Ec -201 - Analog Ciswits * Non linean nehoorks % Notion of incremental lineavity Exampls 4 non-lineon elemunls : Diodes, Mos, BIT eke * Design 4 amplifiers using Mos & BIT x Negative feedback Overviao linean nehoorles Is this Shy linear? Defn. HY ms y, & 2, —> yp , Hew Xn, +B, —> Xy, +BY, —=p Lincan for the above systim tr 4-0 => gyeh5 Hi) =p yir ad But fr nami sl => yity.r ad f (15425) fe Shy be 48 hon-linwa-x B linea Sl, should alioays hove. goo op for 30 Ip. ¥ hor a linean system ~ Impulse response Is known —> Everytring is known. - Gorwvoluhon inte zal amet Fourst en - Transhrm techni nsPrim ni ques > Saplae %& All pracheal Systirns are oweren nore lineos AWM. Consider a simple bios cht R |, Vu 4 ¥, V,= Vp, + Vo y Y je ie Tee (2) “| L, —S Sahrahon usumnt MV ' Uy= KT 5 thermal + Voltage. Vy) >0 9 Rrwand bias Ny <0 —> suave bias: clon Ny > Reo bres Vp exp (Yo) >>I Ur eo T: Ty wp (Ye) Rr Peawand bias=> Yo = Vr me (2) Fe Nye PRY Ve ln (4) —> Now hnean —_ equahon Voltage Anop avy a FB dinde Is Gppros, 0-65 V 2. Te Vi- 0-65 deca pote: Dy Y Now va tm ( 2) in F6 Vir TR + Vy im |Z) 3 LT, R,,V,8V, ase known. So it can be solved Cithen rumert cally 2 using approximahons Many nonlinear elements => Systm 4 nonlincan e4uahonsSP instead 4 Vi. Suppose we use V,+0V oohune Av is veu Small The vesulhrg uw 1 TtAi oe VirAv = (THAI) R, + Vy tn E=| @ Vi= IR, + V7 tw [2] Ts _6 O-O®@ > Av: bit v(in [ B22] - [2] P( a) Pea) 3 | Ai —> Taylos expansion NI eo AV ALR, + Va Ai —sis @ Inean egunhon. rt Ni = Av Ry+ Vr ft < The above method can be used in any non lineas nehoork 3 tong os the applied QU is Small “This represents a susishve nehoork-aw. % This is the Incvemontal nehoork. 2 4z ay ais Tbr any hon linsan lio ebemumb ve P(t) veav= PCtei) 2 PCT) P (aL => Av: FU) Ai AV = P(t) is a Sesistance which depends on T BL XT is call the quiescent anunt , V —> quiesent voltage Di & the Incremental cuumt , DY —> Incremumtal voltage. Ale — av Slope: Ai = dT BY AND Ny: V Au —» Incremental tonduclane. av Both depends on Av ——» Incremental susistane uieseenk point (v, 7) atUy: Vr taf 2] Ts Np vt alTy rt oa = Lec-3 5k AWA o + le Txsk + Vy In (2) WZ Ts N= ") Vp 4 = 5 Approximati. soluhon. Te 1-065 = TopA 5k Sk AW. a o-001 Smut (~) a Vot Va Ve 7 sk ngs VE 85.0 ToHA Irv Sinwot ? uy 2. Wye Yd mv Sinwt L Wisk Total volbage aenon diode = O65 + YA I mV Smiak rokSteps % Fino the cperahay point % Drraso the incrementel equivalent cireuirt =p It is a linear rehoorle % Tobal node volkaye /brandh currmt = Quiesunt voltage / current + Incremuntal Voltage / currant: +N - Xs + EA. f = —— % All 3. elements Ty Is 3| v V io \E C ce a non-linear T. ]7 te Viz P(t) ebe Vat Vit Ve aM _Vatts 4 AWA Tw] ae = xX AIL elemmnts can © T +h 2 * Gyrts Va a v. a | . be weplared by voleaye Va Tats} ~ | Sources iP ta volkapn Que. Kap Sams. *N, tan be Shifled ap Keeping KVL sarne.® Ng~V N20 & Vp -Va-Yo= © =p Thee Vol kagen cam be vanced out *% Cxrsumt Sour tom also be added without changing ket. ® OC branch curren then canalled our and oO thr Small signal Cntuenls Stemain > * Sine Hi, We ry ane Yo au alk La Small Signal Sunis eve the nebwork is now linean with vie ae, fot Tg,* FF % & VV, Cn be Suplaced by semstancer * Topdlogically pth iMeremuntel Mfg has tu same graph os te original ruhoork. But the elumunli au noo linear Mosistrs c-4 Ypven Any non-linean nehoork , Small signal analysis Cam be used by linearising X Find the operahng point X Drow inerumental equivalent rio % Solve te incremental rho. Consider a Voltage source | M % This is nonlinen as tye v= A Araractesishics do not pays a 4 T thaoegh He origin - & Sine an ineverumbal change In aurmk ders not adpet ta Voltage, the incturwmbal equlvaleat Is a Short cireitx Similasly the Incremental susishancee 4 an thre erent Souue is 0 x “For a lineax swristor , 1k remem the Same in te \nererumt el caren Diode x In FB . 4 Yeq = DY = OL a In RB, AV 2 & = 0¢ q Di ~— Considan a devia wile the Plowing chasactenshes xv N20 ae 0 Vo aL . 