HT Module 1

Introductory Concepts and Definitions
HEAT TRANSFER
Subject code:18ME63
Required Material: Heat
Transfer Data Hand Book
Note: This subject is included
highly with numerical problems
60:40
Department of Mechanical Engineering , SVCE
Heat Transfer
 Heat transfer is a physical process involving
transfer of heat from hot area to cold area
 Heat transfer occurs due to the temperature
difference i.e Driving force between high and low
temperature.
 Heat always flows from higher temperature region
to the lower temperature region.

1. Modes of heat transfer
Conduction
Convection
Radiation

Conduction
Consider rod exposed to the flame. The rod is heated at one

side and hold the rod at the other end. After some time you
can sense the heat. That means the heat is flowing from one
end to the other. This flow of heat is due to the molecules
arranged compactly in the solid rod.
Conduction
It is well known fact that when a molecule of any substance
gets energy from outside, the molecule gets energised. Then
it tries to move.
The molecules in the solids are arranged compactly. So
when molecule gets energised, it tries to move. As the
molecules are arranged compactly, movement is not
possible. So that it vibrates and passes the part of its energy
to the neighbor molecule. The neighbor molecule also gets
energised. It also starts vibrating and passes a part of its
energy to its neighbor molecule.
The phenomena of heat transfer from one end to the
other end by the molecular vibration is called
conduction
Fourier’s Law of Heat Conduction
Conduction occurs in the solids and liquids by molecular
collision and diffusion during their random motion.
According to the second law of thermodynamics,

temperature gradient is important for the transfer of heat
from the region of lower temperature to the region of lower
temperature. Fourier law of heat conduction based on the
temperature gradient. Hence Fourier law is considered as
the fundamental law of heat conduction.

Fourier’s law of heat conduction
It states that the rate of heat flow by conduction in
given direction is proportional to the area normal to
the direction of heat flow and the temperature gradient
in that direction.

Fourier’s law of heat conduction

Conduction
Then according to Fourier’s law
Where k=Thermal Conductivity of the material, W/m K

Convection

Convection Heat Transfer
• Process of heat transfer through the molecular
movement and collision is called convection heat
transfer
• The convection heat transfer to takes place a
medium is required.
• Molecules in the fluid are arranged loosely.
• When molecules gets energized it get exited and
starts to move randomly in a medium.
• Molecules colloid with each other and transfers
heat

Newton’s law of Cooling
• It is the fundamental law of convection
heat transfer
• Newton’s Cooling Law states that
the rate at which the heat loss
from a body is proportional to the
temperature of the body and
temperature of its surroundings

Newton’s law of Cooling
Consider a hot plate at
the surface temperature
Tw and fluid at the
temperature T∞, Flowing
parallel to the plate. As a
result of viscous force
velocity of the fluid will
be zero at the wall and
will increase to V as
shown in the fig.

• As the velocity of the fluid layer at the wall is zero, the heat
transferred only by conduction at the wall. The rate of heat
transfer at the wall is calculated by the Fourier’s equation.
• Newton’s law of cooling is used to express the overall effect
of temperature.
• Heat flux from hot wall to cold fluid according to this law is
expressed as
q=h(T∞-Tw)
If heat flux from hot fluid to the cold wall then
q=h(Tw-T∞)
Where q=Q/A W/m2
A= Surface area m2
h=heat transfer coefficient W/m2K or W/m20C

Radiation
• Rate of heat transfer through electro magnetic
waves is referred as radiation.
• Radiation does not need any medium (Solid
or fluid) to transfer energy from one region to
other.
• The energy transfer through is identified by
many scientists, stephen boltzman is first
person in the list if radiation scientists.

Steffen Boltzmann's Radiation law

• Energy emitted by the block body is directly
proportional to the fourth power of its
absolute temperature.

2. Types of boundary conditions
• There are three types of boundary conditions
• Boundary Conditions of I kind[Temperature
Boundary conditions]
• Boundary Conditions of II kind[Heat Flux
boundary Conditions]
• Boundary Conditions of III kind [Convection
Boundary Conditions]

Boundary Condition of I kind
These are also called Temperature Boundary conditions.
Consider a plate of thickness L as shown in the fig. Let
the boundary surface at x=0 be maintained at
uniform temperature T1 and that x=L at uniform
temperature T2

• In this surface temperature may be constant

(Steady state heat conduction) or vary with time.
• It is used when the temperature of the exposed
surface is to be measured.
• Prescribed boundary conditions at both surfaces
of the plate are given as
T(x,t)x=0≡T(0,t)=T1
T(x,t)x=L≡T(0,t)=T2
On the similar considerations boundary conditions
at the surface of the cylinder and sphere can be
determined.

