Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Submitted by:
ADVENTO, Salvador Jr.
DELA CRUZ, Paul Martin
DIONISIO, Anne Casey
GARCIA, Angelo Lance
JAVIER, Christian Cez
MORALES, Joe Mark
08/04/2022
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………………………… 1
CONSIDERATIONS …………………………………………………………………………. 23
SUMMARY …………………………………………………………………………...………. 36
REFERENCES ………………………………………………………...…………………….. 37
Case Studies
A. Scope
These case studies are essential in correlating the connections between the
present status of high-rise buildings within the local and international scene in which the
paper will delve into the different intricacies and details that go into what makes these
structures stand out and be distinguished from each other. These case studies are also
related to the essential solutions provided by the existing high-rise buildings on different
sites and lands; including the sustainability of its building structure together with its
functions, spatial zoning and utilities that are correlated to emergency efficiency.
Source Components
The highest building in the Philippines has the 50-storeys Grand Hyatt Residence
South Tower as another residential tower. The pinnacle height measures 318 meters
while the height to the roof stands at 250 meters. The total number of floors is 66.The
highest 25 floors of the building are dedicated to the hotel which features 416 rooms.
There are three restaurants, including The Peak, No. 8 China House, and The Grand
Kitchen. Its event and meeting rooms cover 2,281 m2. To ensure that the structure can
stand firm against the effect of wind and seismic shock, Arup adds the damped
outrigger system for the job. The concrete outrigger walls are at the two mechanical
floors of the Grand Hyatt Manila.
b. The Mega Tower
The ground floor meanwhile will offer a diverse mix of cafés and restaurants
expected to enhance the experience and comfort of Mega Tower clients. It has direct
access to the Mega Fashion Hall of SM Megamall, where tenants can enjoy global and
local retail, food and beverage and other services. Aside from being conveniently
located along a major thoroughfare and near two MRT stations, the building will have a
Public Terminal Interchange (PTI) which will primarily cater to commuters riding PUVs or
shuttle vans. Five percent of the parking slots of Mega Tower are dedicated to
energy-conserving vehicles.
c. Metrobank Center
The Metrobank Center is connected through a common podium with the Grand
Hyatt Residences, a 45-storey condominium skyscraper. The complex has a second
residential tower, the Grand Hyatt Residence South Tower which stands 50-storeys
high. The Grand Hyatt Manila is a major tenant of the building. The hotel has 461 guest
rooms and occupies the top 25 floors of the building. It also hosts three major
restaurants namely The Grand Kitchen, No. 8 China House, and The Peak which also
has meeting and events rooms.
Wong & Ouyang, as well as Casas Architects were the architectural firms behind
the Metrobank Center. Ove Arup & Partners was responsible for the wind, structural,
and seismic engineering of the building. Arup devised its damp outrigger system to
make the building resistant to seismic shock and wind. Concrete outrigger walls were
installed in the Metrobank Center's two mechanical floors
● Foreign Case Studies
a. Burj Khalifa
The tower consists of three wings that form a Y-shaped floor plan centered on a
core plan. The shape also resembles onion domes, which are a common feature of
Islamic architecture. The three wings operate as buttresses to the hexagonal core,
supporting it against lateral stresses while also providing panoramic views of the
surrounding area, including the Persian Gulf. Except for the spire of the tower, which is
made of structural steel, the whole tower is made of concrete. The outside cladding
system comprises reflective glass, aluminum and textured stainless steel spandrel
panels with vertical fins and was designed to resist Dubai's extreme summer.
The lowest above ground floors of Taipei 101 house a luxury atrium shopping
mall. Most of the floors above the mall are devoted to office space. The public
observatories are on floors 88 to 91, with an indoor observatory on 89 and an outdoor
observatory on 91. At a height of 1,285 feet (392.8 meters), the outdoor observatory
was the highest in the world at the time of completion. Another indoor observatory, not
open to the public, is on the top (101st) floor and is 1,437 feet (438 meters) high.
c. 30 St. Mary Axe
Location: London
The following standards provided below are stated in the National Building Code of the
Philippines. All contents are in relation to the study of high rise and mixed use buildings.