2a ON => el BAN hr V2 Ba Vz20%* (COhak is a Small signal ? ve PC2) We have used £(1+AT)= Pays af Ai Ohile the adual exprumion Is Peedi): Pea)+ dk pig 1 dt ie. at al at? Ahws we have negletid Sroall signal —>b error << AP Ai at Choose error = 0-01 x a ai ar # Nohon 4 small signal is mot Gn absolut. nohon % For the ideal voltage Source Guy Cuovumt gush Pes 8 a Simall signal. This is becawe for Sinan characterishes al) bight hdr derivahun are zor. * tor Ba SV signal guahby as Small signal x es (), only a [mV wey > qualthy as Small signal Ltx tr ©, amy eignal can be q small signal Non- linea Two port nebwork. r<—+ Ts PCv, V2) Now linear Mchoork ; Tre gly, a) fF CV+y, | Vat) * PCV.) + of y+ oF Ve avi ON = of y+ OP vy, ' ay ONe t- gv + dv, oY ave . oF Or v, u, uv, (8 ¥, a tL, Og ag A Mi Tneremmtal N ~ materia Ve Ne % Y-matrix is evaluated at the qpieseank operating point x Depending on th dependent variably the matrix can be Z matrix 81 H-matwxr praphicad susentahon roulti posts i) Linear One port > Non line’ Linea % tor a lincan) non linet passive, tu i-v chenackerishe . st ad, Is always in the © & 3" quadvants Two posts Te +, N2 Ty ty Sia L<—+ T1= YY +N,, Vo Ni No % Sina ik is 2 dimensional, ik 1s diltendk Us depict Seo we plot 1, Vs Vz Ser Various valun 4 Vy ==> Output chanactershate passive Q-pork V, 2, +V2T, 260 (No energy genuahon) Shean Iw, for Vaniouy Vy, = Tnput charaeterishes Amp bers Desivabue % Large gain indeponlmt 4 Re % Dain Should also be independint | Ry % Stast with @ 3 terminal 2-port Nhe =p One terminal tommon er Vp & Ip: Rs Ru ce 3 - bevminal G * feb us @vs ' &- port Start oth Y — Parametin uo-£2 SM tt Ye Lie 82, Mi+ Yoo wv, Gs y, NW». — i, ae L G, & G, —s Conductanas 4 foal & soure Replace with Norhon equivalnti O da + (dat %) 20 —O WG, = Vv, (My tGs) + Yj, Va Ce am Interestd m Vi /Vs . trom O G2 Vs4s- Yio Ve @® Yu * AsQn» @ oe | BHR] EW (aur ede Sunt Gs —> % [ 4-| 2M Orato) ie] Yn Gs Bates = VG ( Yin Sar — (San th.) (Qu ts) (Yn+4s) =p & - Sar Gs % Sia Yar ~ (Saat 9) (Sut 45) WH Yates > (dart) lr) —> Be 50 fain 3»~0 = Ob with Zuo % * 9, > ePhect 4 Sle pert on Vp 4, —> effect O& Yp port on %p To avold this gain going very large, make yy, —>0 Thin Ve. Ve Nai Gs = (yyrtGr) (yur hs)Vie [ Yes ) os Ve Yea t GJ (Yut ds) To make & independent — Gs, Sd 4,0 $s Tn Se TY Noe t Gi x ty gain t be large Yay musk be very large. and ‘by 0 Me. wa Us Ge However, it is depenclnt on dood. Thun te “-mabrix sugd in °° as lange as posi. © hee-b T,< Fly) We nud gy Yaaro Th. g (ui) =p 2 eo and BF =o Ovi ove ve T+ wnstank Ty Nest we Want Y,, & be lange and Yar70 3° ( Qs Dossibl => Of —s oa OM me ROg 20 =D g rust be Binchon ay only av. he tT. 1 =p Thput chawstertsha Is Th gon) & tontant Output ohare => T, Vs Vr bx Vasuyong vy Nye 8VA Be ea, BY, ray rat be by, NyeVa egal So Ay, . OH Aipencs om § % Yn the Specie! wx 4 T,<0 By passivity V, 1,20 => lp chavacterishes is Brad to lin on M or 34 quadrants => Chara Cannot Ahoays semom Il bo x- ae% MOSFETs have ‘ese Chanacterishes - Ty Pat amy 38-bexrminel 2 pert which gives am \noummbs Pon Should have these chanachenistes , as dong ea Teo G |__| D Igo , MosretT |. T, Tp 8 W 2 To tn Son & { Yes-¥e | for Nog > Vas-Vr = Hy lox W [ Yew Ovo = 1 ves | fr Vy £ Veen L Hn —> © mobility W,L > Leombric Cox —s Oxide caparilnce parsmutos P Ye Ve = theashold voltage — GL Only for Vas >Vzs tee eqpahon holds $s ru Nos 2 Vae-V Ty + Ba fox Wh (Nas-Yr) ps 2. u Vos >t Ya, Yyzo —s Sine Lq20Sai = ote = Py Gx w [vous] ws % “The Sugion 4 operahon whe Ty become independent Np, is Called the Sahurahon segion 2. EBay Gx Wass) 2. 4 Ba mW CVagn-Vr) 2 iy Gx wh Nau -Vq) Voss > Vaso > Yost a NVyos > Vas” Vr Ty: LW GW Vos-Vr) G 45, bp’ ah vos Vr eee s Ba Gon a [ Cus-V1) Vos be | | a z Ry Nag 2 Vz SP V2, , 1 TI aC) dD N; = Threshold Voltage Va — te Voltage ==> Varo => Th20 SS enlnan cemum wrod. MosteT (Normally OFF)X MosteTs can also be made with -ve Vy x L Aeplehon. rode. transistors Channa whore €° au tue conras — nMos hb v Weoly nn pos The eqpahons we wort are valid fer an enhanununt mode NMOS 2 My Gx Wo CVoss-Vo) L > Hn nw (Vag.-Vr) 2 th, Cox You oD) Vass> Vasa > Yast Ca Yeon Vos © Vge-Vr =D Lincan sugion operahon 2 The LB Con WL [ Cvee¥) Mas vet] a Soe? ve PE is pn | (Me aD ae o5|Yan & L Hanlon WY [ea] Br Moa o veg sel ==> Volkoge conlrlled seriskoy %* ProphRer operahon —> Saburahon sugion (Nos: Yr) > Ny cap DB Corresponds fe minimum iy Suck that hansistio is mw salurahon- # H Np is vou lange —» Saheahon Vos = Vas-Ne = Nos Va Ver =p Vp = Va-Vr Thun the oleviee Rr Mosret to be in Saheahon & Vy 2Ve-Vr x Drain tan qe maximum ere Vr bdow Va bo Femainm, 1 Salwrahon Tn sahurahon 1 Con W 2 Dt Bry Cox Nao-V. =p dnze SyzO Y,,70- Ip = Ae Cy W Vos-¥* | Sas Se A 2 W fy, -ve has the dimensions 4 conductanee- * Y,, —2 transley conduct —» ” transconductance” (Gy) * large Jin =P Small change mW Vag —b large chevy in Ty Bin = Rn Con I (Vas-V2) 2 = QL BL Cy Wo CVyg-Vr x 1 = c as) Aico gt: HP Ge (wy (Vee-Vr) 2 = 1 py, Cox w. 2H, Cox (1) (Nas-Vr) W 5 aspat watio} size § toe transistor CVy (nce Np Sab as | > overdrive Vol kage. Ted ta Ga W. [Ye aa } Nos 2 Vas: Vr Vas 2Vr * SP Mos is biased in Sahurahon sugion, it Cam be used as an amplifier =p Tnevemental eg chk AW —o