1

OPINIONS ON BANGUED MUNICIPAL RIDING-IN-TANDEM

ORDINANCE NO. 48 s. 2015

A Research Proposal
Presented to
The Faculty of the College of Arts and Sciences,
University of Northern Philippines
Vigan City, Ilocos Sur

In Partial Fulfillment

Of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Arts in Political Science

REGULACION, ELLEN MAY B.

S.Y. 2020-2021
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Chapter I

The Problem

Introduction

Motorcycle is a vehicle used for transportation that has the capacity of only two persons:

the driver and the back rider. It has two wheels, one on the front and one at the back. It is like a

bicycle only that it has a motor and is fueled with gas. A motorcycle rider can wear a helmet and

a neon strip wear used on top of shirt which signals and inform other riders. More people chose

to have a motorcycle than a car because it is fuel efficient and saves more space.

People do not only use motorcycle for convenience. It became a hobby wherein group of

motorists set up a date where they can ride as one wearing similar shirts that symbolizes their

identity as a group. Moreover, it is also a way to have a job. In different countries, those who

have motorcycles can apply as delivery riders. Their salaries depend on their patience and hard

work. It is an addition if they have someone in their back to help them. This kind of having a

back rider is usually called Riding in tandem.

Riding in tandem according to Merriam-Webster dictionary is a group of two or more

persons arranged one behind the other or two individuals acting in conjunction. Because this

term ‘’riding in tandem’’ was newly introduced in the Philippines, people lacks resources to

define this term but according to the study, it means an act of riding of two individuals on a

motorcycle or scooter.

In other countries, “tandem” is defined as a bike with front and back seats, and an

arrangement where someone or something is in front and one is at the back. But “riding in

tandem” has taken its own meaning in Filipino English: It is used as a noun to refer to crimes

perpetrated by more than one person, usually two men, on a motorcycle. The crimes range from
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snatching to murders, the killings motivated by anything from extramarital affairs to political rub

outs.

This term was not use in other countries but the acts are continuously prevalent. Daniel

Wallis in his article “Venezuela seeks to tame ‘Wild West’ motorcycles chaos,” denounced in

the media as a “plague,” motorcycle provide essential, cheap transport but are often held

responsible for anarchy on the roads and the terrifying number of homicides, kidnappings and

armed robberies that beset the South American country. Some also see them as the public face of

the underworld. In a comment made by Interior Minister Miguel Torres of Valenzuela, he called

them “problem.” Many behave atrociously, he said, riding on sidewalks, knocking off mirrors as

they weave in and out of traffic, and hurling abuse whenever challenged. Some are involved in

much more serious offenses, including abductions and drive-by shootings. Further studies

showed that motorcycles have become regular flashpoints, with bikers creating gridlock in order

to smash windows and rob drivers at gunpoint. No wonder, Venezuela suffers one of the world’s

highest murder rates, and violent crime is the No. 1 issue.

In the Philippines, the use of motorcycles is one of the most common means of

transportation. It is estimated that there are more than 7 million licensed motorcycles in the

country, and is extremely popular among “ordinary, working Filipinos” True enough, as

compared with cars, vans, and other four-wheeled vehicles, motorcycles are relatively

inexpensive. Moreover, in rural areas, where majority of the roads remain unpaved, motorcycles

serve as both efficient and economical means of transport among Filipino commuters. In cities,

on the other hand, the use of motorcycles is likewise predominant because of the poor state of

mass transportation system and since these vehicles can weave and penetrate through heavy

traffic congestions.
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Motorcycles viewed as a practical, cost-saving and convenient way of transportation in

the metropolitan areas. In fact, most people recommend this type of vehicle because of its

companions promote this exact style of transport because of its capacity. These features of

motorcycle have been used by criminals as a method of committing crimes and offenses such as

snatching, homicide and other heinous crimes.

Throughout the years, the country had witnessed numerous crimes which have been

committed by motorcycle-rider perpetrators especially within the rural areas of Metro Manila.

Unlike any other law violators, these motorcycle riding suspects were swift, anonymous, and

dangerous, and they strike without warning even in broad daylight. They can easily escape

without being known, much less located and litigated by law enforcers and their victims.

However, in spite of this present scenario, the measures undertaken by law enforcers are

generally “weak” and “slow.” Certainly, frail law enforcement in addition to the lethargic pace of

our justice system permits the culture of impunity among these criminal elements.

Senator Richard Gordon in a 2020 privilege speech at the hybrid plenary session said that

Riding-in-tandem situations have killed 1,234 in 2019 but with the implementation of

quarantines and lockdown during the COVID19 outbreak, it has lessened to over 700. He

expressed dismay that the agencies—the Philippine National Police and the Land Transportation

Office—who were supposed to be at the helm in stopping these crimes, were allegedly not

exerting enough effort.

