Inter Sugar 1967 v69 n817

THE
INTERNATIONAL
SUGAR .JOU.RNAL
A TECHNICAL AND COMMERCIAL PERIODICAL

DEVOTED ENTIRELY TO THE SUGAR INDUSTRY
EDITED BY:
D. LEIGHTON, B.Sc., F.R.I.C.
M. G. COPE, M.I.L.
F. N. HOWES, D.Sc., I.S.O.
JANUARY TO DECEMBER
1967
VOLUME LXIX
PUBLISHED AT
23a EASTON STREET
HIGH WYCOMBE
BUCKS.
ENGLAND
1967
PANEL OF REFEREES
A. CARRUTHERS, former Director of Research, British Sugar Corporation Ltd.

F. M. CHAPMAN, Consultant and former Technical Adviser, Tate & Lyle Ltd.
K. DOUWES DEKKER,
Consultant and former Director, Sugar Milling Research Institute,
Natal, South Mrica.
J. EISNER, Sugar Technology Consultant.
N.J. KING,
Director, Bureau of Sugar Experiment Stations, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
0. WIKLUND, Swedish Sugar Corporation.
ERRATA AND CORRIGENDA

Pa ~w ~;). J.i lll' :!."(of t·ollllllll 1. Hrad ' ·V. ~ - ~lrKHER.lt.: A'' fo r"\'. N. ~fUKil~:R.lEE''.
Pa~~: t· :Hii. l.irl t!:! from hot tom of c•nlumu I . HP<~d '' :\£. \ '. Pt: ('HE:'IiK I~U " fur '':\1. ( '. PEt'Ht:Xl\1:\: .\ ..
Pa gt· i.t .-.:. Linr :W of column 2. HPatl" Mechanism ... reaction. I. .1 . .lt:w".
JlHjo! t' 2('5;J. Liner, of cohnnn :?. Ht•;l(i "\', ~- :\rn:.Ht:I\J t:lr." for ·· r \'. :\lrKHt:RJI·:A ''.
Pa~t· 28·"'· Lin e 14 uf l'olumn l. Omit " sug:ar".
P<•~ow :w-t. Line :! of ( ~niHlllll I. ltl'<ltl ''H. S :\YJT ~ KY'' for ''II. :'>AY.\T:OOKY".
Pa~ott' :~O i . Liu c :m of 1'0llllllll 2. Ht•:ul ''H . PEPJWl" :\ !'."for "H. I'. l'rt:RT.-\1'".
P:tjo!P :Jl:L l.i11 C' ~U of ('()ll tHlll 1. Head ·· I· kestose·· for "bketose".
l'll~ott' :n.·,_ Lilli' .. : from hnttmn of •·ollltllH 1. I{I'Hti "w•·mlmuw" fur "Hti'HlimiiH'C ".
Pall'' :1:1-1. l.inP ~ of 1:0 httn11 ~. Ht·;ld .. , .. t:. M.utTt~.o\tJ" for" \' . t '. \1.un:.u :" .
MADE AND PRINTED IN ENGLAND

BY
JOHN ROBERTS & SoNS
SALFORD
MANciiESTilR
International Cont1nts
Soc:ar Notes and Comments
Journal * * *
The Application of Thin-Layer Chromatography
to the Separation of Carbohydrates in Sugar
• Refining 3
By P. D. Berger and S. E. Borodkin
Editor and Manager:
D . LEIGHTON, B.Sc., F.R.I.C.
International Society of Sugar Cane Technologists,
Assistant Editor: Xlli Congress, Taiwan .. 8
M. G. COPE, A.I.L.(Rus.)
Agricultural Editor: Dust Control in a Beet Sugar Factory .. 9
F. N. HOWES, D .Sc., l.S.O.
By T. Rodgers, P. Swift and J. J. Gilbert
Part I
•
Sugar Cane Breeding in Barbados . . 14
[Summaries of the above articles in French, German
Panel of Referees and Spanish appear overleaf)
A. CARRUTHERS,
Former Director of Research, British Sugar Corporation Ltd. * * *
Sugar cane a&riculture . . 16
F. M. CHAPMAN,
•Technical Adviser, Tate & Lyle Ltd.
Sugar beet agriculture .. 18
K. DOUWES DEKKER,
Director, Sugar Milling Research Institute.