ve yas 42 ER ce v,(~) & 9 i — - ~— Jas Me = Ri 1S the Incremumtad gain Vs Tp Qs, R Choore Vas % Choose Vos, suf hcurlly Vasi-V4 Vos Sor Prom osat* Even whin Ve Varin counng Vos to Fluchuoli , ik Should still be in tue saherahon Sugjon. Nos) = % &) % To compensats for tne drop in R, batioay voltoye hes to be increasedTy: 5, Ge we (Maes) a Ayiven the above radt, to Rnd the operahny Ppéint we de-enngin all small signal sources. Ni a? pp? Vest RL 4 % Two Soures ae — suqsiined Nee si T use ,Voo V = Nop .Rg Ra 3 RQ. Gst Rath Re Jyiven Vo: Ra, Ro R Colulale Vag, * From Vas, —> Id Noo Ra 3 Ba% This would chamgs the Q pomt Noss Mo. (Rg) Ry + (RallRs) ———____ Noo Ra Ry Rs Cs ot * Capacitor blocks de. “Thus it Stabilises the operahng point * x Capaitler —> 1 Tem Y= Vy (RallRe) Re + (Rall Re) Vy = Voo Rpg Vs (Rall) Rat Rp Ret (Ralls) iy: 9m Vavy Rall Sinn. Re Moz — Qin Yn = 7 den Re (Ralls) (RoliRp) + Rs ey |e = Tam RC Rake) Re + CRallRp) DP (Ray) >> Rs, then Va Vs x Thee a hoo other possibl fies Vop % Gradk cam work in prindp b R R °F v, © Fn prockia only ont forminal Re a 4 YB availabe| % Thin will also wovk- Rp ZR es x Bur va = Re Is Smalley ie Vs RatRgtRs Re Ror ne 4 % Prackeal diPhudhy: A de uumont %G) LL has Jo ow throw Vy # In the original dveuit, by choosing RallRy >>%s No =z -3m Ri 3 % Somehmes de cunt 1s not allowed Humyh load abe Vpo m3 4, oa [4 “| FRVout =~ Gan CRell Rr) CRal Rs) Vs (Ra llRe) + Rs Chooeing Rg lk, >> Rs Vouk 2 - Gm (Rill) Vs ————————— a The above awaplifier is called COMMON SouRcE AMPLIFIER In the above Systm Yj. 0 => % be vo fet on Th. input . For grates [Sans] EPfeet Cause. * Somehow Pumping I, I te drain \« MOSFET Cannot guault in Vyg beiny cleveloped ak the gale Eat a tot y Jood <4 So te the teildt Do to the tilt > You gar a dat 4 dood magically Technically — Ynz0% GP (Rall Re) >> Vs Ve Vasit Vs Np = Vpg) — Sm CRUMB) ve Vos > Gn, CRMR) Vg Va OS) Ge the negative swing , the transistor gets puro) troards tu trode Staion: % Thuy increasing Wy Con take the Feansiste uk 4 the Sahrrahon vugion « To remem in Sahwaton V,. > Vq-Vy Ve Nps - Gm CRUMB 97 Vege 0 7 Vr at tu edye A Sahnohon. Va { '¥ Sym (R08) | = Nps) > Yasit Vs: Vast ~Vaes tVr ane 143, CR MR, ) MOSFET drain auumk . To + Gn Vs ve During the negate ball eye VS Th - gn Vy Con go te gero Now gin depends on Tp hec-10 we ptaane Clipped Aue to bower tneremuntal gain duoting triods Sugion, eeeIn the triode suegion . = 0 <0 = Oto Ou dhe Yer evn Fe Tp: Ha Gx we [ (Naxx) Vos ~ Yor | =p O90 = Pr Gx WL Nps anon Nas Gua SED = Ha Cox w | Mes Ys | O%\s % In Salirahon Y,, was ger %& Yo) in Satwahon da mach Vugher than in thodt ougion , Asiods, J. yous In brtode ougon = “Yar CR WRI ge ) => Op impedance is smallir and alto Y,)<< 4m They te gain in the Ariodk Suegion a mud Smaller.* Thun dishrhon appears in Hu Output Negative hal? apele Tp = I,, + 8m Vs \bs # Whin avout trough ta Mos suas, ger Vb - Vos) R os V as = Voo + Yost PLR Ru Ru Ru Nps Vop Rur + Vos Ru is the Pokental Ree Ru erThe mex allowable inpub arplikuds Ry no dishrhon eC (y, Amex 1 a) Livait triode sugion 4 Cis a pana bola) a % Sinw ineremmbal 15, & Vos Ou limon and te * tnevenurkal Nps is $m 8v Yas 1 Hu dou 4 the opesahny Point moves In @ Shratyht ime - To maximise the allowable input amphtude, the ePerabna point runt be Chown Sumdbricaly ie Boe Va max) rand.feel Gonsidey an example ampliher Q1V Jioopa lok 2 Pa Oox = 20° BALY 1K i ou IV on Wo: a5 Tee - a Nig = D5V Nigg: 221% Too = OV AT00 a Tp 4b An Con ua [ Ves-Vr } 2 = 1 xQ00 x 95x 0-2 = loopmA 2 poor we Nos? Nop - 2p 8. = 2-1- Ibo xlok = | Vv Operating point is ( ITV, too pt) @ Viyg2 2 V 5 3 3, - &Ip - QooMA = 1 me 2D pe Qoo mV | VO sat Ni(O) Frieda region limit Nags O-1+ Vy 8invot Vp = IsT - 10 My Sin WE At the lime IsT-1oW = OT +, - 0-5 => Ve 15 @ [86 mV tl @ Limit Ry cut of dpe too pA + 9, Va Sink <0 —p Vz 100 MA = Joo mV rms Then the maximum peak amplitude perinissibl Is min [ '3¢ mV, loom | = loo mV * All thue caleulahons au done assuming that the inpuk is & Small signal Sroall signal => Hight onder Tayler seis kam —0a Herve Tp= P CNg., Nos) Tye ty = & C Vest Yass Vos tee = 2 (Ve Voc) + 2% Yt O20 -%s Gs» Vos) Se, Viet Se 1 DL v2 4 1 BM yt 4 3% Yet z 2 8Noe 2 Nps 2%, Nos However tn Sakwrahon => Tp doer rot dapend on Vpq Hence aun Signal will quality a4 4 Srall slgnob * The Limits of small signal depend on the Nature 4 non Itneasidiy . L Tyr ig= Peon Wf Cas M4)" | " 2 2 E Han W [Maar ¥t Yer + 2% Cos) | 4 P ¥ 92 = tpt a Vgc t LOH, Con ME Mas. zu © + Sroall signal —p Gin¥ys >> 1 Hy Con We Ys DB Con BE esr) Sx? S Hod Ye =p Ves << 2(V,,-Vr) I oun example : Vey-Vz = O-aV 2CVe.