Bulacan State University

College of Architecture and Fine Arts

Malolos, Bulacan 3000

HIGH RISE BUILDINGS

Research 100

Submitted by:
ADVENTO, Salvador Jr.
DELA CRUZ, Paul Martin
DIONISIO, Anne Casey
GARCIA, Angelo Lance
JAVIER, Christian Cez
MORALES, Joe Mark

08/04/2022
TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………………………… 1

PRESENTATION OF DATA ………………………………………………………………….. 3

Presentation of Case Studies ……………………………………………………………… 3

Local Case Studies ………………………………………………………………………….. 4

Foreign Case Studies ………………………………………………….……………………. 7

National Building Code ……………………………………………………….…………… 10

Philippine Green Building Code …………………………………………………………. 15

Fire Code of the Philippines ……………………………………………………………… 21

CONSIDERATIONS …………………………………………………………………………. 23

SUMMARY …………………………………………………………………………...………. 36

REFERENCES ………………………………………………………...…………………….. 37

ACCOMPLISHMENT REPORT ……………………………………………………………. 38

INTRODUCTION
Throughout the course of history, high rise buildings have always been the center
of attention in a metropolis in which they serve as monumental structures, city
landmarks or tourist attractions. As buildings are defined as enclosed structures with the
basic elements such as walls, a roof, doors and windows, high rise buildings are usually
defined as buildings where its factors hinge on its height as a basis for its
distinguishability which range from buildings that tower over at 7-10 storeys and these
multi-story structures require most occupants to depend on elevators or lift systems for
them to reach their designated floors. The concept of the high–rise buildings occupied
the architectural and construction scene and played an important role for solving
excessive land consumption problems and problems of accommodation in
overpopulated zones. Its prominence of being a physical manifestation of something
monolithic in scale has been around ever since the architectural legacy and relics of
early civilizations which are indisputable proofs that building tall and large structures is
neither a discovery or a reflection of present culture. Dating back to the several
influences such as the Egyptian pyramids, Greek and Roman temples that introduced
high, massive columns, the human desire to express power and wealth through building
high and tall continued with European churches, towers, and castles in the Late Middle
Ages and Renaissance period, lasting up to the contemporary ultra high rise buildings
and skyscrapers. The revolutionary turning point for high-rise structures, on the other
hand, were invented in the late nineteenth century with the invention of the mechanism
for safe vertical transportation-elevator and new structural materials. Since the late
nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, high–rise buildings and structures have been a
daily challenge and fresh direction for architectural, constructional, and material
technological development. High rise constructions are growing more frequent in
modern civilizations across the world, and are an unavoidable element of the new way
of life. Whether high–rise structures are used for commercial, residential, or educational
purposes, these types of vertical architecture are growing increasingly popular.
 High rise buildings are modern landmarks that contribute to metropolitan identity
via extravagant skylines. However, not all of them turn out to be successful, whether
failure occurs during construction or throughout the structure's operational life. As a
result, the understanding of the need for highly sophisticated structural systems and
materials to adapt to increasing loads grows in tandem with the growth in building height
and breath-taking future architectural shapes and conceptions. Those advancements
aimed for greater safety, stability, resistance, and prevention of probable progressive
collapses caused by unforeseeable events. High rise buildings were celebrated on the
cast iron and steel load bearing structural elements that were developed to construct a
stiff frame in terms of these sophisticated technologies. Steel as a material of the future
was shown by more thin structural parts, greater spans, and more open floor plans,
whereas concrete as a structural material was first generally rejected as an alternative
in high–rise structuring. In the eyes of architects, designers, and others, neither
concrete's high fire resistance nor its high resistance to very aggressive environments,
abrasion, and corrosion could overcome the problem of large and massive structural
elements. The exact height over which a structure is classified as a high-rise is
determined by fire and construction codes for the country, region, state, or city in which
it is located. When the building surpasses the permitted height, fire, an ever-present
hazard in such facilities, must be battled from within the structure rather than from the
outside using fire hoses and ladders. For practicality and convenience, a multi-level or
multi-story structure employs elevators as a vertical transit system, and some also
employ escalators to carry passengers between lower floors.
PRESENTATION OF DATA

Case Studies

A. Scope
These case studies are essential in correlating the connections between the
present status of high-rise buildings within the local and international scene in which the
paper will delve into the different intricacies and details that go into what makes these
structures stand out and be distinguished from each other. These case studies are also
related to the essential solutions provided by the existing high-rise buildings on different
sites and lands; including the sustainability of its building structure together with its
functions, spatial zoning and utilities that are correlated to emergency efficiency.

Source Components

Functions of High-rise Building Building envelope and the sustainability of

its mechanisms.

Energy and Utilities Source of electricity and proper spatial

zoning

Local Case Studies

○ The Grand Hyatt Manila
○ The Mega Tower
○ Metrobank Center

Foreign Case Studies

○ Burj Khalifa
○ Taipei 101
○ 30 St. Mary Axe
● Local Case Studies
a. The Grand Hyatt Manila

Location: Bonifacio Global City, Metro Manila

Year of establishment: 2017

Highlight: The hotel offers a panoramic view of Manila

Bay and the Makita skyline. Standing at the entertainment,
commercial, and financial hub of Taguig, the hotel makes
an impression with its innovative and dramatic
architecture, top-notch accommodation, and a wide range
of options and services.

Functions of High-rise Building

The rooms of Grand Hyatt hotel top the tallest

building in the Philippines but that isn’t the only draw.
Each room features a private bathroom with a glass shower stall and a soaking tub. The
powder room is separated from the bathroom.The Grand Hyatt Manila hotel offers a
wide range of food and drink options right within its premise. The stars are the three
major restaurants.The Grand Hyatt Hotel is a prime venue for weddings, meetings, and
events with several rooms covering 2,281 square meters. If guests want, the hotel can
transform any location into a stylish event venue. The Grand Ballroom sports show
kitchen facility and lots of natural light for a top-notch even experience.The Illume Spa
offers a signature relaxing experience on top of the tallest building in the Philippines.
Guests can also enjoy themselves at the outdoor space on the sixth floor.

Energy and Utilities

The highest building in the Philippines has the 50-storeys Grand Hyatt Residence
South Tower as another residential tower. The pinnacle height measures 318 meters
while the height to the roof stands at 250 meters. The total number of floors is 66.The
highest 25 floors of the building are dedicated to the hotel which features 416 rooms.
There are three restaurants, including The Peak, No. 8 China House, and The Grand
Kitchen. Its event and meeting rooms cover 2,281 m2. To ensure that the structure can
stand firm against the effect of wind and seismic shock, Arup adds the damped
outrigger system for the job. The concrete outrigger walls are at the two mechanical
floors of the Grand Hyatt Manila.
 b. The Mega Tower

Location: Pasig, Metro Manila

Year of establishment: 2021

Highlight: Its innovative design and elegant S-shape

silhouette represent growth and sustainable
development as the Mega Tower is set to join the
growing roster of green buildings in the country.