Cane sugar manufacture .. 19
J. EISNER,
Sugar Technology Consultant.
Beet sugar manufacture .. 21
N. J. KING.
Director, Bureau of Sugar Experiment Stations.
Laboratory methods & Chemical reports 23
0. WIKLUND,
Swedish Sugar Corporation.
By-products 25
Patents 26
Published by
The International Sugar Journal Ltd.
23a Easton Street, High Wycombe, Trade notices . . 30
Bucks.
Telephone: High Wycombe 29408
Cable: Sugaphilos, High Wycombe
Brevities .. . :.. 31-32
U.S. Sugar Supply Quota 1967 .. 32

Almual Subscription: 32s Od or $5.00 post free
Siogle Copies: 2s 6d or 45 ceDts p1u postage Jndex to Advertisers xxii
.. ··-"""~"'
.• •n'f\li w•
"' {\1~
~~~~!-.. i\\1.
xvi
SOMMAIRES ZUSAMMENFASSUNGEN SUMARIOS
Application de chromatographic a pellicule mince ala separation d"hydrates de carbone dans Ia raffinaiion de sucre: P. D. BERGER et
S. £. BORODKIN. /'ages 3-7
On passe en revue des methodes de chromatographic ii pellicule mince et cecrit une rapide IT ethode chromatographique,
routiniere, pour etude de Ia dynamique de ratfination de sucre. La methode emploit cellulose comme adsorbant et 7:2:1 2-propanol:
eau:acetate d'ethyle comme dissolvant. Pour Ia separation d'hydrates de carbone a deux dimensions on a developpe une methode
qui emploit deux differentes pellicules adsorbantes sur un seul plateau . On expose le melange des hydrates de carbone a
cnromatographie d'abord dans un sens sur kieselguhr ct cnsuitc dans I" autre sens sur silice gelatineusc. Des cxemples ctemontrent
des applications varices de Ia methode.
International Society of Sugar Cane Technologists, 13-erne Congres, Ta·1wan. Pages 8-9
...
On presente de details oes Presidents et Vice-Presidents des Sections nomincs pour lc 13-i:me Congres de I' I.S.S.C.T. en Ta·1wan,
1968. On donne les responsabilites et les actresses des Presidents et Vice-Presidents aussi que lcs activites de chaquc Section.
Controle de poussiere dans une sucrcrie bettcraviere. 1-erc partie: T. Rou<;ERS, P. SwiFT et J. J. GILBERT. Pages 9- 14
Dans cette premiere partie de leur article, les auteurs discutent les problemes crees dans des sucrcries betteravieres par Ia
poussiere, surtout de sucre et des pulpes betterav1eres, et considerent les elements de systemes de controle de poussiere et des facteurs
d'operation qui intluent sur Ia choix de systeme. On presente des informations sur le dessin de capot et de conduit et dispose en
tables des donnees sur les volumes d'echappement et v1tesses de transport typiques applicables aux equipements qui produisent de
poussiere. On presente un diagramme qu1 montre le rapport entre less quantites et les velocites d'air aussi que Ia perte de charge
dans le conduits circulaires de dimensions variees, pendant qu'un autre diagramme donne les equivalents circulaires de conduits
rectangulaires.
a
Elevage de canne sucre en Barbades Pages 14-15
C'est un resume de l'oeuvre etfectuee a Ia Station d'Experiences sur Varietes de Canoe ii Sucre en Barbades 1963- 64 et qui est
decrite dans Ia 31-er bulletin annuel de Ia Station. Le rapport concerne l'essais sur des varietes, des experiences sur l'espacement
de canoe a sucre, et Ia performance de varietes, elevees en Barbades, dans autres pays.
Anwendung von Dtinnschicht-Chrornatographie auf die Trcnnung von Kohlenhydraten bei Zucker-Raffination: P. D. BERGER und
S. E. BORODKlN. Seiten 3- 7
Man bietet eine Ubersicht tiber Diinnschichtchromatographische Methoden dar und beschreibt eine schnelle, gewohnheitsmassige
Methode, die auf die Untersuchung der Dynamik von Zucker-Raffination angewendet kann. Sie verwendet Zellulose als Adsorbens
und 7:2: I 2-Propanol :Wasser :Athylazetat als Li:isungsmittel. FUr zweidimensionale Trennung von Kohlenhydraten hat man eine
Methode entwickelt, die zwei verschiedenen Asorbens-Schichte auf derselben Platte verwendet. Zuerst wird das Kohlenhydrat-
Gemisch in einer Richtung auf Kieselguhr und dann in der anderen Richtung auf Kieselgel chromatographiert. Einige Beispielc
zeigen verschiedene Anwendungen der Methode.