-Ve) = 400 mV Small Signal approxlmahon ain w te He. MO * 0-3V Vv i ott Gs ” ow But in aeabity ion ee re cor” He fom & unor $ % The dliPlorence in Slope ab Amram that the Gain Is saduced And a Soft clipping would Occun -* So we mut in practice never operak ywor the Caleulatid suctng limits. In the above com we may choo oun limits around 30 01 40 mV. Lec-12 % Problems with the amplifier civeuit - 0 Value Capacitors axa not anailable - Tolerances of ‘re components Transistor Parameters —> Bry Cox Wo Ve L 1) ByCoy and Vy Vany with ambient condihons Nl; for the Same part number col) Vaney around the nominal valur & So olor HCoy =p Vaniahons in device paramo affect ths bias point and Sasulks tm Vaniahon in goin. %* On an integnoted cise —s> Malhple copies G tr Same devia have fw Same props This is tun Sy any components Lebricabid on an te ce tHe Same Prous.* Bias point depends on Vr becaum Vas is Prue a Vv... oo Rs “ RatRg & IP tre blas curmnt Can be held Bud isampective 4 Vy) then the problon is Solved In ow example , Ly= Ivo A We need ute aolapt tte las point to kup Ty-100}A \) f . Approach. MI cy % Choose Nop SuPBcaanky large & Vos 7 “L Keep MI in sahrahon. * Messwe Dp uring (A) * FP Ty >100pA , Seduce Vas » OP Tp sli » tam the Potential at «) rowk Keep on increasing wilh HmeRSF Tip < Ty, pokmbal at (&) must go on deereasiy Voo * SP Lip >Ty , Veg must be Tee increas - Also VK increases x | x oF Typ 4 Ip , Vx decreases Vos ae Lp Ana Vy, rust be decreased * Henw connec ring G bb xX con take can the desived chonp in Vas Voo % By doing this Ves= Vos Tee SP Vo. > Vaas- Vr * x Thun the transistor is fa Guaranted ub be in Sahwrahon. * So ts arsongerumt Com now be und bo . ” Staloilise rani identical” ‘tvansistoss fabricatid on an TC as ing Q Singh Sefowner CueVo Noo a) * M, in cahwahon if q, i Tet RL a Yoo Tee hy 2 Vas Mr x As long an M, is in Mu “) Sahirahon , ‘the Cuswnh In M, &Mz au sam. # Con also be und ue bian roulkpl. transistors “in an Ie. ul A CURRENT MIRROR” * Very Common TC FechniqueCommon Source Arplibur using Guremk misror Noo * Think on how te source is @ Thevemuntal equivalemt chrasik ® Gin Vy Com be suplaud by 4 ounistoes f) value 1 Gen x Nott thet Sin Nop Re Re t— a M2 | Ry R Vj connected 1 RZ 0 Ri, Rs GMa, Vi \s fe Same for Mi&M2 thre on TC comporunts SineRL 6 Re ( Ri, Om Ry Bran, Mi RQ vx © BroNn ji *O 4 vee 1 Ret Yin Ret Rat Yon J Vos = Gy, Alt.) (Ret Ym) Ret Re + Vom Se Ry >> Ry => Reta >>Re => ve % ~Big CRiMRL)x Swoirg lieils Yemaim He Same as all Hae paremtiny au Saye, % Toereruntol gain dow nok charge even whim Vr Changes , becaun Nag “oo Changer cb hep Ty conckanit - Kee-m H Gn the previous cht MI is und de Roun out the Vas and M, is und Rr amplifahon. * Com the Same be achieved with one fransistor Voo g, ih Rs R Lip @ Rs Cereuit must look Like thin dor calelaling like thx for blading Inesemunbel gain. % What happenn iP LP add the sounee and load Arrecty & the bias drwik-Rs a 1 6. 4 7 ZR, Ns Treverumbal equivalent & & MOS operahng coith G&S shoud uw Jy he (Rill Yam) Neg Ret CRM VG) Ore Solubtion though net practical is b& we an inBnia Inductor Plo G&S What if T use @ large sunistes bho G&S Vo Ry Tee % Sina te gats does not drono ays G Guy Curse , VW den not mottin Po Dune Riarge vb cont 6 &S % Now fox tae Incremmta! gain -[- “ We 4% RL ae Ve - ( ° Ye) Grose + ms + VoG,=0 NV, ° Cat Gi) = Vs C Gea. - re) —p Vo = Glaye - 1 va $ aay. + Ge. . 2) |: a Origine gain desired => Rap >> RL Vey ~ GR 3 ro Re owenre, 9 x. Trout Susi. * H P ng cam neu exeaxd Vi wl the bette m Porhon gethry di ij — aah pped Ay (ie itBasic IDEA FoR STABLE 2p % Measwe drain cunt x Compan with Tret % Yo daaim cunt > Trey => Reduce Vis * x Arai, cursumk < Trey => Thuae Vos x Multiple methods Rx Implementahon exst x Derain cussenk = Sousee Cumb in MOSFET So DT wuld a wll mame Source cunt: % Change Veg => Keep gate fad and vany the soure x Prvtously in thin drank , we Li Fupt Source dirad amd Voriud the “L gai potential. hes Nop x OP Th Te , decreare Vs Na o=| x $F BR» Tre , inerean Vs wy iSx H te Ineremuntal eqpivalent 13 good, then We at done Reg % The une R | . Capacifos huls te Rall Re Connect te Soure Ho geound. dn the bias drat, Nx = a> Veg who Vos? Vy + | 22xq Bo Sox (WIL)Drain potential = Nop Dag RL Thy Sahmahon, Vp - TRL > Va-Vr Treverental gam % -GmRi fr (Rally) >> Re Swoing limits: ) Fr cut Tho => Ty tg, % = 0 = ly) Te Sn 9) by triode Sagion Ny = Vq-Vr Noo - Dre. ~ 3m ®i.