Boundary Conditions of the II kind
• These are also called heat flux boundary
conditions
• When there is sufficient information about
energy interactions, it may be possible to
determine the rate of heat transfer and heat
flux on the surface.
• For the one dimensional plane wall, Specified
boundary conditions are


Boundary conditions of III kind
• These are also called B.C of III kind or Convective
Boundary conditions
• This is the combined effect of convection and
conduction.
• Consider a plate of thickness L, and Consider a
fluid lowing over a plate at temp T2 with h1at x=0
• For equilibrium , equating the conduction and
convection heat transfer
• Convection heat flux into the surface =
Conduction heat flux from the surface

Boundary conditions of III kind




5. Interface Boundary Conditions



3. General 3D heat conduction equation

• Generally heat conduction problems consists
of finding the temperature at any time and at
any point within a specified solid that has
been heated to a known initial temperature
distribution and those surface has been
subjected to a known set of boundary
conditions.

• Consider a plate in which

heat is flowing in all three
directions. A small
element is taken from the
plate and focussed on the
heat transactions in all
the three directions in the
element.
• The same element is
magnified and focused on
the study.

• Qx- Heat flows into the

element in X direction.
• Qx+dx-Heat flows out of the
element in X direction.
• Qy- Heat flows into the
element in Y direction.
• Qy+dy-Heat flows out of
the element in Y direction.
• Qz- Heat flows into the
element in Z direction.
• Qz+dz-Heat flows out of the
element in Z direction.

By making the energy balance,









3D conduction equation in cylindrical
coordinates



HT Module 1

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Introductory Concepts and Definitions

Department of Mechanical Engineering , SVCE

1. Modes of heat transfer

Department of Mechanical Engineering , SVCE

Consider rod exposed to the flame. The rod is heated at one

According to the second law of thermodynamics,

Department of Mechanical Engineering , SVCE

Department of Mechanical Engineering , SVCE

Department of Mechanical Engineering , SVCE

Then according to Fourier’s law

Where k=Thermal Conductivity of the material, W/m K

Department of Mechanical Engineering , SVCE

Department of Mechanical Engineering , SVCE

Department of Mechanical Engineering , SVCE

Department of Mechanical Engineering , SVCE

Department of Mechanical Engineering , SVCE

Department of Mechanical Engineering , SVCE

Department of Mechanical Engineering , SVCE

Steffen Boltzmann's Radiation law

Department of Mechanical Engineering , SVCE

Department of Mechanical Engineering , SVCE

Department of Mechanical Engineering , SVCE

• In this surface temperature may be constant

Department of Mechanical Engineering , SVCE

Department of Mechanical Engineering , SVCE

Department of Mechanical Engineering , SVCE

Department of Mechanical Engineering , SVCE

Department of Mechanical Engineering , SVCE

Department of Mechanical Engineering , SVCE

Department of Mechanical Engineering , SVCE

Department of Mechanical Engineering , SVCE

Department of Mechanical Engineering , SVCE

Department of Mechanical Engineering , SVCE

Department of Mechanical Engineering , SVCE

3. General 3D heat conduction equation

Department of Mechanical Engineering , SVCE

• Consider a plate in which

Department of Mechanical Engineering , SVCE

• Qx- Heat flows into the

Department of Mechanical Engineering , SVCE

Department of Mechanical Engineering , SVCE

Department of Mechanical Engineering , SVCE

Department of Mechanical Engineering , SVCE

Department of Mechanical Engineering , SVCE

Department of Mechanical Engineering , SVCE

Department of Mechanical Engineering , SVCE

Department of Mechanical Engineering , SVCE

Department of Mechanical Engineering , SVCE

Department of Mechanical Engineering , SVCE

Department of Mechanical Engineering , SVCE

Department of Mechanical Engineering , SVCE

Department of Mechanical Engineering , SVCE

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