To cure the riding-in-tandem problem, a ban was first imposed in November 2012 on an

experimental basis and then extended to 2015 because of successful results. The ban is on male

passengers and applies only from 8 a.m. to 9 p.m. During the first 13 months, assassinations by

the motorcycle sicarios were said to have dropped by 39 percent and robberies by 30 percent. By
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this success, City Ordinance No. 595 also known as “Anti-Motorcycle Riding-In-Tandem” is

being implemented in Mandaluyong City. It was passed by the Sangguniaang Panglungsod of

Mandaluyong to minimize the incidents of crimes committed by motorcycle riding criminals by

regulating the use of single motorcycle within Mandaluyong City. Mandaluyong Mayor

Benjamin Abalos Jr. said his city’s ordinance was inspired by one passed in Medellin, Colombia,

where criminal syndicates dealing in cocaine have been using pairs of motorcycle sicarios or

hitmen to wipe out competitors as well as antidrug politicians and journalists. The motorcycle-

hitmen practice dates back to the 1980s, and is said to have been started by the notorious drug

lord Pablo Escobar. After his death, it was carried on by Griselda Blanco, the “Queen of

Cocaine,” who herself was assassinated in 2012 by motorcycle sicarios.

As records disclose that most of these riding criminals are males and they ride in tandem

using a single motorcycle, or in conspiracy with another motorcycle riding malefactors, this City

Ordinance No. 595 was passed to prohibit any male from riding pillion (passenger) on a

motorcycle within the city limits, unless he is a first-degree relative e.g.: son or father or a child

between 7-10 years of age. Should the rider or back rider fail to prove that they are related in the

first degree of consanguinity, they will be brought to the local PNP Criminal Investigation Unit

for further investigation and verification. Exemptions to this rule are female passengers with

male riders or female passengers with female riders. Motorcycle driver and back rider violating

this Ordinance, before the institution of formal complaint with the Office of the City Prosecutor,

who wish not to contest their liability may instead pay the fine of P500-P5,000 for the violation

with the City Treasury and shall be issued receipt therefor. Otherwise, upon conviction, the

proper court may impose the penalties on both motorcycle driver and back rider violating this

Ordinance of a fine, or imprisonment of three (3) months, or both at the discretion of the court.
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The ordinance was enacted to prevent crimes, such as theft, mugging, murder, or other crimes

perpetrated by male suspects riding in tandem on motorcycles.

On the record, Mandaluyong is the first city in the Philippines to ban riding-in-tandem if

the rider and pillion passenger are both males. Some riders lamented it to be a “discriminatory

ordinance.” Councilor Charisse Marie Abalos-Vargas or simply "Councilor Abalos," however,

responded to the riders and said that the riding-in-tandem ordinance like all things, “is not

permanent” and is open for suggestions, amendments or revisions. “From the time we've

implemented the [anti] riding-in-tandem ordinance back in 2014, motorcycle-related crimes

dropped significantly to ZERO CASES,” said the councilor in Filipino. She further added that,

although it saddens them that they had to enact such an ordinance, it was based on the data

collected by the Philippine National Police (PNP) that 100% of the riding-in-tandem criminals

they captured were both males, composed of a male rider and pillion. It proved to be a challenge

for the authorities to identify these suspects who, unfortunately, use the motorcycle as a means to

commit their crimes. (MotoPinas.com)

The Municipality of Bangued then patterned the Ordinance of Mandaluyong City.

Municipal Ordinance No. 48, s. 2016 is an Ordinance regulating Motorcycle riding-in-tandem in

the Municipality of Bangued. It was authored by Sangguniang Bayan Joel Bolante. The

implementation of the Riding-in-tandem ordinance was a part of preparing for the 2016 national

and local elections. It was implemented on May 15, 2016 but its full implementation was on June

1, 2017. The province of Abra is known as a hot spot during elections in the Cordillera region.

Mr. Bolante said that the implementation of the ordinance is to prohibit any incidents in line with

crimes made by riding-in-tandem suspects. In the ordinance, acts allowed is when the back rider

is a.) a female; b.) spouse; c.) relative within 1st degree of consanguinity and d.) children from 7-
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10 years old. It is also allowed to members of the PNP and Military officers who are on duty and

in complete uniform, using red plate motorcycle. Prohibited acts on the other hand are a 1.) Male

back rider/s who are not within the 1st degree of consanguinity of the driver. And 2.) where the

back riders are a.) two male back rider b.) one female and one male back rider not within the 1 st

degree of consanguinity. The penalty depends on the offenses committed by the motorists. First

offense is a fine of 1,000 php; second is 2,000 php and the third is 2,500 php. Anyone who

violates will possibly dealt with imprisonment of three months, or both at the discretion of the

court.

Significance of the study

The results of the study will be of great benefit to the following:

Peace and Order Committee/Concern Departments: They will know the extent of

effectiveness of the ordinance in decreasing the incidence of crimes committed by Motorcycle

riding-in-tandem in the municipality. This way, they could adopt suggestions and

recommendations from the study which may help to amend, revise, improve or to strengthen the

said ordinance. Thus, a well management of peace and order will be given to the common

people.

Motorists and the common people: They will be informed well to the strategies and programs

concerning riding-in-tandem. This way, not only the road but the whole community be in a safe

place without thinking of any offence or criminality.

Future researchers: this study will provide baseline data needed for future researches and

studies related to this one.

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Statement of the Problem

This study will be conducted to determine the Opinions on Bangued Municipal Riding-

in-Tandem Ordinance No. 48 s. 2015.