Functions of High-rise Building

Designed for the future of work, the Mega Tower

offers unparalleled access, safety, flexibility and
sustainability to its tenants. Its main entrance lobby is
formed by elevating the tower from above the drop-off,
making for a grand arrival space. The tower itself has a center core with three fire exits
for efficient density planning of the usable area. Its typical floor plate of over 2,700 sqm
is suited for different industries. Offices come with a 360-degree curtain wall for natural
lighting and unobstructed city view.

Energy and Utilities

The ground floor meanwhile will offer a diverse mix of cafés and restaurants
expected to enhance the experience and comfort of Mega Tower clients. It has direct
access to the Mega Fashion Hall of SM Megamall, where tenants can enjoy global and
local retail, food and beverage and other services. Aside from being conveniently
located along a major thoroughfare and near two MRT stations, the building will have a
Public Terminal Interchange (PTI) which will primarily cater to commuters riding PUVs or
shuttle vans. Five percent of the parking slots of Mega Tower are dedicated to
energy-conserving vehicles.
 c. Metrobank Center

Location: Bonifacio Global City

Year of Establishment: September 2008

Highlight: Artistically designed by Wong &

Ouyang and Casas Architects, the tower
structure draws inspiration from the famous
Empire State Building in New York City. It
shares the same podium with the world-class
luxury hotel, Grand Hyatt Manila which
occupies the succeeding 25 floors of the tower.

Functions of High Rise Building

The Metrobank Center is connected through a common podium with the Grand
Hyatt Residences, a 45-storey condominium skyscraper. The complex has a second
residential tower, the Grand Hyatt Residence South Tower which stands 50-storeys
high. The Grand Hyatt Manila is a major tenant of the building. The hotel has 461 guest
rooms and occupies the top 25 floors of the building. It also hosts three major
restaurants namely The Grand Kitchen, No. 8 China House, and The Peak which also
has meeting and events rooms.

Energy and Utilities

Wong & Ouyang, as well as Casas Architects were the architectural firms behind
the Metrobank Center. Ove Arup & Partners was responsible for the wind, structural,
and seismic engineering of the building. Arup devised its damp outrigger system to
make the building resistant to seismic shock and wind. Concrete outrigger walls were
installed in the Metrobank Center's two mechanical floors
● Foreign Case Studies
a. Burj Khalifa

Location: Dubai, United Arab Emirates

Year of establishment: January 2004

Highlight: Its form is organic and biomorphic. The

design was inspired by Islamic architecture's
geometric patterning systems and integrates
cultural and historical themes from the region. The
triple-lobed footprint was inspired by the flower
Hymenocallis.

Functions of High-rise Building

The tower consists of three wings that form a Y-shaped floor plan centered on a
core plan. The shape also resembles onion domes, which are a common feature of
Islamic architecture. The three wings operate as buttresses to the hexagonal core,
supporting it against lateral stresses while also providing panoramic views of the
surrounding area, including the Persian Gulf. Except for the spire of the tower, which is
made of structural steel, the whole tower is made of concrete. The outside cladding
system comprises reflective glass, aluminum and textured stainless steel spandrel
panels with vertical fins and was designed to resist Dubai's extreme summer.

Energy and Utilities

The skyscraper was conceived as the centerpiece of a strong vision for a

massive mixed-use complex that would comprise 30,000 residences, 9 hotels, 19
residential towers, the Dubai Mall, 3 hectares (7.5 acres) of parks, and a man-made
Burj Khalifa Lake of 12 hectares (30 acres). The tower can accommodate up to 35,000
people. Swimming pools, 900 private apartments, corporate offices and suites,
restaurants, sky lobbies, and an observation deck are among the amenities. The
structure features 2909 steps throughout its height, as well as 57 high-speed elevators
and eight escalators for passenger and freight transportation.
 b. Taipei 101

Location: Taipei, Taiwan

Year of establishment: October 2004

Highlight: Taipei 101 honors the traditional Chinese

Pagoda style with an innovative twist on handling the
extreme lateral loads that come from being one of the
tallest buildings in the world.

Functions of High-rise Building

The structural system is core plus outrigger, with

16 steel columns in the core and 8 steel “super
columns” at the perimeter. All columns are filled with concrete up to floor 62. Massive
steel outrigger trusses link the core and perimeter columns every eighth floor. The
building’s most noteworthy structural element is its main tuned mass damper, which can
be viewed from the indoor public observatory. The damper is a steel weight of 660
metric tons (728 short tons), suspended between the 92nd and 87th floors at the
building’s center. Under conditions of seismic stress or typhoon-force winds, the sway of
the damper tends to counteract (dampen) any sway of the building.

Energy and Utilities

The lowest above ground floors of Taipei 101 house a luxury atrium shopping
mall. Most of the floors above the mall are devoted to office space. The public
observatories are on floors 88 to 91, with an indoor observatory on 89 and an outdoor
observatory on 91. At a height of 1,285 feet (392.8 meters), the outdoor observatory
was the highest in the world at the time of completion. Another indoor observatory, not
open to the public, is on the top (101st) floor and is 1,437 feet (438 meters) high.
 c. 30 St. Mary Axe

Location: London

Year of establishment: October 2004

Highlight: Its distinctive form is an instantly

recognisable addition to the skyline and has
already become a landmark in Europe’s leading
financial centre. The tower embodies a highly
progressive environmental strategy, with its
aerodynamic shape maximising the amount of
natural lighting and ventilation to significantly
reduce the building’s energy consumption.

Functions of High-rise Building

St Mary Axe is an environmentally

progressive building. Its uncompromising modernity is allied toward sensitivity to the
natural environment. A comprehensive range of sustainable measures means that the
building will use 50% less energy than a typical prestige air-conditioned office building.
Fresh air is drawn up through the spiraling light-wells to naturally ventilate the office
interiors and minimize reliance on artificial cooling and heating. The light-wells and the
shape of the building maximize natural daylight, moderate the use of artificial lighting
and allow views out from deep within the building. The balconies on the edge of each
light-well provide strong visual connections between floors and create a natural focus
for communal office facilities. The interior atria are expressed on the exterior by the
distinctive spiral bands of gray glazing.