The following content shows the different character and use of a building/structure
which can be classified as high rise buildings based on the National Building Code of
the Philippines.
Principal Zoning Classification
Glossary from the National Building Code of the Philippines for additional information
about high rise buildings.
HIGH-RISE - 16-storeys or taller in height i.e,, from 48.00 meters above established
grade; elevators, fire escapes, sprinkler systems, arresters, beacons and other safety
systems, particularly if near airports, are mandatory for all high-rise
buildings/structures.
Canopies
For medium and high-rise buildings six (6) storeys and higher, all protective and safety
devices/facilities shall be completely installed including safety belts, safety nets and
canopies for the safety of workers, pedestrians, nearby residents and motorists.
DIVISION E-2
The Philippine Green Building Code, a reference code to the National Building
Code of the Philippines, works to reduce the health and environmental impacts of
buildings through resource management efficiency.
The Philippine Green Building Code seeks to improve the efficiency of building
performance by adopting measures that promote resource management efficiency and
site sustainability while minimizing the negative impact of buildings on human health
and the environment.
Energy Efficiency
As the humidity levels are very high in the Philippines, the unwanted infiltration
and humidity ingress into the spaces can cause additional load on the air conditioning
system and a detrimental impact on air quality. Buildings must be planned and designed
with specific details to ensure that air tightness is maximized. Details should precisely
include joints, service entry points, windows and doors. The implementation of these
measures requires only increased attention to the construction details and it can be
implemented at practically no cost.
Natural Ventilation
This measure will give building occupants the flexibility and opportunity to use
natural ventilation for free cooling and fresh air in regularly occupied spaces. This
measure will limit the tendency to create glass sealed box type buildings. Size of each
room and space shall be consistent with the occupancy load of the NBC.
Operable windows or balcony doors shall be provided in regularly occupied
spaces. The size of the opening shall be equal to at least ten percent (10%) of the floor
area of regularly occupied spaces.
Light-colored building envelopes, especially the roof areas which are the most
vulnerable, can reduce heat transfer from the outside to the inside of the building by
having surfaces with high Solar Reflectance Index (SRI).
Roof Insulation
Insulation can help reduce heat gain in a building, improving thermal comfort and
acoustic quality while also reducing the load on the air conditioning system.
Daylight Provision
Buildings should be planned and designed to maximize the use of natural light so
to reduce the use of artificial illumination.
All regularly occupied spaces inside the building shall have a view of any
combination of the following features that can allow daylight into the room space:
i. Window
ii. Light shelf
iii. Clerestory
iv. Skylight
v. Light monitor / light scoop
vi. Other devices that can allow daylight inside
Spaces where daylight access hinders its intended function are exempt from this
provision with justification for exemption.
Escalators / Moving Ramps / Walkways shall be fitted with automated controls to reduce
to a slower speed when no activity has been detected for a maximum period of one and
a half (1-1/2) minutes and duration may be adjusted depending on the demand.
The escalator / moving ramp / walkway shall automatically be put on a standby mode
when no activity has been detected for a maximum period of five (5) minutes and
duration may be adjusted depending on the demand.
These escalators / moving ramps / walkways shall be designed with energy efficient soft
start technology. Activation of reduced speed, power off and power on modes shall be
done through sensors installed in the top or bottom landing areas.
ii. Elevators Elevators shall be provided with controls to reduce the energy demand. To
meet this requirement, the following features must be incorporated:
Water efficiency requires the adoption of efficient practices, plan, design, materials,
fixtures, equipment and methods that reduce water consumption resulting in cost
savings.