Specifically, it will seek answers the following questions:

1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of the following?

a. Age

b. Sex

c. Educational Attainment

d. Civil Status

e. Occupation

f. Years of being a motorist

2. How does the ordinance being implemented in the municipality of Bangued?

3. What are the weaknesses of Riding-in-Tandem Ordinance?

4. What are the implications of Riding-in-Tandem ordinance?

5. What strategies or programs can be executed in responding to the weaknesses of the

Riding-in-Tandem ordinance?

Scope and Delimitation

This study will be limited to the registered motorists of LTO-Bangued, Abra District

Office who travels to the municipality of Bangued specifically in población area which is made

up of barangay zones 1 to 7.

This research is designed to have a thorough knowledge on the opinions of the motorists

about the Riding-in-tandem ordinance in Bangued, the strength and weaknesses of the ordinance,
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its implication, and the suggestions that can help to improve and to strengthen its

implementation.

Theoretical Framework/Review of Related Literature

This section presents and discuss theories, concepts and principle which are related and

applicable to the study and provide the researcher a better understanding about the research on

hand. And in order to enrich the study better, the researcher gathered and reviewed literature

related to the present study.

Riding-in-tandem is defined as a crime done by two aboard a motorcycle wherein a rider

at the back shoots the target, and the driver will speed up away once the trigger has been pulled.

(Talabong, 2018). It is the most notorious and convenient operandi for criminals committing

petty theft, robbery killings, and outright assassinations in late hours or in heavy traffic. Lawless

elements such as criminal syndicates and guns for hire are now utilizing motorcycles as

instruments or modus operandi for their criminal acts, ranging from robberies, murders, to

kidnappings, terrorism and extreme violence (Aning, 2012).

Riding-in-tandem according to Merriam-Webster dictionary is a group of two or more

persons arranged one behind the other or two individuals acting in conjunction. In 1785, tandem

first came into existence as a noun meaning “carriage pulled by horses harnessed one behind the

other.” About a hundred years later, people started to use tandem to refer to bicycles with two

seats. This type of bicycle has two sets of pedals and two seats, but only one set of wheels. To

transform tandem into an adverb, just stick in in front of it. "In tandem" can just mean "together"

— like two departments working in tandem on a project. The word ‘Tandem’ came from a Latin

word that means “to the length”. (Dela Cruz, 2014)

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Internationally, motorcycle riders became one of the leading social problems encountered

day by day. Choking traffic, causing pileups and even ambushing drivers, Venezuela’s hordes of

motorcyclists are an increasingly high-profile problem for the new government of President

Nicolas Maduro. Denounced in the media as a “plague,” they provide essential, cheap transport

but are often held responsible for anarchy on the roads and the terrifying number of homicides,

kidnappings and armed robberies that beset the South American country. Some are involved in

much more serious offenses, including abductions and drive-by shootings. Venezuela suffers one

of the world’s highest murder rates, and violent crime is the No. 1 issue ahead of December 8

municipal elections that are the first major ballot test for Maduro. (Wallis, 2013)

Motorcycles, the primary mode of transport for migrant workers clawing their way up in

the economic ladder, are also favored by criminals who have terrorized the City of Guangzhou in

recent years, including a shocking case in late 2005, when a woman had her hand cut off by a

thief on a motorcycle. News accounts concluded that motorcycle thieves were divided into

gangs. As a result, the city will institute a ban on motorcycles and motorized bicycles, hoping to

quell a crime wave that has been building to more than 100,000 offenses a year. Motorcycle ban

has already forced thousands of motorcycle taxi riders to leave. Others have turned over their

motorcycles and motorized bicycles to government impound lots in exchange for modest cash

payments. Even though most people approved such ban to suppress the crime rate, there are

some who opposed it. (Yardley, 2007)

          In the Philippines, a “new use” of the versatility of motorcycle have emerged. Lawless

elements such as criminal syndicates and guns for hire are now utilizing motorcycles as

instruments or modus operandi for their criminal acts, ranging from robberies, murders, to

kidnappings, terrorism and extreme violence. According to Dante Jimenez, head of the Anti-
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crime group Volunteers Against Crime and Corruption (VACC), crimes are frequent and brutal

with this kind of modus operandi so it should put to an end. It is a rising phenomenon to which

the government should promptly take action. He also said that motorcycle is an advantage to

criminals since it facilitates easy access to target victims and provides expeditious escape from

the crime scene. These criminals can conduct the crime in just a very short period of time, in

close proximity, and with the greatest number of victims, without any apprehensions or

predicaments since they could easily get away from the area as fast as they could. Furthermore,

he noted that “solving crimes [involving riding-in-tandem] is rendered even more difficult”

because the suspects are usually wearing masks, helmets, thick spectacles, hoodies, or any facial

covering that would conceal their physical identity. (Aning, 2012)

The use of motorcycles is one of the most common means of transportation. It is

estimated that there are more than 7 million licensed motorcycles in the country, and is

extremely popular among “ordinary, working Filipinos”. Hence, motorcycle ride-sharing,

commonly known as riding-in-tandem), is generally acceptable and so widespread that it is no

longer uncommon to see a family of four travelling together on a motorcycle along the streets

and highways across the country. However, criminals utilized motorcycles as tools for their

criminal acts. It should be noted, however, that the phenomenon of motorcycle-riding related

criminalities is not exclusively occurring in the Philippines; it is also a growing concern in other

parts of the world. In countries such as Guatemala, Colombia, Honduras and Venezuela. (Magno,