Energy and Utilities

A number of complex fluid dynamic studies of the local environmental conditions

suggested a strategy for integrating the building with its site and allowing it to use
natural forces of ventilation. The 180 metre, forty-storey tower breaks with the
conventions of traditional box-like office buildings. Its circular plan is tapered at the base
and the crown to improve connections to the surrounding streets and allow the
maximum amount of sunlight to the plaza level. The circular plan enables much of the
site area to be used as a landscaped public plaza, with mature trees and low stone
walls that subtly mark the site boundary and provide seating. Half of the tower’s ground
level will be shops and a separate new building houses a restaurant serving an outdoor
café spilling out onto the plaza.
National Building Code of the Philippines

The following standards provided below are stated in the National Building Code of the
Philippines. All contents are in relation to the study of high rise and mixed use buildings.

On multiple dwelling units or high-rise residential condominiums or tenement houses.

One (1) unit from 26 up to 50 units to be constructed and an additional unit for every
100 units thereafter, with all such units at ingress level in ease there is no barrier-free
elevator provided. Barrier-free facilities and features required in: A, B, C,D, E, F, G, H, I,
J, K, L, and M.

The following represents the architectural facilities and features:

A-Stairs
B-Walkways
C-Corridors
D-Doors and Entrances
E- Washrooms and Toilets
F-Lifts/Elevators
G-Ramps
H-Parking Areas
I-Switches, Controls, Buzzers
J -Handrails
K-Thresholds
L-Floor Finishes
M--Drinking Fountains

The following content shows the different character and use of a building/structure
which can be classified as high rise buildings based on the National Building Code of
the Philippines.
Principal Zoning Classification

Multi-family residential buildings such as Residential R-5 - a very high density

condominium, high-rise residential residential use or occupancy,
buildings/structures, multi-level characterized mainly as a medium-rise or
apartments, tenements, mass housing, high-rise condominium building/structure
etc. taller than five (5) storeys but not for exclusive use as multiple family
more than twelve (12) storeys dwelling.

Classification of Principal Accessory Zoning

Use/Character of Classification
Occupancy of
Building/
Structure

Division C-2 1. Amusement halls 1. Government GI (General

and parlors centers to house Institutional) - a
2. Massage and national, regional or community to
sauna parlors local offices in area national level of
3. Health studios 2. Colleges, institutional use or
and reducing universities, occupancy,
salons professional characterized
4. Billiard halls, business schools, mainly as a lowrise,
pool rooms, vocational and medium-rise or
bowling alleys and trade schools, high-rise
golf clubhouses technical schools building/structure
5. Dancing schools, and other for educational,
disco pads, dance institutions of training and related
and amusement higher learning 3. activities, e.g.,
halls General hospitals, schools and related
6. Gymnasia, medical centers, facilities and the
pelota courts and multi-purpose like.
sports complex clinics 4. Scientific,
cultural and
academic centers
and research
facilities except
nuclear,
radioactive,
 chemical and
biological warfare
facilities 5.
Convention centers
and related facilities
6. Religious
structures, e.g.,
church, seminary,
novitiates 7.
Museums 8.
Embassies/
consulate 9.
Student housing,
e.g., dormitories,
boarding house

General Principal Accessory Zoning

Classification of Classification
Use/Character of
Occupancy of
Building/
Structure

Division E-3 1. All permitted 1. All uses allowed C-3 (Commercial

(Business and uses in Division E-1 in R-1, R-2 and R-3 Three or
Mercantile, where (or for C-1 and C-2 Zones 2. All uses Metropolitan
no repair work is class) buildings/ allowed in C-1, C-2 Commercial)
done except structures 2. and C-3 Zones 3. means a
exchange of parts Aircraft hangars 3. Some uses allowed metropolitan level
and maintenance Commercial in I-1 Zones 4. All of commercial
requiring no open parking lots and uses allowed in GI use/occupancy,
flames, welding or garages 4. Zones and SI characterized
use of highly Department stores, Zones 5. Parks and mainly as a
flammable liquid) shopping malls/ Recreation and medium-rise to
centers, Entertainment class high-rise
commercial and buildings/ building/structure
sports complexes/ structures for high to very high
areas 5. intensity
Institutional uses as commercial/ trade,
university service and
complexes 6. Other business activities,
commercial/ e.g., large to very
business activities large shopping
not elsewhere malls, very large
classified (n.e.c.) office or
mixed-use/occupan
 cy buildings and the
like.

Glossary from the National Building Code of the Philippines for additional information
about high rise buildings.

HIGH-RISE - 16-storeys or taller in height i.e,, from 48.00 meters above established
grade; elevators, fire escapes, sprinkler systems, arresters, beacons and other safety
systems, particularly if near airports, are mandatory for all high-rise
buildings/structures.

R - 5 - A very high density residential use or occupancy, characterized mainly as a

medium-rise or high-rise condominium building/structure for exclusive use as multiple
family dwellings.

SECTION 1106. Pedestrian Protection

Canopies

For medium and high-rise buildings six (6) storeys and higher, all protective and safety
devices/facilities shall be completely installed including safety belts, safety nets and
canopies for the safety of workers, pedestrians, nearby residents and motorists.

DIVISION E-2

Specific Uses or of Reference Uses or Minimum Required Parking

Occupancy (refer to Character of Slot, Parking Area and
Section 1.3 of this Rule) Occupancies Loading Space
or Type of Requirements
Buildings/Structures
Division E-2 Units located in office, - Units with a gross
commercial or mixed-use floor area
condominium buildings/ from 18.00 to 40.00 sq.
structures regardless of meters - provide one (1)
number of storeys pooled parking slot for
every two (2) units or for a
fraction thereof:

- Unit with a gross

floor area of from
41.00 to 70.00 sq.
meters - provide
one (1) parking slot
for each unit.

- Unit with a gross

floor area of more
than 70.00 sq.
meters provide one
(1) parking slot for
every 70.00 sq.
meters and for a
fraction thereof;
PHILIPPINE GREEN BUILDING CODE

The Philippine Green Building Code, a reference code to the National Building
Code of the Philippines, works to reduce the health and environmental impacts of
buildings through resource management efficiency.

The Philippine Green Building Code seeks to improve the efficiency of building
performance by adopting measures that promote resource management efficiency and
site sustainability while minimizing the negative impact of buildings on human health
and the environment.

Green building is the practice of implementing measures that promote resource

management efficiency and site sustainability while minimizing buildings' negative
impact on human health and the environment. This practice supplements the traditional
concerns of building design such as economy, durability, serviceability, and comfort.

