12

CLASS

Relations & Functions

TYPES OF RELATIONS

Relations

Functions

SAMEER CHINCHOLIKAR
Sameer Chincholikar
IIT Roorkee
12+ Years of Teaching Experience
Trained Million+ students
Author - Top Ranker’s Series (TRS)
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 Relations

In Daily Life: Brother, Sister, Mother, Father, Friend, etc.

In Mathematics: less than (<), greater than (>), equals (=), Parallel etc.
 Relations

x y=x y

1 1
Set A 2 2 Set B
3 3
4 4
… …

● R = { (1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4, 4), …….}

● R = { (x,y) : y=x , x 𝞊 N , y 𝞊 N}
 Relations

x y>x y

1 1
2 2 Set B
Set A
3 3
4 4

● R = { (1, 2), (1, 3), (1, 4), (2, 3), (2, 4), (3, 4)}

● R = { (x,y) : y > x , x, y 𝞊 N , x, y < 5}

 Cartesian Product

The SET of all possible ordered pairs (a, b), where a ∈ A and b ∈ B is
called the cartesian product of A to B and is denoted by A x B.
 Cartesian Product

Example:
If A = {1, 2} and B = {a, b, c }, then find A x B and B x A
 NOTE:

● If n(A) = m and n(B) = n, then n(A x B) = mn.

● Usually A x B ≠ B x A.
 Relation: Definition
Let A and B be two sets. Then a relation R from A to B is a subset of
A x B.

e.g.
if
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} and
B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
and
R = {(a, b) : a = 2b, a ∈ A, b ∈ B} then
R=?
 Mapping Diagram of Relation

A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9} and
B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
R = {(a, b) : a = 2b, a ∈ A, b ∈ B}
then
R = {(2, 1), (4, 2), (6, 3), (8, 4) }.
 NOTE:

If n(A) = m and n(B) = n, then n(A x B) = mn.

So total number of subsets of A x B i.e. number of relations from A to B is 2mn.

 Domain and Range

Let R : A → B

Domain : The set of all first elements of the ordered pairs belonging to R is
called the domain of R.

Range : The set of all second elements of the ordered pairs in R is called the
range of R.
Let A = {1, 3, 5, 7} and B = {2, 4, 6, 8} be two sets and let R be a relation from A to
B such that "(x, y) ∈ R ⇒ x - y > 0”.
Then find the Domain and Range of this relation
Find the domain & range of the relation R given by
 Types of Relations

1. Void relation: Let A be a set. Then ф ⊆ A x A and so it is a relation on A.

This relation is called the void or empty relation on A.

Example:

● A = {1, 2, 3, 4}

● R = { (a,b) : a+b > 10 }

 Types of Relations

2. Universal relation: Let A be a set. Then A x A ⊆ A x A and so it is a relation

on A. This relation is called the universal relation on A.

Example:

● A = {1, 2, 3, 4}

● R = { (a,b) : a+b < 10 }

 Types of Relations

3. Identity relation: I : A →A and IA = {(a, a) : a ∈ A} i.e; if every element of A

is related to itself only then it is identity relation.

Example:

● A = {1, 2, 3, 4}

● R = { (a,b) : a ÷ b = 1 }
 Types of Relations

4. Reflexive relation: R : A →A and if every element of A is related to

itself only then it is reflexive relation.

Example:

● A = {1, 2, 3, 4}

● R = { (a,b) : a ÷ b 𝜖 integer }
 Types of Relations

NOTE:
Every identity relation is reflexive but every reflexive relation in not identity.
 Types of Relations

5. Symmetric relation : R : A →A is said to be a symmetric relation iff

(a, b) ∈ R ⇒(b ,a) ∈ R for all a, b ∈ A.

Example:

● A = {1, 2, 3, 4}

● R = { (a,b) : a + b < 5 }
 Types of Relations

6. Transitive relation: R : A → A is said to be a transitive relation

iff (a, b) ∈ R and (b, c) R ⇒ (a, c) ∈ R for all a, b, c ∈ A

Example:

● A = {1, 2, 3, 4}

● R = { (a,b) : a < b }
 Types of Relations

NOTE:
Void relation is symmetric as well as transitive but not reflexive.
 Types of Relations

7. Equivalence relation: A relation which is reflexive, symmetric and transitive

simultaneously.
Let R = {(1,3), (4,2), (2,4), (2,3), (3,1)} be a relation on the set A = (1,2,3,4}.
The relation R is

A. reflexive B. transitive C. symmetric D. none

Let R = {(3, 3), (6, 6), (9, 9), (12, 12), (6, 12), (3, 9), (3,12), (3, 6)} be a relation
on the set A = {3, 6, 9, 12}. The relation is

A. reflexive and transitive only

B. reflexive only
C. an equivalence relation
D. reflexive and symmetric only
Let R1 and R2 be two relations defined as follows R1 = {(a,b) Є R2 : a2 + b2 Є Q}
and R2 = {(a, b) Є R2 : a2 + b2 ∉ Q}
Where Q is the set of all rational numbers. Then,
JEE Main 2020
A. R1 and R2 are both transitive
B. Neither R1 nor R2 is transitive
C. R1 is transitive but R2 is not transitive
D. R2 is transitive but R1 is not transitive
Let P be the relation defined on the set of all real numbers such
that P = {(a, b) : sec2a - tan2b = 1}. Then P is:

A. reflexive and symmetric but not transitive. JEE Main 2014

B. reflexive and transitive but not symmetric.
C. symmetric and transitive but not reflexive.
D. an equivalence relation.
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