International Society of Sugar Cane Technologists, XIII Tagung, Taiwan. Seiten 8- 9

Man gibt lnformationen tiber die Mitglieder, die zu den Vorsitzenden und stellvertretenden Vorsitzenden der Abteilungen des
...
I.S.S.C.T. ftir die l3te Tagung im Jahre 1968 in Taiwan ernannt worden sind. Die Verpflichtungen und Adressen der Vorsitzenden
und stellvertretenden Vorsitzenden werden in eine Liste eingetragt und die Aktivitaten jcder Abteilung dargclegt.
Staubkontrolle in einer Rtibenzuckerfabrik. Teil I. T. RoDGERS, P. SwtFT und J. J. GILBERT. Seiten 9- 14

In diesem ersten Teil ihres Aufsatzcs besprechen die Verfasser die Problcme, die in Riibenzuckerfabriken von Staub, besonders
aus Zucker und Rtibenpulpe cntstanden, verursacht werden . Die Verfasser bet rachten die Bestandteile von Staubkontrollsysteme"n
und Betriebs-Faktore, welche die Auswahl eines Systems beeinflussen . Sie bieten lnformationen iiber die Projektierung von Hauben
und Rohren dar und bringen in Tabellen Angaben Uber typische Auspuffvolumen und Transportgeschwindigkeiten, die auf
stauberzeugenden Einrichtungen beziehen. Ein Diagramm zeigt die Beztehung zwischen Luftmengen, -Geschwindigkeiten und
-Druckabfall in kreisfi:irmigen Ri:ihren verschiedener Gri:issen, wahrend ein anderes Diagramm gibt die kreisfi:irmigen Gegenwertc
von rechteck.igen Rohren.
Die Zuckerrohr-Ziicbtung in Barbados Seiten 14-15
Eine Zusammenfassung der m 1963- 64 auf der Forschungsstation fiir Zuckerrohrsorten in Barbados durchgefiihrten Arbeit,
welche in 3lsten Jahresbericht der Station behandelt wird. Der Aufsatz betrachtet d1e Untersuchung von Rohrsorten,
Rohrstandweitenversuche und die Ergebnisse, welchc mit in Barbados geziichteten Rohren in anderen Landern erhalten worden sind.
Aplicaci6n de cromatografia a capa delgada a Ia separation de carbohidratos en Ia refinaci6n de azucar: P. D. BERGER y S. E. BoRODKtN.
Pag. 3-7
Se presenta un examen de metodos de cromatografia a capa delgada y los autorcs describcn detalles de una n\pida ri1tina tecnica
para el estudio de Ia dimimica de refinacion de azucar. l:n csta tecnica, celulosa sc utiliza como adsorbente y 7:2:1 2-propanol:aqua:
acetato et.Iico como disolvente. Para separaci6n en dos dimensiones de carbohidratos, se ha desarrollado un metodo que utiliza
dos <iesemejantes capas adsorbentes sobre una sola plancha. AI principio, Ia mezcla de carbohidratos se somete a cromatografia
en uno sentido sobre kieselguhr y despues en el otro sentido sobre silica-gel. Se presentan unos ejemplos que indican varias aplica-
ciones de Ia tecnica.
International Society of Sugar Cane Technologists, XUl Congreso, Taiwan. Pag. 8- 9
Se presentan detalles de los Presidentes y Vice-Presidentes de las Secciones que han sido nombrados para cl13o Congreso de Ia
I.S.S.C.T. en Taiwan, 1968. Las responsibili<ia<ies y direcciones de estos senores estan recopilados asi como las actividades de cada
Secci6n.