2017)

In Metro Manila, Mandaluyong is the first city to implement the Anti-Riding-in-Tandem

Ordinance. It conducted a series of consultation with the City Council and crafted a City

Ordinance 550 on August 11, 2014 which was later implemented through a six-month pilot
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testing in order to see if it is successful in reducing crimes perpetrated by riding in tandem

criminals. During that experimental stage, only 4 cases related to riding in tandem were

recorded. Afterwards, it was re-launching under City ordinance No. 595. The City Ordinance No.

595 was signed by Mayor Benhur Abalos on March 27, 2015 and took effect for the next three

years. It was passed to prohibit motorcycle riding-in-tandem, particularly male back riders who

are not within the first degree of consanguinity of the drivers whom are required to show a

competent proof of identify. The scope of this city ordinance are those motorcycles plying all

roads, streets and alleys within the territorial jurisdiction of Mandaluyong City, whether licensed

or non-licensed, resident or non-resident, whether the motorcycle is licensed or not, and

regardless of ownership, purpose and use of the motorcycle. Nevertheless, female back riders,

spouse, relative within the first degree of consanguinity, and a child between 7 to 10 years of

ages, whether a girl or a boy, are allowed. The Philippine National Police (PNP) and barangay

officials in all Barangays in Mandaluyong City are the law enforcement officers who are

deputized to enforce the Ordinance and conduct inspections and/or visibility points. Motorcycle

driver and back rider violating this Ordinance, before the institution of formal complaint with the

Office of the City Prosecutor, who wish not to contest their liability may instead pay the fine for

the violation with the City Treasury and shall be issued receipt therefor. Otherwise, upon

conviction, the proper court may impose the penalties on both motorcycle driver and back - rider

violating this Ordinance of a fine, or imprisonment of three (3) months, or both at the discretion

of the court. (Suerte, 2017).

In Bangued Abra, Philippines, the new ordinance was enacted entitled, “anti- riding-in-

tandem using the motorcycle”, to control the killings in the province (Tan, 2014). This ordinance

was patterned from similar ordinance in Davao City and Marikina among others. In Quezon City,
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a 30-kph speed limit among motorcycles will be imposed and riders are wearing vest showing

their licensed number, Dagupan City, Cotabato City, and Batac, Ilocos Norte already prohibit

them from wearing helmets for easier identification (Medina, 2019). Las Piñas City Rep. Mark

Villar, filed House Resolution 2189 which aims to impose heavier penalties against motorcycle

ridingin-tandem criminals and amend the Revised Penal Code. (InterAksyon.com, 2014). On the

other hand, the Motorcycle Crime Prevention Act of 2019, otherwise known as the “Doble

Plaka” law, will give a chance for riding-in-tandem victims to identify easily their perpetrators

and to curb the crimes related to riding – in – tandem. (Tan, 2019)

Among the crimes done by riding-in-tandem, shooting incident is the most prevailing

incident while next to it is robbery with violence and the third is robbery. (Alday, et al., 2015)

Conceptual Framework

OPINION ON THE BANGUED MUNICIPAL RIDING-IN-TANDEM

ORDINANCE NO. 48 s. 2015

INPUT PROCESS
 Demographic Details of the OUTPUT
local motorists Analysis of Data through  Demographic Details of the
the questionnaire, local Motorists, strength
and weaknesses,
 Strength and weaknesses of informal interviews, and
implications of the
the ordinance statistical treatments.
ordinance are determined.

 Strategies implemented
 Opinions and Suggested
strategies and programs are
identified
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Operational Definition of Terms

The following are significant terms to provide better understanding regarding the study.

Motorcycle. A motorized vehicle with two (2) wheels that has the capacity of only two

persons: the driver and the back rider.

Motorists. This refers to the people who travel by the use of a motorcycle in the

municipality.

Tandem. This is an arrangement where people are in formation, one behind the other.

Riding-in-tandem. An act where two individuals are riding on a motorcycle.

Riding-in-tandem crimes. Crimes that are done by the execution of riding-in-tandem.

Ordinance. A law that is adopted and passed by the municipal government.

Riding-in-tandem ordinance no. 48 s. 2015. An ordinance that prohibits two males to

ride a motorcycle within the municipality limits, unless he is a first-degree relative e.g.: son or

father, or a child between 7-10 years of age.

Ban. A legal prohibition of an ordinance or law.

Opinions. Judgment or personal view of the motorists regarding the ordinance.

Hypotheses
1.The demographic profile of the respondents has a significant relationship with their

opinions regarding the Riding-in-Tandem Ordinance.

2. There is a very high negative impact of Riding-in-Tandem Ordinance

2. There is a fair positive impact of Riding-in-Tandem Ordinance in terms of the

following:

a. Well-being
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b. Economic

c. Social

d. Political

e. Environmental

3. There are no suggestions, strategies and programs to be added in the implementation of the

ordinance.