Water Fixtures
Efficient water fixtures include faucets, showerheads and water closets that use
less water in order to perform the same function of cleaning as effectively as standard
models. Water efficiency is an important aspect, especially as fresh water resources
start getting depleted at a rate faster than they are replenished. Use of efficient
plumbing fixtures, sensors, auto control valves, aerators, flow control and
pressure-reducing devices, wherever possible, can result in significant reduction in
water consumption.
Rainwater Harvesting
Rainwater is one of the purest sources of water available. Rainwater from roofs
and hardscape must be collected and reused for non potable purposes. Collected water
shall be used for non-potable purposes such as toilet flushing, irrigation and cooling
towers.
Water Recycling
The recycled water produced on site shall be reused for non-potable purposes
such as toilet flushing, irrigation and cooling towers, through a distinct and separate
piping system from the potable water supply system
Material Sustainability
Material Sustainability governs all matters related to resource efficiency and
material selection and use with the least impact on the environment. All other materials
containing chemicals used in construction shall not compromise and be deleterious to
the health and safety of the workers and occupants of the building.
MRF shall be provided for the collection and segregation of solid waste
materials. MRF shall be fully enclosed and easily accessible from within the building
and from the outside for easy collection of waste.
Solid waste containers shall be provided for at least four (4) types of wastes:
- compostable (biodegradable)
- special waste
With the rapid growth of urbanization in the past few decades, the construction of
high-rise and tall structures has increased across the world, especially in the developing
nations. The scarcity of land in highly populated areas of the world is a major economic
motivation for the rise of tall (especially residential) structures. The race to create the
highest structure in a city, country, region, or even the planet has fueled the construction
of tall buildings across the world.
A mixed-use building integrates three or more functions into one structure, such
as residential, hotel, retail, parking, transit, cultural, and entertainment. Whatever
combination is utilized, it brings a wide range of uses together in a single building or a
little space. The two most common forms of mixed-use design are:
More than packing as much as possible into one structure is required for an
effective mixed-use development design. It must consider the needs of future residents,
as well as the impact it will have on its surroundings and how the greater community will
benefit.
The total effect of a mixed-use building or development that smoothly adapts to
its surroundings is larger than the parts of its components. Among the advantages are:
● Increasing the diversity and density of housing.
● Improved energy efficiency and long-term viability.
● a stronger sense of character in the neighborhood.
● Integration with city services, such as public transit, is improved.
● More adaptability to changing demands, resulting in a longer life cycle for the
building.
Building entrances
To identify and emphasize the principal entrances of buildings, architectural
aspects, lighting, and signage should be utilized. By making building entrances clearly
recognized, building design should increase the connection between buildings and
streets.
1. Entrances shall be visible from the adjoining primary street.
2. Techniques that may be used to highlight primary building entrances include,
but are not limited to, the following:
a. Recessed entry;
b. Glazed door;
c. Roof line emphasis;
d. Windows above entry;
e. Projecting sign above doorway, subject to sign code;
f. Canopy, marquee, or awning above entry;
g. Head molding or decorative lintel above doorway;
h. Contrasting, decorative finish materials; and
i. Street address posted prominently above or near the building entrance
Tripartite design
Tall building design is encouraged to integrate three distinct parts (base, shaft,
and top) into a single whole.
Figure 15. The 122 Leadenhall Street Building in London, by R. Rogers. Form articulations: progression
from plain to intricate (1-5). Note how the articulation enhanced the entrance’s prominence. The
wedge-shaped tapering shaft represents interesting geometry and was designed to protect the view of the
nearby St Paul’s Cathedral. The top is marked by a simple but distinct apex.
(Fig. 15). The base provides a portion of the building with articulation that is
related directly to the human pedestrian scale while the middle portion of the building,
called shaft or stem, generally provides a pattern of fenestration and detail that lends a
sense of rhythm and scale to a building both horizontally and vertically. The top or
crown of the tower typically receives special treatment that terminates the building in an
ornamental or distinctive manner. Base, shaft, and top also play an urban role. The
base relates the building to adjacent buildings in scale, proportion, and possibly
materials, color, and/or texture. The shaft relates the main body of the building and
facades to other buildings in the neighborhood and district, and the top communicates
the iconic status of the tall building as an urban landmark.
