walls are often
supported by diagonal cross braces. These steel beams have the ability to support compression
and tension, which helps to counteract the pressure and push forces back to the foundation.

Diaphragms are a central part of a building’s structure. Consisting of the floors of the building,
the roof, and the decks placed over them, diaphragms help remove tension from the floor and
push force to the vertical structures of the building.

Moment-resisting frames provide more flexibility in a building’s design. This structure is placed
among the joints of the building and allows for the columns and beams to bend while the joints
remain rigid. Thus, the building is able to resist the larger forces of an earthquake while allowing
designers more freedom to arrange building elements.

7. Indian Seismic Codes

Fig. 16 (Date Of Access : 22/10/2021)

7.1 Importance of Seismic Design Codes

Ground vibrations during earthquakes cause forces and deformations in structures. Structures need to be
designed to withstand such forces and deformations. Seismic codes help to improve the behaviour of
structures so that they may withstand the earthquake effects without significant loss of life and property.
Countries around the world have procedures outlined in seismic codes to help design engineers in the
planning, designing, detailing and constructing of structures.

Page 19
Seismic codes are unique to a particular region or country. They take into account the local seismology,
accepted level of seismic risk, building typologies, and materials and methods used in construction.
Further, they are indicative of the level of progress a country has made in the field of earthquake
engineering. The first formal seismic code in India, namely IS 1893, was published in 1962.

IS 1893

IS 1893 is the main code that provides the seismic zone map and specifies seismic design force. This
force depends on the mass and seismic coefficient of the structure; the latter in turn depends on properties
like seismic zone in which structure lies, importance of the structure, its stiffness, the soil on which it
rests, and its ductility.

IS 4326, 1993

This code covers general principles for earthquake resistant buildings. Selection of materials and special
features of design and construction are dealt with for the following types of buildings: timber
constructions, masonry constructions using rectangular masonry units, and buildings with prefabricated
reinforced concrete roofing/flooring elements.

IS 13827, 1993 and IS 13828, 1993

Guidelines in IS 13827 deal with empirical design and construction aspects for improving earthquake
resistance of earthen houses, and those in IS 13828 with general principles of design and special
construction features for improving earthquake resistance of buildings of low-strength masonry. This
masonry includes burnt clay brick or stone masonry in weak mortars, like clay-mud. These standards are
applicable in seismic zones III, IV and V. Constructions based on them are termed non-engineered, and
are not totally free from collapse under seismic shaking intensities VIII (MMI) and higher. Inclusion of
features mentioned in these guidelines may only enhance the seismic resistance and reduce chances of
collapse. IS 13920, 1993 In India, reinforced concrete structures are designed and detailed as per the
Indian Code IS 456 (2002). However, structures located in high seismic regions require ductile design
and detailing. Provisions for the ductile detailing of monolithic reinforced concrete frame and shear wall
structures are specified in IS 13920 (1993). After the 2001 Bhuj earthquake, this code has been made
mandatory for all structures in zones III, IV and V. Similar provisions for seismic design and ductile
detailing of steel structures are not yet available in the Indian codes.

IS 13935, 1993

These guidelines cover general principles of seismic strengthening, selection of materials, and techniques
for repair/seismic strengthening of masonry and wooden buildings. The code provides a brief coverage
for individual reinforced concrete members in such buildings, but does not cover reinforced concrete
frame or shear wall buildings as a whole. Some guidelines are also laid down for non-structural and
architectural components of buildings.

Page 20
 8. Conclusion

• There is a lack of awareness in the earthquake disaster mitigations. Avoiding non-

engineered structures with unskilled labour even in unimportant temporary constructions
can help a great way.

• Statewide awareness programmes have to be conducted by fully exploiting the

advancement in the information technology.

• Urgent steps are required to be taken to make the codal provisions regarding
earthquake resistant construction undebatable.

• The builders and constructors should adopt the codal provisions in all the future
construction, as prevention is better than cure. On the light of avoiding the risk, this may
not be an impossible task as earthquake resistant measures in building involves only
2%- 6% additional cost depending on the type of building.

• Using construction techniques like SIMCON and SMA’s can not only mitigate earthquake
effects but also are cost effective.