Assumptions:
The following are the assumptions of the study.

1. The instrument use in data gathering is valid and reliable

2. The respondents’ answers to the questionnaire are objective and truthful.

Methodology

This section presents a discussion of the research design, population and sample, data

gathering instrument, data gathering technique and procedure, the ethical considerations and the

statistical treatment of data.

Research Design.

The researcher will be using a mix of qualitative and quantitative method of research.

Questionnaires which is a paper-and-pencil set of structured questions will be used to assess the

positive and negative impacts of the ordinance. While an open-ended questionnaire will be asked

to gather suggestions on the strategies and programs in relation to the ordinance.

The data that will be gathered will be organized, tabulated and interpreted to answer the

questions raised in this study.

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Population and Sample

To determine the number of respondents, the researcher will be using the probability

sampling particularly the Lynch et. al formula, from the total number of registered motorists in

the Land Transformation Office (LTO)-Bangued Abra which is 62,265. Using the said formula,

the computed sample size is 381.55, estimated is 382 respondents. But due to the pandemic,

where there is a strict implementation of quarantine measures, the researcher decided to include

convenience sampling wherein those who passed the criteria and is readily available at the

moment will be selected.

Data Gathering Instrument

The researcher will be using a questionnaire which is a paper-and-pencil set of structured

and focused questions or statements. The questions were formulated based on some preliminary

interview and observation of the researcher.

The questionnaire consists of different parts. The Part I will be used as an information

sheet to gather the demographic details of the respondents such as their age, sex, educational

attainment, civil status, occupation and years of being a motorist. While Part II contains the

different questions or statements which will be ranked by the respondents by putting a check

mark on their appropriate answer, they will mark or put a check mark on either very strongly

agree, strongly agree, moderately agree, slightly agree or not agree, with a corresponding number

from 5 to 1. Last part will be the qualitative part in order to know the suggestions of the

motorists regarding the programs and strategies that can help to improve and strengthen the

ordinance’s implementation.
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Data Gathering Procedure

A letter of request and permission to gather data and conduct the study will be prepared,

the letter will be addressed to the authorities concerned in the study such as the Land and

Transportation Office-Bangued, Abra for the data regarding the total number of registered

motorists. Another letter will also be addressed to the Municipal Mayor to request permission to

conduct the study within their vicinity. Afterwards, the researcher will determine the sample

from the population which will be her respondents using a probability sampling mainly the

Lynch et. al formula and with an integration of convenience sampling due to the pandemic.

The researcher already constructed a questionnaire checklist, which consists of structured

and focused questions relevant to the subject matter of the work. The questionnaire will be first

validated by experts or persons knowledgeable on the said field and it could be the principal

author of the ordinance. After the questionnaires had been validated, it will be distributed,

administered and retrieved personally by the researcher. She will initiate the study within the

Barangay zones 1-7 of the municipality of Bangued, considering such health protocols due to the

pandemic.

The researcher will first explain to the respondents the importance of their response to the

study and the informed consent, other important terminologies and questionnaire will also be

clarified to the respondents so that they can answer it with full knowledge of their responsibility

and honesty as the subject of the study. After the respondents answer the questionnaire, the

researcher will already collect and tally the data for interpretation.

To determine the appropriate statistical tool to be used and in interpreting data, the

researcher will ask for a help by a statistician. Lastly, when the data will already be analyzed and

interpreted, the researcher will be ready to come up with a summary, conclusion and

recommendation of the study.

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Ethical Considerations

Research ethical consideration is a core aspect of the research work and the foundation of

research design. The following are some of the ethical considerations in the fulfillment of the

work:

1.Confidentiality

All data taken from the study will be coded to protect each subject’s identity. No names

or other identifying information will be used when discussing or reporting data. The researcher

will safely keep all files and data collected in a secured locked cabinet. Once the data has been

fully analyzed it will be destroyed. The records from this study will be kept as confidential as

possible.

The confidentiality of the information supplied by research subjects and the identity of

respondents must be protected and respected. Privacy and anonymity of respondents is of a

paramount importance. This is in adherence to the Data Privacy Act.

2.Voluntary Participation and Consent

Voluntary participation of respondents in the research is important. Moreover,

participants have rights to withdraw from the study at any stage if they wish to do so. The

respondent should at no point feel any coercion to participate in a study. This includes any type

of persuasion or deception in attempting to gain their trust. Their participation in this study is

voluntary. It is up to them to decide whether or not to take part in this study. If they decide to

take part in this study, they will be asked to sign a consent form. Respondents should participate

on the basis of informed consent. The principle of informed consent involves researchers

providing sufficient information and assurances about taking part to allow individuals to
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understand the implications of participation and to reach a fully informed, considered and freely

given decision about whether or not to do so, without the exercise of any pressure or coercion

The informed consent states that the respondent must give their explicit consent to

participate in the study. That consent form will serve as an agreement of trust between the

researcher and the participants.

3.Risk of Harm
The researcher should do everything in her power to protect study participants. For this, she

should focus on the risk to benefit ratio. If possible, risks outweigh the benefits, then the

researcher should abandon or redesign the study. Risk of harm also requires measuring the risk to

benefit ratio as the study progresses.