Base/Podium
The base is the most important part of tall buildings as it is how the building is
connected to the surrounding city. The base should not appear to be heavy and clumsy.
While not essential, the incorporation of a low-level podium at the base should be
considered to all proposed developments of tall buildings. It should not exceed 5-6
stories in order not to block views to the shaft. A colonnaded base also has the
advantage of alleviating the wind uplift around the building and providing extra shelter
and protection from weather for pedestrians. Colonnaded-base buildings and green
roofs can also be used to control downward wind flows (Fig. 16).
It is important to improve the interface of the base with the public realm. Blank
facades, internal refuse stores, bicycle bays, undercroft parking, etc. must be kept to an
absolute minimum. Sufficient openings in the façade should support passive supervision
of the street space. In proportion with the overall building, the ground floor’s
floor-to-ceiling height must be considerably greater than that of the building’s upper
stories. Building entrances should be clearly identifiable. Roughly speaking, up to 30 m
(100 ft) of the tall building’s base should respect the human scale and support human
ability to perceive visual intricacies and complexity.
Figure 16. Protecting pedestrians from wind’s reflection through podium design. Green roofs atop
arcades have the potential to further mitigate wind effect and add aesthetic qualities.
Shaft
The bulk of towers making up the shaft or stem should be reduced by articulating
the masses with changes of plane, stepped terraces, modulated plan, balconies, and
facade forms. Articulation should evolve from a rational building design approach and
avoid treating the building as a mere object. The design of individual buildings should
also consider functional issues such as shadow impact and the provision of natural light.
In cases where there are difficulties to provide direct natural light, it is recommended to
employ techniques such as light pipes and light shelves to channel natural light deep
into interior spaces (Elbakheit, 2012).
Overall, slender towers are preferable over slabs and monolithic as well as bulky
towers. Thinness of a tower improves the provision of light and its elegance and sky
view (Ali and Armstrong, 1995). However, over-slenderness should be discouraged
because it poses structural challenges for motion control and impact by flying objects
and creates proportion and scale problems. The aesthetics of a building’s mass can
also be improved by articulating the tower’s footprint and segmenting the mass via
horizontal bands (Fig. 17). We recommend that a tower’s design reflects its
functionality, i.e., residential, commercial, mixed-use, etc. It is also recommended to
seek design diversity within the same functional use (e.g. residential).
Figure 17. The National Bank of Bahrain in Manama, Bahrain (unbuilt) by A. Smith, author, and L.
Oltmanns of SOM. Slenderness and excitement of form have been achieved through articulating the
building footprint.
Top
The design of building tops is important in that this is where the building meets
the sky, and if well designed, they can enhance the skyline and create legibility from a
distance. Flat-top buildings designed in the International Style lacked a clearly visible
top. Classical tall buildings designed prior to the Modern era, and those designed during
the Postmodern era, as well as the present era of pluralism, generally have well-defined
legible tops. Attention needs to be given to the treatment of telecommunication
apparatus, plant rooms, mechanical equipment, external cleaning hoists, etc. Design
should demonstrate a sensitive approach to these elements which interfere with the
clarity of the silhouette and the roofline of the building. In general, it is good practice to
make the tops of buildings lightweight and readily visible. Integrating alternative
accommodations on upper floors, such as duplex apartments or rooftop restaurants, is
viewed as a desirable design solution.