%y = Soo Re iy - Vr De A 1 yh dm LA Ra + Rg ¥ To cam suplace the Gusemt Source tot a battery in Senien colt Range Noo " | * H “Vee is not avoslabl , g them we com bonrect it laye Vee Je te lowut -ve pont Which is GND-vi J 00 T= Vs/ cae a Vs Tye L Ay OM (Yos-Vr) Vez Nast 2 Raye 2 => Va: Vest L Hy Cox WL CVosVr) Raye. Solve obkam Ves and thm Tp % Here alto thm is negalve Redback dur Jo Raye Consider 3 Cons now Nop Nop a 4! ™ \ar—| he Teh a tet Riawp ae Voi = Vet | Qtr Vee tans = Vint Trg Raye J Fema auntiing X Assum Ve No and Vag do be pethubed by Av % In con (1), Ate G, dvX Tn ton @), Miso ax In cou QO, the incremumtal dred wv <_— AL AY > Ye Raa Sen (A¥-Vx) = Vee Rig => Ya | de? A \ = Im Av Rasy —> vy, —Se__ dv = dmRioy av dm * Raye VF Gy Rasy =p Ar- _l ss», AV SroR tenga | * Range behaves like @ cursemk Source wl rR >>1 ay R > 1 Soe aye te B10* We have sen 2 can @® Some Ty and change Von (@) Sem Ts and champ Ve % Tw more —Possibilihes ( Sense Ty and dhamge Vg @ Sente Ly and chamye Vo Rec-ib Requires the use 4 Op-amps de -ve Pb. Nege tie feedback . ~ = . Block x Que and Q, can be differnt quamtiles (Gre Com be @ Volkage awel Qo tam be prior) * Que and PQ, must be Same quantihes ° “Pp PT “ . Every tng fF] ts linen har# When A ‘increary the Slope § 0 Increann A-—>® = \.—>0 and Vi, > Vee % Closed loop gain \s Vou insensitve bo A a4 dong an Af >>I% Cloud oop peormane depends only on the Fudback Poth dong a AR >>) * AP —> loop gain (L4@) Cored dowp gam, = 1 LG x L whmn L620 Po TFLG f % Than Ry larg gain arphfers, We can unt fudbacl ie vnake tte oud Loop gan lasensi tive be doie Vasiahons- X Sn tve Feedback , what happensy Assume that the Sign 4 A 28 Secured bh Noo Slope” Slop Ne XA is @ Stabk Operahng point dun do -ve FL whit Bis an unstable Sperahng pont dus Jo te flehee-i4 Af AP Vout 2 LL Ved f % So this would let me build an arnpli Rev wit, gain > and market ib: A umn who wank b& have a spuifie gen reeds So a Choon the apprprialt Ae “Io. Ni ‘ Vous AC) A x Hast OPp-amp drat Came about Someime in (9505 ex: ArrnphiRey with 2 Gaim = 2Vout *x As Ama, VO X How to Know if te drcuik iy in -ve Pudback — Break te loop at Som point (maybe @ output) - Yank on end dt break up and sea what comes back at tu otw end. * Op -amp isa Nolkage controlleal Voltage Souree (veus) Tadeol Vevs i } Nout: AVin 2,2 % Aa —° Tdeoy Vers . te AVin Zi 2% . p “Zouk 9 Tae Cvs ih Z,,—2> 0 “6 6 Vere Abin Aout —>©Tadeod Cees ri i= Abn ZV in Zout 3 0 Op aap 2 Nout? A (q-4s) © % Op-amp Is a Spelal VCVS whe om 4 tu o}p terminals is yeound- 0 Vout Nott age Blower ¢ Vout/ Yin = | ) ex. Suppose woe nud & Gane Contrnllid Volhye Sout I, Nour: Rein uw Soluhon : Deluhon: | Tin Vout? Rinhy \deal COVS Zo Zy—0 Bub be Zye Zo? & Soluhon 2: Vouk Hew Zou, =0 2,2 R Saleen: *& Make N large But making N lasye Commn tHe Sly Pacts £ go Stal Such thar AP >>1 may be Violated Final Selahon: Vour= RT, => s > T,, Z,, 0 =p Tin rut Plow inle ground.Lee-18 R Non Ideal % Ev wih a non Weal Cuszomt Sour Cunt Source thn in tre & Bera X th ab GND and how no cunt Plows tucyd R, A Replacing the cust Source by Thenorimn equivalent give the non - invenhing amplifier Vout = Vin 1Approach fe stobliising tx bias point * Measuw Cum in tu dooim- Compan with Try and apply Couch. dedbak Je te Sow Yoo * 4 ® oud > Tay => Inusan Vs #4 @ suodo < Ty => deousnr Vs Potential ab X= Viel . Vou mut be * uo chown > Vg - Vz Ve— bo ensue MI Semana in Sahivahon _ Biasing cerrangemunk % The Ineremumbal gt kt must look ike Hae Convemhonal egk chkLee-14 We ned the Increwmntd R, R 1 r Grout ue dock ike His Hee a x + % (We ned the Source do be groundid- Simply put a capacitor te gound taill have no eld os tee Op-amp is an ideal volkage Source ® We nud te olp 4 Op-amp Quad Source \ Mi to be uneonnecttid Yor Incremental signals te we Sugure an induct & a large omnistar -Analysis 4 De point No= Ve- Tie Ry % For the incremmbal druih, te opamp is @ Vevs but Nog would be guund- J | Wek out te Incremental equivalunk — cieuik- % | We have complid 3 ways - The a wetted —> Home workTHE “REAL” MoS TRANSISTOR ‘Tp: + Hy Cox Ww [ VasVs To ea Wr “ Lo Practical dui @ Small wr t elope ‘ Slope=0 Vas-N; ‘as-Vr Vos > uv Ty £ Halon WY Vas-Ve] (14 2%s) 7-0 —> Tdeod Mos #& Non ideality is beeaun the ¢PFectve change 4 the Cchanne) decrrand with inva in Vps Lomning Ty to Increre 5 Channel Length Modulation %* A similar efyet also appeom in BIT devies Thin in beeoue 4 deplhon lagen modulahon- (Ean oy) Becoun nt thin Qare Bo Cox We (Voa-Vs | (14a Vos)—» ; \ 90%, 4 Alo H The gain § the amphher becom -g., (Rill) Maximum gain =~ Jin Fo mn 0 ==> TNTRINSIC GAIN te transistor « Treveaving the sige § a MosrET ls equivelink ti Connecting in Paralls eI = ic =hQ wl] aw] ®* Theo In prindple, Hux ds no limit on the Gm obtainabl. hom MoSFET For thu common Source Qmp lifer 1 Zoup > Ree Th, it js not Gn Ideal increment Vevs — NCCS with Vos at 9,39” Loe ned - an incremmbel Vevs 4 gaim = 1 ja * toy Thin cke Vin J Ty = mC Vin - Vo) Vo Ry % toy Brit Ty and 3,0 => Vn Ve *® What is te bias ckk that Com suoline thio? We par a droit hw. the Sou uw nob GroundedZ. aT So Yin Ry 3 R, Thin a common droim amphtun- Beraun the drain iS tommon en bom Yp & Jp. in = Rally Colaba tne olp Immpeslanae by setting al. lockepyndant Sources tes fro |e Vi, 0 X Jn Vo hun 44 cyt to bro to a seistr § VG, <— Zout => Zouk = Yel g. ™ =x or % >> 1 Z a ! out ~~ —_ Sm. 8m Tov Qe > OF Zyp OO Dain Caleulahon Vou [ G.