Energy Efficiency

As the humidity levels are very high in the Philippines, the unwanted infiltration
and humidity ingress into the spaces can cause additional load on the air conditioning
system and a detrimental impact on air quality. Buildings must be planned and designed
with specific details to ensure that air tightness is maximized. Details should precisely
include joints, service entry points, windows and doors. The implementation of these
measures requires only increased attention to the construction details and it can be
implemented at practically no cost.

Natural Ventilation

This measure will give building occupants the flexibility and opportunity to use
natural ventilation for free cooling and fresh air in regularly occupied spaces. This
measure will limit the tendency to create glass sealed box type buildings. Size of each
room and space shall be consistent with the occupancy load of the NBC.
Operable windows or balcony doors shall be provided in regularly occupied
spaces. The size of the opening shall be equal to at least ten percent (10%) of the floor
area of regularly occupied spaces.

Building Envelope Color

Light-colored building envelopes, especially the roof areas which are the most
vulnerable, can reduce heat transfer from the outside to the inside of the building by
having surfaces with high Solar Reflectance Index (SRI).

Roof Insulation

Insulation can help reduce heat gain in a building, improving thermal comfort and
acoustic quality while also reducing the load on the air conditioning system.

Daylight Provision

Buildings should be planned and designed to maximize the use of natural light so
to reduce the use of artificial illumination.

All regularly occupied spaces inside the building shall have a view of any
combination of the following features that can allow daylight into the room space:
i. Window
ii. Light shelf
iii. Clerestory
iv. Skylight
v. Light monitor / light scoop
vi. Other devices that can allow daylight inside
 Spaces where daylight access hinders its intended function are exempt from this
provision with justification for exemption.

Elevators and Escalators / Moving Ramps / Walkways

Escalators / Moving Ramp / Walkway must be fitted with controls to automatically

reduce speed or stop when no traffic is detected. Elevators must be fitted with
mechanisms to reduce energy demand.

i. Escalators / Moving Ramps / Walkways

Escalators / Moving Ramps / Walkways shall be fitted with automated controls to reduce
to a slower speed when no activity has been detected for a maximum period of one and
a half (1-1/2) minutes and duration may be adjusted depending on the demand.

The escalator / moving ramp / walkway shall automatically be put on a standby mode
when no activity has been detected for a maximum period of five (5) minutes and
duration may be adjusted depending on the demand.

These escalators / moving ramps / walkways shall be designed with energy efficient soft
start technology. Activation of reduced speed, power off and power on modes shall be
done through sensors installed in the top or bottom landing areas.

ii. Elevators Elevators shall be provided with controls to reduce the energy demand. To
meet this requirement, the following features must be incorporated:

- The elevators shall operate in a stand-by condition during off-peak periods

- Lighting shall switch off after the elevator has been inactive for a maximum period of
five (5) minutes
Water Efficiency

Water efficiency requires the adoption of efficient practices, plan, design, materials,
fixtures, equipment and methods that reduce water consumption resulting in cost
savings.

Water Fixtures

Efficient water fixtures include faucets, showerheads and water closets that use
less water in order to perform the same function of cleaning as effectively as standard
models. Water efficiency is an important aspect, especially as fresh water resources
start getting depleted at a rate faster than they are replenished. Use of efficient
plumbing fixtures, sensors, auto control valves, aerators, flow control and
pressure-reducing devices, wherever possible, can result in significant reduction in
water consumption.

Rainwater Harvesting

Rainwater is one of the purest sources of water available. Rainwater from roofs
and hardscape must be collected and reused for non potable purposes. Collected water
shall be used for non-potable purposes such as toilet flushing, irrigation and cooling
towers.

Water Recycling

The recycled water produced on site shall be reused for non-potable purposes
such as toilet flushing, irrigation and cooling towers, through a distinct and separate
piping system from the potable water supply system

Material Sustainability
 Material Sustainability governs all matters related to resource efficiency and
material selection and use with the least impact on the environment. All other materials
containing chemicals used in construction shall not compromise and be deleterious to
the health and safety of the workers and occupants of the building.

Material Recovery Facility

MRF shall be provided for the collection and segregation of solid waste
materials. MRF shall be fully enclosed and easily accessible from within the building
and from the outside for easy collection of waste.

Solid waste containers shall be provided for at least four (4) types of wastes:

- compostable (biodegradable)

- non-recyclable (to be disposed off in the landfill)

- recyclable (paper, cardboard, plastic, metal, wood, etc.)

- special waste

Open Space Utilization

The inclusion of green areas or landscaped areas for indigenous or

adaptable species of grass, shrubs and trees will help in providing more permeable
surface for the building development’s open space and thus allow the re-charging of
natural groundwater reservoir, control stormwater surface run-off, cool the building
surroundings, and provide indoor to outdoor connectivity for the building occupants.
 A minimum of fifty percent (50%) of the required Unpaved Surface Area
(USA), as required in Rule VII and VIII of the NBC, shall be vegetated with indigenous
and adaptable species.

Indoor Environmental Quality

Indoor Environmental Quality requires the adoption of efficient design and

operation practices that take into consideration the building environment to improve
occupant health, productivity and safety.
FIRE CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES

Features of Fire Protection (For High-rise Buildings)

SECTION 10.2.6.1 CONSTRUCTION AND COMPARTMENTATION
In high rise buildings and healthcare occupancy building, a quality assurance
program for devices and systems installed to protect penetration and joints shall be
conducted by an approved inspection agency in accordance with American Society for
Testing and Materials (ASTM) E2393, Standard Practice for On-Site Inspection of
Installed Fire Resistive Joint Systems and Perimeter Fire Barriers. Where readily
accessible, required fire resistance-rated assemblies in high rise buildings shall be
inspected at least once every three (3) years.

DIVISION 20. HIGH RISE BUILDINGS

SECTION 10.2.20.1 SCOPE
This Section deals with life safety from fires and similar emergencies in high rise
buildings. It covers fire safety features in construction and protection of exits and
passageways, and provisions for fire protection.

SECTION 10.2.20.2 FIRE COMMAND CENTER

For building ten (10) or more floors, a Fire Command Center shall be provided in
a location approved by the C/MFM having jurisdiction. The Fire Command Center shall
be accessible directly from the exterior of the building at the floor of exit discharge with
a sign on the door stating “Fire Command Center”.