Control de polvo en un azucarera remolacbera . Primera parte: T. RODGERS, P. SwiFT y J . J. GtLBERT. Pag. 9- 14
En esta parte de su articulo, los autores discutieron las problemas creadas en azucareras remolacheras por el polvo, en
particular de azucar y de pulpa seca. Ellos consideran los elementos de sistemas para control de polvo y los factores operacionales
qo~'henen influencia en Ia seleccii,n entre sistemas. Informaci on se presenta sobre el disei\o de capotes y de conductos y en tablas
parecen 'atos sobre volumenes tipicas de escape y velocidades de transporte aplicables a equipos que producen el polvo. En una
figura se muestra Ia relaci i•n entre cantidades de a ire, velocidades y ca idas de presi on en conductos redondos de varias dimensiones,
y en una segunda figura se muestran las equivalentes circulares de conductos rectangulares.
• • •
Crianza de calla de azucar en Barbada. Pag. 14- 15
Este articulo es un resumen de las obras de Ia Estaciun para el Ensayo de Variedades de Ca•1a de Azucar en Barbada durante
1963-64, una cuenta de que es dado en el Boletin Ar\ual de Ia Estaci i>n. Se. trata del ensayo de variedades, experimentos en
espaciarnento entre caiias, y Ia marcha en otras paises de variedades creadas en Barbada.
xvii
International Con14nts
Sucar Notes and Comments 33
Journal * * *
Engineering Analysis of Ion Exclusion for Sucrose
Recovery from Beet Molasses 35
By W. G. Schultz, J. B. Stark a nd E. Lowe
Part I
Editor and Manager: Dust Control in a Beet Sugar Factory .. 39

D. LEIGHTON, B.Sc., F.R.T.C. By T. Rodgers, P. Swift and J. J. Gilbert
Part II
Assistant Editor:
M. G. COPE, A.!.L.(Rus.)
Bagasse Products Co. Ltd. 43
Agricultura l Editor:
F. N. HOWES, D.Sc., !.S.O. Sugar Cane Research in Hawaii 44
• and Spanish appear overleaf]
Memorial to C. W. Murray . . 46
Panel of Referees
* * *
A. CARRUTHERS , Sugar cane agriculture 47
Former Director of Research, British Sugar Corporation Ltd.
F. M. CHAPMAN, Sugar beet agriculture .. 49

Technical Adviser, Tate & Lyle Ltd.
K. DOUWES DEKKER .
Consultant and former Director, Sugar Milling
Research Institute. Beet sugar manufacture 52
J . EISNER,
Sugar Technology Consultant. Sugar refining 54
N. J. KING . New books 55

0. WIKLUND, Laboratory methods and chemical reports 56

By-products 58
Published by Patents 59
23a Easton Street, H igh Wycombe,
Trade notices .. 62
Bucks.
Cable: Sugaphilos, High Wyco mbe World sugar production estimate, 1966/67 63
Brevities .. 64
Annual Subscription: 32s Od or SS.OO post free
Single Copies : 2s 6d or 45 cents plu~> postage Index to Advertisers xxviii
xviii

Analyse technique d'exclusion d'ions pour !'extraction de saccharose de melasse de bettuaves. I. Procedes· experimentaux et methodes
de conversion de donnees: W. G . SCHULTZ, J. B. STARK et E. LOWE. • Pages 35- 38
On decrit des essais sur l'emploi d'une colonne d'exclusion d'ions pour separer et extrairC:de saccharose de melasse de betteraves,
des variables de procede etant changees dans des intervalles d'importance commerciale. On a trace des courbes, a partir des donnees
experimentales, qui montrent les teneurs en solides de saccharose et de non-saccharose en fractions successives aussi que dans le
volume total de l"etlluent dans une course typique. Telles courbes montrent les fractions qui peuvent donner de sucre cristallisable,
et on a developpc une serie d'equations reliant des variables de procede _il !'extraction de saccharose pour une etude des aspects
economiques dans une partie suivante.
• • •
Controle de poussiere dans une sucrerie belteraviere. 2-c!me partie: T.~RoDGERS, P. SWIFT et J. J. GILBERT. Pages 39-42
On decrit lcs formes differentes de depoussicreurs disponibles et donne des details du procede employe dans une sucrerie de
Ia British Sugar Corporation, dans lequel des cyclones attrapent Ia poussiere des pulpes seches sortant du secheur. On considere que
Ia filtration est Ia forme Ia plus efficace de depoussierage : elle est surtout utile ou Ia poussiere est de valeur et ou un depoussierage
mouillc n'est pas pratique.