+ge] = Am Vin - Gm Vout ad Vat [G+ m+ Bio] = Gm Fin =p Vout = ro Vin Git got 8m Tor Gn > 0 Nour x = 4 2 0 Vor = Ae ‘Vin Rye “are = SroR gg Re Vo 51 08 §,,R, >>I Vin %* We also ned te check te Swoing limibs % Compli Tulsrial-L and seevivo defo proceeding RatherEC201-ANALOG CIRCUITS : PROBLEM SET 1 shanthi@ee.iitm.ac.in Problem 1 40 5a ee eee ere eee veg are concerned, Determine yj, yz, ys in terms Of Yier Yer Yfer 12 20 = = L a a ° 23D wl) Fre . rue: ale cee ee aka “oR Figure 2: Problem 1 Dev pKa tkoz 2™AD Problem 2 ; Determine the composite y-parameters of the block within Ee ee the dotted lines. ‘© We saw in class that the “small signal” approximation oh is valid only when the higher order terms in the Tay- Ta lor series can be safely neglected in relation to the linear 1 sine 2 term. Compare the second order derivative of the two 1 00 10°8) 2 about the relative magnitudes of the incremental inputs 1Ka, To Ka! for each of the amplifiers which qualify as small signals Problem 6 Figure 3: Circuit for Problem 2 Problem 3 & = ‘The operational amplifier shown in Figure 4 is ideal. De- termine the signs on the input terminals of the opamp for ve ue negative feedback operation Assuming negative fdback wh ah» operation, find “=, Problem 4 ue we rev For the circuit of Figure 5, assume that v; is an incremental voltage source. Determine the operating point of the net- tL L work. Find also the small signal voltage across the 1k? re- - - - sistor. k = 100 A/V", (WAL) = 10, Vy =0.7 V,A=0 Problem 5 In this problem, we delve deeper into the notion of “small Figure 6: Circuit for Problem 6 signal’. Consider two nonlinear amplifiers, with input- output characteristics given by Vour = 2 and Vou = For each of the circuits shown above, plot I, as V» Va exp( Yi), varies from 0-3 V. ‘© An incremental gain of 10 is desired of both amplifers. Problem 7 Determine the operating points so that this gain may be For the circuit (a) shown above, determine the minimum achieved. value of I required to make the MOSFET operate at the edgeay ay ' Ist vt R R v2 Vs + ve Ly I @ cy) k= 100 nA? WAL 10, Vp= 0.7 V.A=0 Figure 7: Circuit for Problem 7 of the active region. In the circuit (b) shown above, deter- mine the incremental voltage v2 in terms of the incremental current i, assuming the device is in saturation. How will you choose i to make tz independent of i? Problem 8 LHe—T Ow k= 100 AMV? (WAL) = 10, Vy=0.7 V, 2-01" Figure 8: Circuit for Problem 8 For the circuit shown above, sketch I, as the range 1-3 V. Problem 9 f varies in osv ath k= 100 HAW, (W/L) = 10, Vy = 0.7 V.2=0 Figure 9: Circuit for Problem 9 For the circuit shown above, sketch [yas Vz varies in the range -053V. av 400 nA Vx <4 av k= 100 WAV, (WAL) = 10, Vy =0.7 V.2=0 Figure 10: Circuit for Problem 10 Problem 10 For the circuit shown above, determine the region of opera- tion of the transistor. Find Vx Problem 11 vi Vi sav, I Ie wi] ne}! Vb Vn Vr + AVe Figure 11: Circuit for Problem 11 In the circuit shown above, it is known that both MI & M2 operate in saturation, Further, k, A and W/L for both transistors is the same. The threshold voltage of M2 is slightly larger than that of MI, by an amount AVr. Determine I. Assume AV; < Vi Problem 12 Figure 12: Circuit for Problem 11 ‘The small signal equivalent circuit of an amplifier is shown above. MI is assumed to be in saturation, with transconductance gm and output conductance gp. Deter mine the Norton equivalent looking in at A, as well as the Thevenin equivalent looking in at B. What happens to these equivalents when gm — 00?om Ge = dp Mi + doe % * tea * 4, (-%,) 2 YN By M2 bs Df Thy cee -2 = ¥y%* uv + aay 4 (yt) - Yo L = (m7 B2) Vi + Gat 4s)Va Bie? Git ye \ fey Oke 2 Ste = Sm“ G2 dre = 7 de Boe = YJntYs=D Yat ove Sit Diet Yre Ysr Yoo * Bre K- Parameters kX x For Some -pork ruhoorks iE may nat be poyible Jo gre Z ch YY parameton Cex: dead trans rmen) vy hy hia 1, Bo © Via hee Ve Nye hu Dy + hao Ty = hyd + hia 2a% Equivalent Greak fr h-parawutin modal is as above * Thun te Crit tr gumhon can be suprmuntid as ter tre Y- paramo Vie 4,2, + 4.0, VCE eae at Carceent Hrnouh Ink neistsy = V\-Vo \oK 1 Bur t,- Mi ap WE. ody Vie tok- 1 T's Va + IooT,+ Va - 0-1 sk lok Voi | t+ a |. t)- 99-42, Sk lok ———— BV2 = 9,'- 99-91, lok Cussonk throug 0k sunistor = oI Ly 333-31, ' 83-4 T,- 0-333 9, Thun the lok Statister Con be Seplactd at both sida as 33-47, = vi T+ Vo +919-97, Ck /33.) () |, 0:383T, can be suplaud a pot @ abo a! Te a <—+ | osk Sik ie sk v 334 (0-33 tool, at, q, °Vout a) Determine tu signs er ave feedback % Assume that tu signs a a3 ‘indleabed 4 Aus do Som seown Vy increan, © Vigup would decom Causing \, Ue decuan and would ty de desu Vz - Tha & mountaun Com back a 4a Nodtay: Theor the Assumed Signa 07% cork don -ve Flo operahon. b) Detirmime Your [Vin « Vout% Both Ry are connuchd m paral fo dial volbaye Sours Thexdpre hey have wo ket ~ Both Ry on twnmelid Oo i & GNO. Bub i wil) be of vitwal gad dun to -ve fb- Sty have no efter Vt Vin - Vouk Ri Ry = Yin Be °. Pe Bo ap 1. Ra FR,S&P OQ NW, 2K ie (t dim K Determine L and the Sinall signal volkap crou 1k Gt the dich is in RB, iE don not conduct. Under thin condihen, Noltaye aciy diode = Gxe = Qeie LV AQ Hone the diode mut be forward blond 6-Ve 2 VR + 2 2 Ny-Ny = 0-1V T+a: Ny Solving , Nye 28SV Nys QISV T= Qs mA The tneverwntal diode Surislann Ys Vos 2 6 = 173-30 t olsEC201 : ANALOG CIRCUITS QUIZ 1 — Maximum Marks 20 — TIME - 1 Hour Please explicitly state all assumptions you make. In your own interest, do not skip steps while working the prob- lems. NO CREDIT WILL BE GIVEN FOR ANSWERS WITH- OUT CLEAR EXPLANATIONS AS TO HOW YOU CAME TO THE SOLUTION. THE INSTRUCTORS JUDGMENT WILL BE FINAL IN THIS REGARD. 1 Problem 1 (10 Marks) (a) V (volts) RegionA | B Figure 1: Problem 1 ‘A new semiconductor device, the wormister, has taken the world by storm. The V-I characterstic of the de- vice, which is piecewise linear, is shown in Fig. 1(a). As a circuit expert, you are given the job of using the device to obtain incremental gain. You come up with the arrangement shown in Fig. 1(b), where R is a linear resistor and C' is an infinite capacitor. Y is the output node and we denote the incremental voltage at Y as vy. v, is the sinusoidal input signal. is a linear resistor. 1. In what region of the device characterstic will you bias, the device, so that you can obtain an incremental gain ? Why ? (2 Marks) 2. Determine the value of Fso that the incremental gain is, 4. (2 Marks) 3. For the value of F determined in part 2 above, find the value of Ibias that maximizes the amplitude of the in- put sinusoid one can use while avoiding distortion at the output. (4 Marks) 4, Under the conditions of parts 2 & 3 above, determine the incremental y-parameters of the two port (in the box) shown in Fig. 1(b). (2 Marks) 2 Problem 2 (10 Marks) BV vs 10K c c I 1M Mi \ u 10K i mB) aver 125A M1 : Vy=0.7V, (WIL) = 10, k=100 a/v? Figure 2: Problem 2 For MI in Fig, 2, assume that \ = 0. All other device parameters are indicated in the diagram. 1, Determine the signs on the opamp for negative feedback operation. (2 Marks) 2. Determine the quiescent voltage at the gate and drain of ML. (2 Marks) 3. What is the incremental gain “s+? (2 Marks) 4, What is the amplitude of the largest input sinewave for which the output does not clip? (4 Marks)Quig- | Solutions Vs Ve PCr) Veau =f (t+ai) & F(n)+ af ai i =p Av: OP Ae ot Jn Region -1 = ss Jn Region - —p BF 2 Bow . -8KM ai 0.35 In Regan =p of = o ot The Inevemental equivalint okt is R a Meo = # es Ns Rev ts v LL who. 7. of = at i Ho. jeeTor -ve vesistan, be Region -D, we gt amphfaton b) Reguived Increrunbal gain = -4 = b -8 = -4 Wp Rive Qk Ray ==> Re tok ©) Vetus Qf ak te end Y Sugion-P om IA, 1-4 mA - » Bian cusent must be at 1-2 mA b allow Man el A) Lreremental rehoork is Dye Wi bY Ne May Mi + Naa Vo. Yue Bl = Otms | ave Bel = - or ms Mi ly, .o Vi lyso ae =| = -OlmS i te | = 10-8 - Nilyo Nalyeo 0x8ms Saal -0:02S : BV 8 ice “© o== a A “ lok ol pt z =1@ aa Nz2 OIV ke Poon? loo pA/ ye Wet0 a) Assume samdom Slgm Kan + and B an - % Breck the Loop at tu op-omp ofp # Considar an Inowae in pekmHal or Y =b VQ inven —p Tp lnouaw Stree 2y> 185A —p V, gau up —> Volop at B gon op = Voltage oF X ga down Hose the @ssumud Signs arr Crunk.b) Catalan, ‘te bias print Sim op-cmp Is in -ve Mb Noe av S-lokxlaspA= S-1-as= 3-Isv Vp : Assuming operahon. in te saharhen suegion 2 las x 100 xlo [ Nos -2°7] => [Nas~ 0-7] > 08s => Vos: a ==> Vaz 22V Since \ing2 Vag-Vt =D Sahushon sugwn operohon A estinceeertal