SECTION 10.2.20.3 SMOKE CONTROL

High rise buildings shall be designed in such a manner that the levels of smoke
concentration in protected spaces can be maintained within values tolerable by
occupants. The protected spaces shall include stairwells, at least one (1) elevator shaft,
and floor spaces readily accessible to all occupants and large enough to accommodate
them. Smoke control systems in accordance with Section 10.2.7.3 of this RIRR shall be
provided in the cited protected spaces for safe evacuation of all occupants and safety of
the responding firefighters and rescuers during the conduct of their operations.

SECTION 10.2.20.4 SPRINKLER SYSTEMS PROTECTION

High rise buildings shall be protected with approved, supervised sprinkler
systems designed and installed in accordance with NFPA 13. The approved, supervised
sprinkler systems must protect all floor spaces including every closet and concealed
spaces/plenums of certain configuration and construction – particularly where
combustible materials are located such as exposed electrical wiring, combustible duct
work, and combustible sound/thermal insulation. The system shall be interconnected to
the Fire Command Center of the building.

SECTION 10.2.20.5 STAIRWELLS

A. All stairways shall be enclosed and protected in accordance with Division 5 of this
Chapter. All doors on stairwells shall be kept closed. Electronically locked fire exit doors
shall be integrated in the Fire Detection Alarm System to automatically unlock during an
emergency.
B. All interior stairwells used as a means of egress shall be pressurized. In no case
shall stairwells in high rise buildings be allowed to be unprotected

SECTION 10.2.20.6 FIRST-AID FIRE PROTECTION

A. In addition to the other requirements of this RIRR, each floor shall be provided with a
thirty-eight millimeter (38-mm) lightweight flexible hose equipped with a spray nozzle
and connected to the wet standpipe system capable of providing water supply for at
least a period of thirty (30) minutes.
B. Portable fire extinguisher shall be provided in accordance with Section 10.2.6.9 of
this RIRR.
CONSIDERATIONS

Tall Buildings Design Guidelines

With the rapid growth of urbanization in the past few decades, the construction of
high-rise and tall structures has increased across the world, especially in the developing
nations. The scarcity of land in highly populated areas of the world is a major economic
motivation for the rise of tall (especially residential) structures. The race to create the
highest structure in a city, country, region, or even the planet has fueled the construction
of tall buildings across the world.
A mixed-use building integrates three or more functions into one structure, such
as residential, hotel, retail, parking, transit, cultural, and entertainment. Whatever
combination is utilized, it brings a wide range of uses together in a single building or a
little space. The two most common forms of mixed-use design are:

● Vertical - In a single, multi-story structure, a typical mix places housing on the

higher floors with stores or offices on the bottom. In the basement level, there is
parking and/or connections to public transit.
● Horizontal - These separate structures, which are dispersed across multiple
buildings, such as a city block or a courtyard, serve one or two distinct roles while
creating a microcosm inside a community.

More than packing as much as possible into one structure is required for an
effective mixed-use development design. It must consider the needs of future residents,
as well as the impact it will have on its surroundings and how the greater community will
benefit.
The total effect of a mixed-use building or development that smoothly adapts to
its surroundings is larger than the parts of its components. Among the advantages are:
● Increasing the diversity and density of housing.
● Improved energy efficiency and long-term viability.
● a stronger sense of character in the neighborhood.
 ● Integration with city services, such as public transit, is improved.
● More adaptability to changing demands, resulting in a longer life cycle for the
building.

Access control and movement

In mixed-use buildings, residents, hotel guests, shoppers, and businesspeople all
require access control to guarantee that they only have access to shared areas and
their own private spaces. Transportation choices aid in the separation of these zones
while still getting people to their destinations as quickly as possible.
The use of a "elevator enhancer" allows users to be assigned access
permissions and preferences to a specific area of a facility, such as a hotel or a
business. Smart elevator systems estimate elevator traffic during peak periods and
provide private access to residential sections, ensuring security, speed, and efficiency in
a shared building.

Building entrances
To identify and emphasize the principal entrances of buildings, architectural
aspects, lighting, and signage should be utilized. By making building entrances clearly
recognized, building design should increase the connection between buildings and
streets.
1. Entrances shall be visible from the adjoining primary street.
2. Techniques that may be used to highlight primary building entrances include,
but are not limited to, the following:
a. Recessed entry;
b. Glazed door;
c. Roof line emphasis;
d. Windows above entry;
e. Projecting sign above doorway, subject to sign code;
f. Canopy, marquee, or awning above entry;
g. Head molding or decorative lintel above doorway;
h. Contrasting, decorative finish materials; and
 i. Street address posted prominently above or near the building entrance

Tripartite design

Tall building design is encouraged to integrate three distinct parts (base, shaft,
and top) into a single whole.

Figure 15. The 122 Leadenhall Street Building in London, by R. Rogers. Form articulations: progression
from plain to intricate (1-5). Note how the articulation enhanced the entrance’s prominence. The
wedge-shaped tapering shaft represents interesting geometry and was designed to protect the view of the
nearby St Paul’s Cathedral. The top is marked by a simple but distinct apex.

(Fig. 15). The base provides a portion of the building with articulation that is
related directly to the human pedestrian scale while the middle portion of the building,
called shaft or stem, generally provides a pattern of fenestration and detail that lends a
sense of rhythm and scale to a building both horizontally and vertically. The top or
crown of the tower typically receives special treatment that terminates the building in an
ornamental or distinctive manner. Base, shaft, and top also play an urban role. The
base relates the building to adjacent buildings in scale, proportion, and possibly
materials, color, and/or texture. The shaft relates the main body of the building and
facades to other buildings in the neighborhood and district, and the top communicates
the iconic status of the tall building as an urban landmark.

Base/Podium

The base is the most important part of tall buildings as it is how the building is
connected to the surrounding city. The base should not appear to be heavy and clumsy.
While not essential, the incorporation of a low-level podium at the base should be
considered to all proposed developments of tall buildings. It should not exceed 5-6
stories in order not to block views to the shaft. A colonnaded base also has the
advantage of alleviating the wind uplift around the building and providing extra shelter
and protection from weather for pedestrians. Colonnaded-base buildings and green
roofs can also be used to control downward wind flows (Fig. 16).

It is important to improve the interface of the base with the public realm. Blank
facades, internal refuse stores, bicycle bays, undercroft parking, etc. must be kept to an
absolute minimum. Sufficient openings in the façade should support passive supervision
of the street space. In proportion with the overall building, the ground floor’s
floor-to-ceiling height must be considerably greater than that of the building’s upper
stories. Building entrances should be clearly identifiable. Roughly speaking, up to 30 m
(100 ft) of the tall building’s base should respect the human scale and support human
ability to perceive visual intricacies and complexity.