Statistical Treatment of Data

The following statistical tools will be used in the analysis of data gathered in the

study.

For the sampling, the researcher will be using Lynch et. al formula in order to determine

the number of respondents needed for the study.

To interpret the data, the researcher will be using the frequency count and percentage to

describe the distribution of the respondents relative to their demographic details.

To assess the positive and negative impact of the ordinance to the motorists in the

municipality of Bangued, the measure of central tendency particularly the weighted mean will be

utilized. This study will use the following norms:

Rating Range of Mean Item Description General Description

Values
5 4.21-5.00 Very Much Agree Very High

4 3.41-4.20 Much Agree High

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3 2.61-3.40 Moderately Agree Fair

2 1.81-2.60 Slightly Agree Low

1 1.00-1.80 Not Agree Very Low

REFERENCES/BIBLIOGRAPHY
A. Published Resources
Bolante, J. (2015). Ordinance Archive. Bangued: LGU Bangued.
B. Electronic Resources

Aning, R. (2012). Anti-crime group seeks temporary ban on ‘riding in tandem’ on motorcycles. retrieved

from https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/178363/anti-crime-group-seeks-temporary-ban-on-

%E2%80%98riding-in-tandem%E2%80%99-on-motorcycles

Magno, M. (2017). Mandaluyong City Ordinance No. 595 “Anti-Motorcycle Riding-in-Tandem”. retrieved

from https://marclawrenzmagno.wordpress.com/2017/10/11/mandaluyong-city ordinance-no-595

anti-motorcycle-riding-in-tandem/

Motopinas.com (2019). Coun. Abalos: anti riding-in-tandem ordinance 'open for suggestions'. retrieved from

https://www.motopinas.com/motorcycle-news/coun-abalos-anti-riding-in-tandem-ordinance-

open-for-suggestions.html

Tan, M. (2014). ‘Riding in tandem’. retrieved from https://opinion.inquirer.net/79545/riding-in-tandem

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Alday R. (2015). Extent of Implementation of Strategies and Programs Against Riding in Tandem Criminals.

retrieved fromhttp://research.lpubatangas.edu.ph/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/CRIM-2015-001-

Extent-of-Implementation-of-Srategies-and-Programs-against-Riding.pdf

Galvez, D. (2019). ‘Riding in tandem’ killings proof of breakdown in law and order — HRW. retrieved from

https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1139536/riding-in-tandem-killings-proof-of-breakdown-in-law-and-

order-hrw

Talabong, R. (2018). 4 killed a day by riding-in-tandem gunmen in the Philippines. retrieved from

https://www.preda.org/2018/4-killed-a-day-by-riding-in-tandem-gunmen-in-the-philippines

Abrenian.com (2015). Regulating Riding-In-Tandem in Bangued is now in effect. retrieved from

https://news.abrenian.com/2015/05/27/regulating-riding-in-tandem-in-bangued-is-now-in-effect/

Dela Cruz, J. (2014). RIDING-IN-TANDEM. retrieved from https://prezi.com/retk3dtfcy5s/riding-in-

tandem/

Suerte F. (2017). The Philippine Starhttps ://www.philstar.com /headlines/2017/11/0 1/1754824 /pnp-sets-

sights-motorcycle-ridingkillers#S7X7tyAPTt2PpVW5.99.

Yardley, J. (2007). In city ban, a sign of wealth and its discontents. retrieved from

https://www.bing.com/search?form=MOZLBR&pc=MOZD&q=In+city+ban

%2C+a+sign+of+wealth+and+its+discontents

Wallis, D. (2013). Venezuela seeks to tame ‘Wild West’ motorcycle chaos. retrieved from

http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/10/31/us-venezuela-bikers-idUSBRE99U0EV20131031
 22

APPENDICES
 23

QUESTIONNAIRE
Respondent No. ____

To whom it may concern;

Good Day Ma’am/Sir!

I, Ellen May Regulacion, a third year Bachelor of Arts in Political Science student of the
University of Northern Philippines is presently conducting a research study entitled “Opinions
on Bangued Municipal Riding-in-Tandem Ordinance No. 48 s. 2015.”

In this connection, may I humbly solicit your kind support and assistance by allowing me
to gather pertinent data needed in my study. Rest assured that whatever information gathered will
be treated with utmost confidentiality.

Thank you and God Bless.

Respectfully yours,

Ellen May Regulacion

BA Political Science 3A-Student

Demographic Details of the Respondent

1. Name(Optional): 2.Age Group: 3.Sex:
O 18-24 y/o O Male
O 25-34 y/o OFemale
O 36-44 y/o
O 45 and above

4. Educational Attainment: 5. Civil Status: 5.Occupation

O Primary education and O Single
below O Married
O Secondary Education O Widow/Widower
O Tertiary Education OSeparated/Annulled
O Masters Years of being a motorist:
Others (please specify):

Questionnaire

Implementation of the ordinance

(Rate the following by putting a check mark on the space provided accordingly.)
 24

Indication Excellent Very Good Fair Poor

(5) Good (3) (2) (1)
(4)