Parking design
The problem of car parking is a serious issue within a city, particularly in its dense
urban core where most tall buildings are located. Limiting parking provisions will ensure
that the base floors of tall buildings are not dominated by car-parking and will help in
delivering vibrant frontages onto the street. Where provided, underground parking is a
possible choice. Alternatively, the parking should be architecturally integrated with the
building design (Fig. 18) or landscaping features should wrap around parking areas to
screen them. Parking structures designed as secondary utility-type structures have
often been visually unappealing, but attempts are being made to improve their
appearance and aesthetic quality (Fig. 19). We note that due to changes in lifestyles,
parking regulations may be trending downward as more people today prefer to use
public transport and choose not to use automobiles to avoid traffic gridlock and save
money on expensive gasoline (Gifford, 2007).
Figure 18. Architecturally integrated and enclosed parking should be encouraged for tall building design
whenever possible.
Figure 19. A “contextual” parking structure in St. Louis, MO. The building design picks architectural cues
from neighboring buildings and appears to be a regular building that seamlessly fits into the
neighborhood. Also, the ground floor integrates retails and restaurants so that they enliven pedestrian and
street life.
Accessibility
Safety is more critical in tall buildings than that in low-rise structures because tall
buildings host a greater number of lives and constitute a high-value investment. It can
be emphasized though that tall buildings, if appropriately designed and built, are safer in
many respects than most other building types, due to structural and life- safety
redundancies. Concrete cores are robust and designed to withstand extreme lateral
forces and loads. Fire safety systems include sprinklers and wet and dry standpipes.
Egress is handled through multiple escape routes, fire stairs, and refuge floors.
Stairs
North American codes conventionally require two staircases minimum for tall
buildings (Allen, 2004). A stairway’s width should not be less than 1.42 mm (56 in) and
the walking distance to an exit staircase must not exceed 30 m (98 ft) (Fruin, 1970).
Smoke-free stairwell designs are required to assist occupants in surviving high-rise
fires, since immediate evacuation of fully occupied buildings is not usually a reasonable
option. Stair pressurization is required to contain smoke by applying positive pressure
above and below a fire floor (or floors). Another design consideration regarding stairs is
that the stair door should be positioned so the flow of occupants into the enclosure
merges with, rather than opposes, the downward movement of people (Pauls, 1978).
For supertall buildings wider stairways are appropriate, as we have learned from the
experience of the World Trade Center towers in New York.
Elevators
Codes often dictated that in the case of fire, passenger elevators are returned to
the main lobby, parked, and shut down with open doors. Tenants’ use of elevators as a
means of escape under fire conditions continues to be considered as hazardous and
should be avoided until a viable solution is found to overcome the danger. Elevators can
only be used by firemen, by using a separate key switch in order to evacuate elderly
and handicapped people and to move equipment up. The fireman’s switches make
elevators safe to use in the event of a blaze by giving firefighters control of them so they
do not open at the floor of the fire. In some tall buildings, special elevators are dedicated
for the firemen’s use to bring up fire equipment and assist handicapped people to
descend. Each of these elevators has a two-hour rated elevator lobby and a special
pressurization shaft (Olsson, 2001).
Refuge floors
Refuge floors for supertall buildings are designed mainly as fire breaks where
people can take shelter while waiting for evacuation. For example, if occupants are on
the 68th floor, they don’t have to run all the way down the building to escape the fire;
they can just run midway down to the refuge floor in the middle of the building. By
default, refuge floors provide a safe place for the disabled and injured (Wood, 2003),
and serve as a firefighting base for firefighters to contain fire and have a command
operation point. They can serve as a transitional point for using elevators for
evacuation, and as a fire barrier to prevent the spread of fire. They may also break up
evacuation stairs, which reduces the possibility of a smokestack effect (Wood, 2005).
Some cities, such as Hong Kong, require incorporating refuge floors every 25 floors
throughout the building (BDHK, 1996). Areas of refuge require features such as
wheelchair locations, two-way communication, detailed instructions, signage, and
identification (IBC and ICC, 2006). Refuge floor requirements can hardly be
overemphasized as tall buildings are increasingly becoming taller, despite the fact that
some critics have labeled these floors as “death traps'' (NFPA 5000, 2006).