Figure 16. Protecting pedestrians from wind’s reflection through podium design. Green roofs atop
arcades have the potential to further mitigate wind effect and add aesthetic qualities.

Shaft

The bulk of towers making up the shaft or stem should be reduced by articulating
the masses with changes of plane, stepped terraces, modulated plan, balconies, and
facade forms. Articulation should evolve from a rational building design approach and
avoid treating the building as a mere object. The design of individual buildings should
also consider functional issues such as shadow impact and the provision of natural light.
In cases where there are difficulties to provide direct natural light, it is recommended to
employ techniques such as light pipes and light shelves to channel natural light deep
into interior spaces (Elbakheit, 2012).

Overall, slender towers are preferable over slabs and monolithic as well as bulky
towers. Thinness of a tower improves the provision of light and its elegance and sky
view (Ali and Armstrong, 1995). However, over-slenderness should be discouraged
because it poses structural challenges for motion control and impact by flying objects
and creates proportion and scale problems. The aesthetics of a building’s mass can
also be improved by articulating the tower’s footprint and segmenting the mass via
horizontal bands (Fig. 17). We recommend that a tower’s design reflects its
functionality, i.e., residential, commercial, mixed-use, etc. It is also recommended to
seek design diversity within the same functional use (e.g. residential).

Figure 17. The National Bank of Bahrain in Manama, Bahrain (unbuilt) by A. Smith, author, and L.
Oltmanns of SOM. Slenderness and excitement of form have been achieved through articulating the
building footprint.

Top

The design of building tops is important in that this is where the building meets
the sky, and if well designed, they can enhance the skyline and create legibility from a
distance. Flat-top buildings designed in the International Style lacked a clearly visible
top. Classical tall buildings designed prior to the Modern era, and those designed during
the Postmodern era, as well as the present era of pluralism, generally have well-defined
legible tops. Attention needs to be given to the treatment of telecommunication
apparatus, plant rooms, mechanical equipment, external cleaning hoists, etc. Design
should demonstrate a sensitive approach to these elements which interfere with the
clarity of the silhouette and the roofline of the building. In general, it is good practice to
make the tops of buildings lightweight and readily visible. Integrating alternative
accommodations on upper floors, such as duplex apartments or rooftop restaurants, is
viewed as a desirable design solution.

Parking design

The problem of car parking is a serious issue within a city, particularly in its dense
urban core where most tall buildings are located. Limiting parking provisions will ensure
that the base floors of tall buildings are not dominated by car-parking and will help in
delivering vibrant frontages onto the street. Where provided, underground parking is a
possible choice. Alternatively, the parking should be architecturally integrated with the
building design (Fig. 18) or landscaping features should wrap around parking areas to
screen them. Parking structures designed as secondary utility-type structures have
often been visually unappealing, but attempts are being made to improve their
appearance and aesthetic quality (Fig. 19). We note that due to changes in lifestyles,
parking regulations may be trending downward as more people today prefer to use
public transport and choose not to use automobiles to avoid traffic gridlock and save
money on expensive gasoline (Gifford, 2007).

Figure 18. Architecturally integrated and enclosed parking should be encouraged for tall building design
whenever possible.
Figure 19. A “contextual” parking structure in St. Louis, MO. The building design picks architectural cues
from neighboring buildings and appears to be a regular building that seamlessly fits into the
neighborhood. Also, the ground floor integrates retails and restaurants so that they enliven pedestrian and
street life.

Accessibility

Tall buildings should strive to be as accessible as possible to all people through

the provision of ramps, elevators, escalators, steps, clear signage, sensitive lighting
schemes, non-slip surfaces, harmonious color and texture schemes, sitting places, and
legible internal layouts.

Safety Regulations and Building Codes

Safety is more critical in tall buildings than that in low-rise structures because tall
buildings host a greater number of lives and constitute a high-value investment. It can
be emphasized though that tall buildings, if appropriately designed and built, are safer in
many respects than most other building types, due to structural and life- safety
redundancies. Concrete cores are robust and designed to withstand extreme lateral
forces and loads. Fire safety systems include sprinklers and wet and dry standpipes.
Egress is handled through multiple escape routes, fire stairs, and refuge floors.

Stairs

North American codes conventionally require two staircases minimum for tall
buildings (Allen, 2004). A stairway’s width should not be less than 1.42 mm (56 in) and
the walking distance to an exit staircase must not exceed 30 m (98 ft) (Fruin, 1970).
Smoke-free stairwell designs are required to assist occupants in surviving high-rise
fires, since immediate evacuation of fully occupied buildings is not usually a reasonable
option. Stair pressurization is required to contain smoke by applying positive pressure
above and below a fire floor (or floors). Another design consideration regarding stairs is
that the stair door should be positioned so the flow of occupants into the enclosure
merges with, rather than opposes, the downward movement of people (Pauls, 1978).
For supertall buildings wider stairways are appropriate, as we have learned from the
experience of the World Trade Center towers in New York.

Elevators

Codes often dictated that in the case of fire, passenger elevators are returned to
the main lobby, parked, and shut down with open doors. Tenants’ use of elevators as a
means of escape under fire conditions continues to be considered as hazardous and
should be avoided until a viable solution is found to overcome the danger. Elevators can
only be used by firemen, by using a separate key switch in order to evacuate elderly
and handicapped people and to move equipment up. The fireman’s switches make
elevators safe to use in the event of a blaze by giving firefighters control of them so they
do not open at the floor of the fire. In some tall buildings, special elevators are dedicated
for the firemen’s use to bring up fire equipment and assist handicapped people to
descend. Each of these elevators has a two-hour rated elevator lobby and a special
pressurization shaft (Olsson, 2001).

Refuge floors

Refuge floors for supertall buildings are designed mainly as fire breaks where
people can take shelter while waiting for evacuation. For example, if occupants are on
the 68th floor, they don’t have to run all the way down the building to escape the fire;
they can just run midway down to the refuge floor in the middle of the building. By
default, refuge floors provide a safe place for the disabled and injured (Wood, 2003),
and serve as a firefighting base for firefighters to contain fire and have a command
operation point. They can serve as a transitional point for using elevators for
evacuation, and as a fire barrier to prevent the spread of fire. They may also break up
evacuation stairs, which reduces the possibility of a smokestack effect (Wood, 2005).
Some cities, such as Hong Kong, require incorporating refuge floors every 25 floors
throughout the building (BDHK, 1996). Areas of refuge require features such as
wheelchair locations, two-way communication, detailed instructions, signage, and
identification (IBC and ICC, 2006). Refuge floor requirements can hardly be
overemphasized as tall buildings are increasingly becoming taller, despite the fact that
some critics have labeled these floors as “death traps'' (NFPA 5000, 2006).