gain 6 de i” “9 1 Nis a= Ql = axiasxid’ _ Soo mS Ngo'r Os No skSinn ee %hs ‘to = JmV¥gs *SK = -g,, Vg XS K =D Wo -g,,x5k=-0-5 mSxSk= -2S Vs d) Srotng dennis Chen Bing Thien =D wrt ST non? bien = Jas = O-ASV 8m Soo Sahwehon Surrubi Min. dvaim voltage: 3715-25 Vy Max gate volkage + 8.24 Vs 3-15-45 Vy = 3-atv,-Ve =p 319-25 = Wt asvs =p aE 0-35 Vv Max Input amplihde dor dulovhon- Pree operahon ‘u mim [0-25 ,0-35| > 0-45 <Lec- 20 Noo rc Ga m4 Rs Mi + Pr Zhe o RL oo 4 ‘I B,, > —> a Zou 0 is * Circuit 8 Called @ Source Yellowen Swing limits % Total drain Cowum = Tig + Sm Ru Va Sind ltgmR. RL 2L 141 int Br cut ol Va, ng Ra ( x) sl cut of P * Nee Vot Vr Vp RB 4 Vaq Sint = Voy + Vy RatRe=> Vat Nop Ra + Vy ——> Lim Ry Sahwahon Ry+Ro 2 Largest @mplitudle = Mun (Vai sYan) ‘Incremmtal volt tonkrdld woul Source Slee Ye 2,30 Zy 28 ie Tout a We nud L Y R Ta Vy-Ny 1 => T: 3,, (V-%y) binut Similan Jo Vin | fmmon drain dh @rpliGer - But output 2 — Faken ak te dram aunt % This is also callid Hu teansconductance | transadwiittance ampli Hem ijys Sin Rr 9,, 90& Same biasing civeutt 2 for the common drei ckt Gem be umd Fora Brie Gms tours Vs dma o Vi e-Vs Ete RL On” * Nott that fr longs Gur toe -ve Mo enmun that tney emumbet Vas hrunt Suman go The ib te Jwanon woly Ve Vs x Also sing @notion Rp ak ddim gies Yes Vs - (Stow Ms is the Incremmlal cummnk doing down) Re x 4" x Thin cht is alno called phan split % Caleudati tn swing limitsCurrent Contnlled Caraemt Sousee KU NV tncreans, Tout musk deovone Toy = 0 (0-Vx) Nop r—4 tout = 1 (sugerdtin | 9.) Yin Zi 20 F am > % Called the Common ati ampliberec-ar # Sin no cuumt Powe Huouyh te gal, te capaitor ab the gee Is Shridty not vaca. —AW i 44 | “ec ~Nee The above cht & abo a common get ampliben wit biar done oning GNO and -Vee a [1 “Nec The Porhon in te bvaveds u an Ideal ccs. Rs AM, “2 fuel, a We suout - | : der gn 2 Ly % We have Fransormedl a down dwvunk owe unto Om ideol Cort sow. x Ter apie fn, int «Re - Rat Varn For g Re >>l p> hour = Us E Pheck MOSFET output impedance Replace He MOosFeT with inaumentol mod “Snes D ip +tQmVs Pie Lt wel ate Ones eae — bo Zaz Lll%= Wl - ! - % tie gt ° Gm as Zour = Rs Cgm%o) + % * The inpedame Re te Inpuk cunt soune gels mulhplied by (ItGun Yo) Kec-aa Common gale amplifier —> ‘Tnevemumtal Cecs Bm =P Zig Pago VEVS —> Common dirdum arapliferVecs —> Transadmittane amplify COCS —> Common gett amplifier CCV > Trans impedance mplifer LD onad Veup> Ri 4 Va - Re, 7 © =D oudure Vouk Vout -Riy < 0 ==> inouon Vout Compa Yay -Ri, with geourcl and hock Voup To decmam Vout Suck custont cub Le Om Vy with Jj, >? The portion in the geen cree 2s te Mos 2t Vouk To eremental Uy Sal. et id MosThin now super the incremental t cht & cove N 8m 29 =O = Vout = GR R . on in” “@ % Chatever cusont ib pudud in Vr, Hemaims 320 Ou Sin —S 0 =p Ain =O Zout LL aho Jew Tromsinopedance 2 oRSeca Amplifier analysis % Find tre operahna point * Replau all nonlincan elem with incrememnbal 2t det % Solve the linear ruhook for inewmuntal signals x “Hind the total volkay and total cummt at oll points * Swing Virnits Tavis. Capaciten — not avddabl KUn a large capacilov Noo Re % Tdeally, we sequin the invented Voltay drop ae C&C, te be ge.* Invwmmntal Volkoy Arrow C, Com be Rend by Considering the Theverim =k aoron 0, Raw Vane Vj Qa Vin Raye Ree Ralls o- ‘th. Zywoer Rat Yyors co cy Tor ey We Seqive WRC, >>! =p ¢, >>! IF Gohan 9 dh the minimuun feqpeny in the aignal Shrorlanty tr Cc, , Rae Re Ry 2+ OC, mut be chown SE C>> _t G9 CAL +Ru) oa Prone* CC, on call Coupling capacibons X Prin to due 15 KC coupling of 6, & Co © Fax de to ta high ftequemag poraiihic capcudew Aecs 4 tw MosFeT Lec-a4 le derived te n-Mos cy a considering a Simple 2 pak Me with one lommon terminal: Pmos transistor* PMos - Comivs in PMoS an hobs ~ The tonduchon Sour polmhal > galt polenhal \ipp Vo ° 7 Ss a _ . | - Ny tan go om \y above Ve = Nyq > Vr Ry conduchon- av T,: Bp “ox w [ Weo-\s) Vs - ver | W Veo ¢ Vas Vr 2 = a Mp Oe a [ (ss ) | Ven > Veg Vr % NMoS com Suck tuumt out | a node cohile Pmos Cam pu Cununk inl a node ¥ Nmos & Pmos com be bist In @ singe chip =p CrosSmal signal Gee Ya? Ya To = H.C, W Cy, sn) Wee 2 To Vsq-Nr Joo? co ¢ Ss 9m%5 Gq —— D * A propery bland Pmos ill Rave the same Stall Signal equivalent chk Tye L pp Gn W [wv leg ve (1425) \ des me 8 dn a CmMos proces Vi — Thulold fr Nos TN Vep —» ‘Thwheld for PMosD, —> Channd ligth medulahon & Nroos Dp —» Chan LenpPr modulahon Q Pmos Common Source AmpliBer ee de | Vg munk be vou Lorge. mw Add Coupling copacilors US suobin the GrphiBenRs SVs L ie @ RaliRg Vout -- “e Gro CRiIR,,) 3 fec-3s