Skybridges
Compartmentalization
All floors in tall buildings are required to be “fire compartments.” This includes the
outer walls, which need two-hour integrity and load bearing capacity. The requirement
may be met by the frame of the building and cladding systems hung from the frame. It is
essential that fire sealing between floor edges and the cladding system is rated at two
hours. Outer non-loadbearing walls need fire resistance properties to prevent fire
transfer from floor to floor, or on the same level across re-entrant corners via the facade,
limiting the possibilities of radiant heat transfer. To help control smoke movement due to
the stack effect in tall buildings, walls and floor-ceiling constructions should be airtight.
Collectively, these elements work together to provide a safe and secure environment in
high-rise buildings (Tubbs, 2007).
Smoke alarms are required to alert a fire incidence. It is good practice to wire
smoke alarms right to fire department dispatch so that firefighters arrive at the scene
before a blaze swells. Many building codes mandate the provision of automatic sprinkler
protection systems in high-rise buildings. Heat-activated sprinklers help to extinguish
fires and enable people to escape sooner. These systems should be checked
periodically for functionality.
Communication Systems
In the event of a power failure, standby power generators are needed to handle
all fire systems, including fire pumps, firemen’s elevators, smoke control systems, and
emergency lighting. The generators should handle non-life-safety components such as
dedicated chillers, lifts, fresh air plants, and computer rooms.
Following the WTC collapse, authorities, building owners, and the public-at-large
have raised serious concerns about the issue of safety in tall buildings. Researchers
and professionals of many disciplines concluded that current codes for tall buildings are
inadequate. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) researched
WTC’s collapse and came to a greater appreciation of providing safety measures when
it estimated how many people would have died if WTC were fully occupied. It would
have taken more than three hours to fully evacuate the buildings, and in the process,
14,000 people -- 28% of the occupants – would have died because of insufficient
stairwell capacity (Tubbs, 2009). NIST re-stressed that time is the essence in
evacuation, as damage increases exponentially as time progresses. It called for
changes in high-rise building design to improve evacuation time in an emergency. The
following are highlights of key NIST’s recommendations (Tubbs, 2009).
Use of Elevators
Several researchers have been investigating, and some advocating for, the use
of elevators in case of emergencies. Conventionally, in an emergency situation,
elevators are used by firefighters only. NIST recommends code changes to increase
elevator usage by the public in high-rise emergencies. The recommendations mention
the need for fire-protected and structurally hardened elevators to help in evacuating
mobility-impaired tenants. Every high- rise building shall have dedicated firefighter
elevators incorporated into the stair core, which should have the ability to stop at every
floor for handicapped tenants to be picked up (Lipton, 2008).
NIST has also recommended that stairwells be marked with consistent signage
and the use of photo-luminescent exit systems used in buildings higher than 23 m (75 ft)
to facilitate rapid egress and full building evacuation. Photo-luminescent
(glow-in-the-dark) markings will be required at all exit doors and in exit stairs. Additional
signage is required when the exit path is not clear. New York was the first large city to
require luminous markings in stair- wells, even before it became part of the model code.
More than 1,500 buildings now have the markings (Lipton, 2008).
For tall buildings wind forces primarily control the design of the structural system.
A building’s slenderness ratio (ratio of height to least width) has a major influence on
its structural efficiency. Although for wind loads dynamic influence becomes important at
a slenderness ratio of about 4 and above, it starts being highly critical at higher values.