Skybridges

Skybridges provide horizontal evacuation at height between towers. They provide

an alternative escape route and are useful particularly when vertical evacuation is
cut-off due to a fire or other threats. Employing sky bridges also decreases the need for
elaborate stairways. For example, by employing a skybridge between the Petronas Twin
Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, occupants in one tower can relocate to the next by
crossing the bridge. The skybridge helps in reducing the time needed for evacuation of
a single tower and the required number of stairways (Wood, 2005; Pelli, 2001). The
skybridge application could be useful in cities of densely clustered towers, such as
those found in the Far East, because sky-bridges provide horizontal connections at
heights among these towers. These can be widened and used as certain types of
common areas and occupancies. One downside of sky bridges is that they may change
the crowd flow pattern. In a typical evacuation, the flow goes downward to the ground
floor. When a skybridge is employed, an additional flow going up to the skybridge is
created. Two crowd flows may create confusion, conflict, or crashes among tenants.
This problem can be alleviated by adding more sky bridges at different levels so flow
can always be guided downward.

Compartmentalization

All floors in tall buildings are required to be “fire compartments.” This includes the
outer walls, which need two-hour integrity and load bearing capacity. The requirement
may be met by the frame of the building and cladding systems hung from the frame. It is
essential that fire sealing between floor edges and the cladding system is rated at two
hours. Outer non-loadbearing walls need fire resistance properties to prevent fire
transfer from floor to floor, or on the same level across re-entrant corners via the facade,
limiting the possibilities of radiant heat transfer. To help control smoke movement due to
the stack effect in tall buildings, walls and floor-ceiling constructions should be airtight.
Collectively, these elements work together to provide a safe and secure environment in
high-rise buildings (Tubbs, 2007).

Smoke Alarms and Sprinkler Systems

Smoke alarms are required to alert a fire incidence. It is good practice to wire
smoke alarms right to fire department dispatch so that firefighters arrive at the scene
before a blaze swells. Many building codes mandate the provision of automatic sprinkler
protection systems in high-rise buildings. Heat-activated sprinklers help to extinguish
fires and enable people to escape sooner. These systems should be checked
periodically for functionality.

Communication Systems

To keep occupants informed of evacuation directions and status, two-way voice

communication systems should be installed in all vestibules serving protected elevators,
as well as within the cabs of the elevators themselves. Installing CCTV (closed circuit
television) and a separate audio channel in escape stairs can provide additional
information to responding firefighters and onsite personnel. This type of system can
alert personnel and emergency responders to potential situations during the evacuation,
so they can take steps to help occupants evacuate more efficiently. For example, they
can aid the occupants by pointing out exits that may have less use or a refuge area if
the integrity of the exit is compromised. In addition, the communication system needs to
be able to survive the expected incident (NFPA, 2002).

Standby Power Generators

In the event of a power failure, standby power generators are needed to handle
all fire systems, including fire pumps, firemen’s elevators, smoke control systems, and
emergency lighting. The generators should handle non-life-safety components such as
dedicated chillers, lifts, fresh air plants, and computer rooms.

New Safety Measures

Following the WTC collapse, authorities, building owners, and the public-at-large
have raised serious concerns about the issue of safety in tall buildings. Researchers
and professionals of many disciplines concluded that current codes for tall buildings are
inadequate. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) researched
WTC’s collapse and came to a greater appreciation of providing safety measures when
it estimated how many people would have died if WTC were fully occupied. It would
have taken more than three hours to fully evacuate the buildings, and in the process,
14,000 people -- 28% of the occupants – would have died because of insufficient
stairwell capacity (Tubbs, 2009). NIST re-stressed that time is the essence in
evacuation, as damage increases exponentially as time progresses. It called for
changes in high-rise building design to improve evacuation time in an emergency. The
following are highlights of key NIST’s recommendations (Tubbs, 2009).

Full Building Evacuation

Conventionally, high-rises have been built assuming staged evacuation,” where

the entire building wouldn’t need to be evacuated at once. Instead, during a fire on one
floor, occupants evacuate to adjacent floors until it is safe to return. Traditionally, the
egress width has been designed to accommodate three to five floors evacuating
simultaneously. Consequent to the WTC collapse, it was doubtful that a tall building’s
occupants would feel comfortable to remain in a tall building in an emergency situation,
as is required by the phased evacuation approach (Butry, 2010). Alternatively, if a
simultaneous evacuation strategy is embraced, it will have a remarkable impact on the
design of the buildings and the required safety features, including increasing the
number and widths of stairways (Proulx, 2006). NIST recommends that all
non-residential skyscrapers that exceed 128 m (420 ft) tall must have a third stairwell
and fireproofing capable of withstanding a pressure of 47,880 N/m (1,000 lb/sq ft)
(Puchovsky, 2007).

Use of Elevators

Several researchers have been investigating, and some advocating for, the use
of elevators in case of emergencies. Conventionally, in an emergency situation,
elevators are used by firefighters only. NIST recommends code changes to increase
elevator usage by the public in high-rise emergencies. The recommendations mention
the need for fire-protected and structurally hardened elevators to help in evacuating
mobility-impaired tenants. Every high- rise building shall have dedicated firefighter
elevators incorporated into the stair core, which should have the ability to stop at every
floor for handicapped tenants to be picked up (Lipton, 2008).

Photo-luminescent Exit Systems

NIST has also recommended that stairwells be marked with consistent signage
and the use of photo-luminescent exit systems used in buildings higher than 23 m (75 ft)
to facilitate rapid egress and full building evacuation. Photo-luminescent
(glow-in-the-dark) markings will be required at all exit doors and in exit stairs. Additional
signage is required when the exit path is not clear. New York was the first large city to
require luminous markings in stair- wells, even before it became part of the model code.
More than 1,500 buildings now have the markings (Lipton, 2008).