• Experimental research has shown that it is possible to mitigate the effects of strong
earthquakes on earthen buildings, delaying or even preventing their collapse. However,
the scope of the problem is much bigger, because it involves acceptance by users,
availability of adequate materials and further economical aspects.

• The challenge is to continue exploring new alternatives until a technically good solution
is found that will contribute to solving the housing deficit in the most impoverished third
world countries and at the same time guarantee survival during strong earthquakes.

On basis of research by our team we can conclude that the material affects a lot of
property and helps in enhancement of resistant for earthquake serve effect .By
proper design and correct materials can save billions of dollars annually .

For further reading you can refer to Earthquake Resistant Buildings,

Author : M. Y. H. Bangash. (Link is given on the next page.)

Page 21
9. References

9.1 Content References

• https://www.bigrentz.com/blog/earthquake-proof-buildings
• https://dst.gov.in/multi-storeys-constructed-thermocol-could-be-future-
earthquake-resistant-buildings
• https://www.eng.uwo.ca/civil/faculty/youssef_m/docs/1478121653APPLICATIONS
%20OF%20SHAPE%20MEMORY%20ALLOYS%20IN%20EARTHQUAKE%20ENGIN
EERING%20-%20Copy%20-%20Copy.pdf
• https://rh.gatech.edu/news/108061/model-analyzes-shape-memory-alloys-use-
earthquake-resistant-structures
• https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1013&context=ectfs
• https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271883698_Effect_of_FRP_wrapping_in
_seismic_performance_of_RC_buildings_with_and_without_special_detailing_-
_A_case_study
• https://civiltechnicalguruji.files.wordpress.com/2018/07/is-13935-repair-and-
seismic-strengthening-of-buildings-e28094-guidelines.pdf
• https://law.resource.org/pub/in/bis/S03/is.13827.1993.pdf
• https://law.resource.org/pub/in/bis/S03/is.13828.1993.pdf
• https://law.resource.org/pub/in/bis/S03/is.13920.1993.pdf
• Earthquake Resistant Buildings Author :M. Y. H. Bangash -
https://civilnode.com/download-book/10243969711509/earthquake-resistant-
buildings-dynamic-analyses-numerical-computations-codified-methods-case-
studies-and-examples

9.2 Image References

• Fig. 1 - https://bit.ly/3lUGjL4 (Date Of Access : 19/10/2021)

• Fig. 2 - https://bit.ly/3DZUswZ
• Fig. 3 - https://bit.ly/3piNaAm
• Fig. 4 - https://bit.ly/3vHexFe
• Fig. 5 - https://bit.ly/3G1LalS
• Fig. 6 & 7 - https://bit.ly/3G0hGVw (Date Of Access : 20/10/2021)
• Fig. 8 - https://bit.ly/3BWi6cR
• Fig. 9 - https://bit.ly/3DW2xTd
• Fig. 10 - https://bit.ly/2Z8YGU9
• Fig. 11 - https://bit.ly/3BZGudU
• Fig. 12 - https://bit.ly/3pgq39x
• Fig. 13 - https://bit.ly/3vsuwa4
• Fig. 14 - https://bit.ly/30BY9KF
• Fig. 15 - https://bit.ly/3G5jpsw
• Fig. 16 - https://bit.ly/3pBgFxs
(Date Of Access : 19/10/2021)
(Date Of Access : 20/10/2021)
(Date Of Access : 20/10/2021)
(Date Of Access : 20/10/2021)
(Date Of Access : 20/10/2021)
(Date Of Access : 21/10/2021)
(Date Of Access : 21/10/2021)
(Date Of Access : 21/10/2021)
(Date Of Access : 21/10/2021)
(Date Of Access : 21/10/2021)
(Date Of Access : 22/10/2021)
(Date Of Access : 22/10/2021)
(Date Of Access : 22/10/2021)

Page 22
10. Contributions of different Group members in the Project

As a team , all four of us have contribution in completing the report as well as presentation. In detail
the contributions are as highlighted.

Idea of making report : All four of us

Gathering Content from different sources and compiling it highlights : Tanya Kumari and
Priyabrata Pradhan

Making of Report and it's designing : Achintya Arya

Making of slides for presentation and it's designing : Utkarsh Gupta

Page 23