Checkpoint inspection

Police visibility

24/7 Checkpoint operation

Information dissemination about the

ordinance

Infographic utilization

Patrol monitoring

Obedience on the ordinance

Crime reduction

Weakness of the ordinance

(Rate the following by putting a check mark on the space provided accordingly.)
 25

Weaknesses Very Much Moderately Slightly Not

Much Agree Agree Agree Agree
Agree (5) (4) (3) (2) (1)

Oppressive

Unconstitutional

judgmental

inconvenient

10. sexist

11. discriminatory against LGBTQA+ community

12. root of corruption

13. out of purpose

14. non-economical

15. weak provision

Implications of the ordinance

(Rate the following by putting a check mark on the space provided accordingly.)
 26

Implication Very Much Moderately Slightly Not

Much Agree Agree Agree Agree
Agree (5) (4) (3) (2) (1)

Positive outlook

It will lessen crime rates

There will be peace and security in the

municipality

Municipal budget will increase by the use of

the penalty.

The people will be more disciplined and

responsible.

It will strengthen the programs of the PNP

Department against crimes and brutality.

Negative outlook

It makes the police authority lazy and

dependent.

There will be another tactic for criminals.

It will lead to corruption.

It will be a burden to the innocent, ordinary

people.
 27

It will lead to injustice.

IV. Suggestions on the ordinance

(Rate the following by putting a check mark on the space provided accordingly)
Indicators Very Strongly Moderatel Slightly Not Agree
Strongly Agree y Agree Agree
Agree
Provision
Back riding should be extended
from 1st degree of consanguinity up
to the 3rd degree of consanguinity.
ID with the same surname and/or
address should be allowed in back
riding. Hence, there is no need to
bring birth/marriage certificate.
Back riding should be allowed to a
child from 7-15 years of age.
to male back riders who are within
the 2nd degree of consanguinity
should be allowed.
Money should not be involved in
the first violation.
The penalties should be reduced.

The penalties should be heightened.

Implementation

Increase police force by hiring new

sets of police officers
There should be 2 police officers in
every corner.
10. Police visibility should be
intensified and executed day and
night.
11. Checkpoint operations should be
day and night.
12. Seminars about the modus
operandi of riding in tandem
criminals
 28

13. There should be CCTV cameras in

all public places in the municipality.
14. This should be implemented to the
whole province of Abra.
15. The ordinance should be repealed.

Other Suggestions: -

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________

____________________________________________________________________

_____________________
Signature of Respondents

CONTENT VALIDATION FORM

OPINIONS ON BANGUED MUNICIPAL RIDING-IN-TANDEM

ORDINANCE NO. 48 s. 2015
 29

DIRECTION: Please indicate the extent to which the attached questionnaire is able to determine
the Opinions on Bangued Municipal Riding-In-Tandem Ordinance No. 48 S. 2015 using the
following scale:

5-Strongly Agree (SA)

4-Agree (A)

3-Undecided (U)

2-Disagree (D)

1-Strongly Disagree (SD)

Kindly give your comment/s and suggestion for the improvement of the questionnaire in the

space provided below.

Criterion 5 4 3 2 1
1. Items of the questionnaire adequately cover the opinions on
Bangued Municipal Riding-in-Tandem Ordinance no. 48 s. 2015.
2. The items are stated in a clear and straightforward manner.

3. There are no items with the same thought/idea as the other

items.
4. The questionnaire does not make unreasonable demands upon
the respondent.
5. The questionnaire does not have a hidden purpose.

6. The questionnaire solicits information that the respondents

presumably have.
7. The questionnaire contains questions that can be answered.

8. The items and the questionnaire are presented in an attractive,

professional and easy-to-understand format.
9. All items and pages are clearly numbered.

10. The questionnaire contains clear and explicit directions as to

how it should be accomplished.
11. The questions are objective.
 30

12. The questionnaire uses a practical rating scale (5-point rating

scale).

Kindly give your comment/s and suggestion/s for the improvement of the questionnaire
in the space provided below:
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
___________________________.

____________________________
Signature over Printed Name

LETTER-PERMISSIONS
REQUEST PERMISSION TO CONDUCT RESEARCH

Date: January 8, 2021

To: Hon. Dominic B. Valera

Municipal Mayor

Bangued, Abra

Sir:

Greetings of Peace!

In partial fulfillment of our requirements for our course with the subject Quantitative and

Qualitative Analysis of Political Data, I, Ellen May B. Regulacion, a third year BA Political
 31

Science student from University of Northern Philippines, under the College of Arts and Sciences

would like to conduct a research study entitled “Effectiveness of Motorcycle Riding-in-

Tandem Ordinance as a Crime Mitigation Strategy in the Municipality of Bangued”.

In connection with this, I would like to ask your good office to allow me to conduct my research

study in your vicinity and gather some data relevant to my study. Rest assured that the data and

information that I will gather will remain absolutely confidential and to be used for academic

purpose only.

I believe that you are with me in my enthusiasm to finish the requirement as a compliance for our

subject and to develop my well-being. I hope for your positive response on this humble matter.

Your approval to conduct this study will be greatly appreciated.