Developments in Structural Systems

For tall buildings wind forces primarily control the design of the structural system.
A building’s slenderness ratio (ratio of height to least width) has a major influence on
its structural efficiency. Although for wind loads dynamic influence becomes important at
a slenderness ratio of about 4 and above, it starts being highly critical at higher values.
Aerodynamic modifications of the building form in conjunction with structural
optimization are effective design approaches for reducing wind-induced vibrations in tall
slender buildings, which are subjected to across-the-wind motion caused by vortex
shedding. In this phenomenon, wind hits a building’s façade swirling around adjacent
faces revolving in the form of vortices. They break away from the building on one side
and then on the other and continue this effect. As each vortex breaks away, wind speed
on its building side rises, lowering the pressure and pulling in its direction. Thus, the
building experiences a side-to-side repetitive push because of the alternating effect of
the vortices. Large vortices tear away and re-form themselves whipping the tall building
resulting in aerodynamic instability. The principal approach to aerodynamic
modification is to “confuse” the wind by disrupting its streamlined flow as a boundary
layer and not allowing it to re-organize by creating mild turbulence around the building.
Such modifications are implemented by providing a building’s cross-sectional
shape, varying the cross-section along the height, slotted or chamfered building
corners, fins, step backs, through-building openings, sculptured tops, etc., which are
compatible with currently prevailing pluralistic building forms. Different types of
damping systems introduced in such buildings can also significantly improve structural
efficiency.

Buildings in seismic zones require additional considerations, the most important

of which is ductility, which ensures that the structure can absorb enough energy.
Because of their smaller basic natural frequencies than low-rise or mid-rise buildings,
tall and thin buildings are less vulnerable to seismic impacts. Tall buildings built on rocks
or hard soils with higher ground frequencies function even better since seismic forces
are not amplified. However, sufficient ductility must be provided to these structures.

Fazlur Khan pioneered a groundbreaking concept based on his realization that

as buildings become taller, there is a “premium for height” due to lateral wind forces
and, consequently, demands on the structural system exponentially escalate, increasing
total material consumption. He developed and refined the revolutionary tubular building
concept. Modified versions of the basic framed-tube form, such as bundled tube,
braced tube, composite tube, and tube-in-tube. These concepts have been
employed for both steel and concrete buildings. A new buttressed tube system was
employed by Bill Baker and his associates at SOM in the Burj Khalifa building as the
latest innovation. The large concrete structural core acting as a solid tube is now
gaining more significance in resisting lateral loads. This was employed in the 610 m
(2000 ft) tall Chicago Spire Tower project (unbuilt) designed by Santiago Calatrava and
engineered by SOM.
Foundation Systems

Tall structures transfer huge amounts of weight to the ground, requiring the need
of sturdy foundations. Loads are transported through piles or caissons when bedrock is
reached at an acceptable depth from the ground surface. Mat foundations are
commonly used in softer soils and where bedrock is not accessible at a reasonable
depth. Mats are frequently used in conjunction with piles or caissons to increase
foundation capacity or to distribute loads more equally to the piles or caissons. An early
example of a building with such a challenge in foundation design is the One Shell Plaza
building of 1971 in Houston, Texas. The project was originally envisioned as a 35-story
building due to foundation limitation of the soil at the site. But the building was later
designed and built by changing the height to 52 stories. The entire structure was made
lighter by building in lightweight concrete on a mat foundation and high strength
concrete was used to reduce the size of structural members, thereby making the
additional 17 stories a possibility. Tall buildings should never be built in seismic zones
where liquefaction of soil may take place.
SUMMARY

The high-rise building, also called high-rise, is generally defined as one that is taller
than the maximum height. It is a multi-story building tall enough to require the use of a
system of mechanical vertical transportation such as elevators. It is a tall building, as
opposed to a low-rise building and is defined by its height differently in various
jurisdictions.

This paper explores 4 high-rise buildings, in which two of the buildings are within the
local and two in the international scale. The local high-rise buildings that have been
studied are The Grand Hyatt Manila and The Mega Tower. Likewise, the international
buildings that we have looked at are The Burj Khalifa and Taipei 101.

These case studies are essential in correlating connections between the present status
of the high-rise buildings. Learning about the different intricacies and structural details
on what makes a building stand out and be distinguished within the local and
international scenes.

With the high-rise building constructions, the following standards are set to be followed
here in the Philippines: (1) The National Building Code of the Philippines; it is a policy of
the State to safeguard life, health, property, and public welfare. A set of rules and
regulations pertaining to the construction of all the real estate projects and buildings; (2)
Philippine Green Building Code, which is a referral code to the National Building Code
of the Philippines that rallies to lessen the impacts of buildings to health and
environment through resource management efficiency; (3) Fire Code of the Philippines
in which it is the policy of the State to ensure public safety, promote economic
development through the prevention and suppression of all kinds, of destructive fires,
and promote the professionalization of the fire service as a profession.

The rapid growth of urbanization in the past few decades are truly evident, with the
construction of high-rise and tall structures increasing across the world. These tall
buildings help to widen the road because instead of enlarging the lot area, high-rise
buildings are designed to further expand the environment and improve the landscape.
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High Rise Buildings (2022) Retrieved from https://www.designingbuildings.co.uk/wiki/High-rise_building

Implementing Rules and Regulations of the National Building Code of the Philippines (PD 1096). (2005).
Retrieved from http://www.iibh.org/kijun/pdf/Philippines_02_IRR_of_NBC_of_the_Philippines.pdf.

National Fire Protection Association (2022) Retrieved from

https://www.nfpa.org/Public-Education/Staying-safe/Safety-in-living-and-entertainment-spaces/High-rise-b
uildings

The Philippine Green Building Code. A Referral Code of the National Building Code of the Philippines.
(2015). Retrieved from
https://www.dpwh.gov.ph/DPWH/sites/default/files/laws_codes_orders/PgbcBooklet23March.pdf

Al-Kodmany, K. (n.d.). Www.ctbuh - Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat. Guidelines for Tall
Buildings Development . Retrieved April 8, 2022, from
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Ali, M. M., & Al-Kodmany, K. (2012, September 28). Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat of the 21st
Century: A global perspective. MDPI. Retrieved April 8, 2022, from
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-5309/2/4/384/htm

Tallest Building In The Philippines: History, Architecture, And Background (2021) Retrieved from

https://corner4men.com/lifestyle/tallest-building-in-the-philippines-history-architecture-and-background-ar

208

Prieto-Valdez (2021) The Mega Tower: The Future of Work Retrieved from

https://business.inquirer.net/319777/the-mega-tower-the-future-of-work/amp
ACCOMPLISHMENT REPORT

MEMBER CONTRIBUTION

ADVENTO, SALVADOR JR. NATIONAL BUILDING CODE

PHILIPPINE GREEN BUILDING CODE

DIONISIO, ANNE CASEY CASE STUDIES

CONSIDERATIONS

DELA CRUZ, PAUL MARTIN INTRODUCTION

CASE STUDIES

GARCIA, ANGELO LANCE FIRE CODE OF THE PHILIPPINES

CASE STUDIES

JAVIER, CHRISTIAN CEZ CASE STUDIES

CONSIDERATIONS

MORALES, JOE MARK CONSIDERATIONS

SUMMARY