Aerodynamic modifications of the building form in conjunction with structural
optimization are effective design approaches for reducing wind-induced vibrations in tall
slender buildings, which are subjected to across-the-wind motion caused by vortex
shedding. In this phenomenon, wind hits a building’s façade swirling around adjacent
faces revolving in the form of vortices. They break away from the building on one side
and then on the other and continue this effect. As each vortex breaks away, wind speed
on its building side rises, lowering the pressure and pulling in its direction. Thus, the
building experiences a side-to-side repetitive push because of the alternating effect of
the vortices. Large vortices tear away and re-form themselves whipping the tall building
resulting in aerodynamic instability. The principal approach to aerodynamic
modification is to “confuse” the wind by disrupting its streamlined flow as a boundary
layer and not allowing it to re-organize by creating mild turbulence around the building.
Such modifications are implemented by providing a building’s cross-sectional
shape, varying the cross-section along the height, slotted or chamfered building
corners, fins, step backs, through-building openings, sculptured tops, etc., which are
compatible with currently prevailing pluralistic building forms. Different types of
damping systems introduced in such buildings can also significantly improve structural
efficiency.
Tall structures transfer huge amounts of weight to the ground, requiring the need
of sturdy foundations. Loads are transported through piles or caissons when bedrock is
reached at an acceptable depth from the ground surface. Mat foundations are
commonly used in softer soils and where bedrock is not accessible at a reasonable
depth. Mats are frequently used in conjunction with piles or caissons to increase
foundation capacity or to distribute loads more equally to the piles or caissons. An early
example of a building with such a challenge in foundation design is the One Shell Plaza
building of 1971 in Houston, Texas. The project was originally envisioned as a 35-story
building due to foundation limitation of the soil at the site. But the building was later
designed and built by changing the height to 52 stories. The entire structure was made
lighter by building in lightweight concrete on a mat foundation and high strength
concrete was used to reduce the size of structural members, thereby making the
additional 17 stories a possibility. Tall buildings should never be built in seismic zones
where liquefaction of soil may take place.
SUMMARY
The high-rise building, also called high-rise, is generally defined as one that is taller
than the maximum height. It is a multi-story building tall enough to require the use of a
system of mechanical vertical transportation such as elevators. It is a tall building, as
opposed to a low-rise building and is defined by its height differently in various
jurisdictions.
This paper explores 4 high-rise buildings, in which two of the buildings are within the
local and two in the international scale. The local high-rise buildings that have been
studied are The Grand Hyatt Manila and The Mega Tower. Likewise, the international
buildings that we have looked at are The Burj Khalifa and Taipei 101.
These case studies are essential in correlating connections between the present status
of the high-rise buildings. Learning about the different intricacies and structural details
on what makes a building stand out and be distinguished within the local and
international scenes.
With the high-rise building constructions, the following standards are set to be followed
here in the Philippines: (1) The National Building Code of the Philippines; it is a policy of
the State to safeguard life, health, property, and public welfare. A set of rules and
regulations pertaining to the construction of all the real estate projects and buildings; (2)
Philippine Green Building Code, which is a referral code to the National Building Code
of the Philippines that rallies to lessen the impacts of buildings to health and
environment through resource management efficiency; (3) Fire Code of the Philippines
in which it is the policy of the State to ensure public safety, promote economic
development through the prevention and suppression of all kinds, of destructive fires,
and promote the professionalization of the fire service as a profession.
The rapid growth of urbanization in the past few decades are truly evident, with the
construction of high-rise and tall structures increasing across the world. These tall
buildings help to widen the road because instead of enlarging the lot area, high-rise
buildings are designed to further expand the environment and improve the landscape.
REFERENCES:
Implementing Rules and Regulations of the National Building Code of the Philippines (PD 1096). (2005).
Retrieved from http://www.iibh.org/kijun/pdf/Philippines_02_IRR_of_NBC_of_the_Philippines.pdf.
The Philippine Green Building Code. A Referral Code of the National Building Code of the Philippines.
(2015). Retrieved from
https://www.dpwh.gov.ph/DPWH/sites/default/files/laws_codes_orders/PgbcBooklet23March.pdf
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Buildings Development . Retrieved April 8, 2022, from
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Century: A global perspective. MDPI. Retrieved April 8, 2022, from
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