Respectfully yours,

ELLEN MAY B. REGULACION

Researcher

Recommending Approval:

DR. DEA MEIR TACBAS

Thesis Adviser

Approved By:

Hon. Dominic B. Valera

Municipal Mayor, Bangued
 32

April 6, 2021

To: Mr. Jose Denna

Chief
Abra LTO

Sir:

Greetings of Peace!

I, Ellen May Regulacion, a student of the University of Northern Philippines under the Political
Science Program, would like to secure a copy of data regarding the current number of motorists
in the Zones of Bangued (1-7)

I am in need of the data for my study entitled, “Opinions on Bangued Municipal Riding-in-
Tandem Ordinance No. 48 s. 2015”. I will use the said data to measure the needed sample among
the total population of motorists in the municipality. This will help me fulfill my pre-requisite
requirement to be able to graduate in this program.

I hope that you can assist me with this request. I appreciate your time and effort to get this done
for me. Thank you and more power!

Respectfully yours,

ELLEN MAY B. REGULACION

Researcher

Approved by:

Mr. Jose Benna

LTO Chief, Abra
 33

INFORMED CONSENT FORM

TITLE OF THE STUDY:

“Opinions on Bangued Municipal Riding-in-Tandem Ordinance No. 48 s. 2015”

RESEARCHER INFORMATION:

Regulacion, Ellen May B.

Bachelor of Arts in Political Science

Zone 7, Bangued, Abra

09500596942

ellen.may.regulacion@gmail.com

PURPOSE OF THE STUDY:

You are being asked to take part in a research study. Before you decide to participate in

this study, it is important that you understand why the research is being done and what it will

involve. Please read the following information carefully. Please ask the researcher if there is

anything that is not clear or if you need more information.

The researcher, Ellen May Regulacion, is conducting a research study regarding the

“Opinions on Bangued Municipal Riding-in-Tandem Ordinance No. 48 s. 2015”. The purpose of

your participation in this study is to help the researcher understand the implementation of

Riding-in-Tandem Ordinance, give insights and observations regarding the implementation and

most especially, to suggest ways in improving the said ordinance.

You were purposely selected as a participant for this study because you have the relevant

knowledge regarding the matter and you are already believed to be in a legal age to answer such

study like this.

 34

STUDY PROCEDURE:

If you agree to participate in this research study, the following will occur: the researcher

will first explain to you the purpose and the description of the research, including this informed

consent form for you to understand its significance, benefits and other aspects regarding the

study. If you agreed to participate in this research study, a letter for permission will be given and

read to you for some ethical considerations. After which, you are asked to undergo interview

session with the researcher, if you have some questions regarding the questionnaire or the whole

study, feel free to ask the researcher.

The researcher should have 382 participants for this study. Each will be visited for

approximately 10-15 minutes. For some documentaries, your permission will also be asked

whether or not you allow the researcher to take some pictures and recordings.

RISK:

If you feel uncomfortable, embarrassed or inconvenienced, you may decline to answer

any or all questions and you may terminate your involvement at any time if you chose.

BENEFITS:

There will be no direct benefit to you for your participation in this study. However, the

researcher hopes that the information obtained from this study may be a great help for you to

understand and know more regarding the Riding-in-Tandem Ordinance and its effectiveness in

curbing criminality within the municipality, and also to improve or to strengthen the ordinance

which will be enjoyed by the common people of Bangued.

 35

CONFIDENTIALITY:

All information taken from the study will be coded to protect each subject’s name. No

names or other identifying information will be used when discussing or reporting data. The

researcher will safely keep all files and data collected in a secured locked cabinet. Once the data

has been fully analyzed it will be destroyed.

The records from this study will be kept as confidential as possible. No individual

identities will be used in any reports or publications resulting from the study. All questionnaires,

tapes, transcripts, summaries will be given codes and stored separately from any names or other

direct identification of participants. Research information will be kept in locked files at all times.

Only research personnel will have access to the files and only those with an essential need to see

names or other identifying information will have access to that particular file.

The records from this study will be kept as confidential as possible. No individual

identities will be used in any reports or publications resulting from the study. All questionnaires,

tapes, transcripts, summaries will be given codes and stored separately from any names or other

direct identification of participants. Research information will be kept in locked files at all times.

Only research personnel will have access to the files and only those with an essential need to see

names or other identifying information will have access to that particular file.

CONTACT INFORMATION:

If you have questions or further clarifications at any time about this study, or you

experience adverse effects as the result of participating in this study, you may contact the

researcher whose contact information is provided.

VOLUNTARY PARTICIPATION:
 36

Your participation in this study is voluntary. It is up to you to decide whether or not to

take part in this study. If you decide to take part in this study, you will be asked to sign a consent

form. After you sign the consent form, you are still free to withdraw at any time and without

giving a reason. Withdrawing from this study will not affect the relationship you have, if any,

with the researcher. If you withdraw from the study before data collection is completed, your

data will be returned to you or destroyed.

CONSENT:

I have read and I understand the provided information and have had the opportunity to

ask questions. I understand that my participation is voluntary and that I am free to withdraw at

any time, without giving a reason and without cost. I understand that I will be given a copy of

this consent form. I voluntarily agree to take part in this study.

Participant's signature Date

Researcher's signature Date

_______________________________