Bagasse Products Co. Ltd. Pages 43-44

On donne des informations sur Ia nouvelle compagnie etablie par Tate & Lyle Ltd. et S. Hille & Co. Ltd. pour Ia fabrication
de panneaux en fibre de bagasse sous le nom "'Bagelle"'. On montre des exemples d'objets en "'Bagelle", y compris des formes
moulces pour lc cabinet d' un appareil de television. On peut laminer des panncaux de "'Bagellc" de, pour exemple, papier qui a
·ete impregne de melamine et applique sous pression, afin de donner un panneau de haute densite qu'on appelle "'Bellamine". On
cite des applications possibles de tels panneaux.
a
Recherches sur canne sucre en Hawaii. Pages 44-46
Cet article est une condensation du rapport annuel (1965) de Ia Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association et traite de Ia transplantation
de semis de canne, cultive dans Ia pepiniere, !'irrigation, Ia n\colte mecanique, le desherbage, des insectes et animaux nuisibles et
des maladies de canne, des varietes de canne, Ia nutrition et des engrais, et le controle de maturation de canne.
Technische Analyse von lonenausscbluss zur Saccharosegewinnung aus Rilbenmelasse. I. Versuchsverfabren und Datenumwandlungs-
methoden. W. G . SCHULTZ, J. B. STARK und E. LOWE. Seiten 35-38
Man beschreibt Yersuche iiber die Anwendung einer lonenausschluss-Kolonne zur Trennung und Gewinnung von Saccharose
aus Riibenmelasse, bei welchen die Yerfahrensveranderlichen in handelsbedeutsamen Bercichen verandert worden. Die Yerfasser
stcllen die Yersuchsdaten graphisch dar, d.h. die Gehalten an Saccharosefeststoffen und Nichtsaccharosefeststoffen in aufeinander-
folgenden Fraktionen und im ausfliessenden Gesamtvolumen cines typischen Laufs. Solche Diagram me zeigen die Fraktionen, die krist-
...
allisierbare Saccharose geben konnen, und man hat cine Reihe Gleichungen entwickelt, die Beziehungen zwischen Yerfahrensver-
anderlichen und Saccharosegewinnung zwecks Untersuchung von okonomisehen Gesichtspunkten in einem spateren Teil herstellen .
Staubkontrolle in eincr Riibenzuckerfabrik. Teil II. T. RoDG ERS, P. SwtFT and J. J. GILBERT. Seiten 39-42
Die Yerfasser besehreiben die versehiedenen, verfiigbaren Arten Staubfanger und berichten iiber das Yerfahren in einer
Zuckerfabrik der Firma British Sug&r Corporation Ltd ., wobei der Staub an den aus dem Trockner austretenden Trockensehnitzeln
...
von Zyklonen erfasst wird . Als effektivste Methode der Entstaubung empfiehlt sich die Filtration, die besonders nutzbar ist, wo der
Staub wertvoll ist und die Nassentstaubung nicht praktiseh ist.
Bagasse Products Co. Ltd. Seiten 43-41

Man gibt lnformationen uber die neue Firma, die Tate & Lyle Ltd. und S. Hille & Co. Ltd. fur die Erzeugung von "Bagelle"·
Pressplatte aus Bagasse gebildet haben. Unter einigen illustrierten Beispielen von Waren aus ..·Bagelle" sind Formstiicke fur den
Schrank cines Fernsehapparates. Es ist moglich "'Bagelle" mit, z.B., Melamin impragniertem Papier, unter Druck aufgelegt,
zu lamellieren: das resultierendes Produkt heisst "'Bellamine". Mogliche Anwendungen dieser Art Pressplatte werden erwahnt.
• • •
Die Zuckerrohr-Ziichtung in Hawaii. Seiten 44-46
Dieser Aufsatz ist eine Abkiirzung des jahrlichen Berichts (1965) der Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association, und betrachtet die
Umpflanzung von in der Pflanzsehule geziichteten Samlingen, Bewasserung, mechanisierte Rohrernte, Unkrautkontrolle, Schadlinge
und Krankheiten, Rohrsorten, Nahrung und Diinger, and die Kontrolle von Rohrreifung.
Am\lisis tecnico de Ia exclusi~n de iones como tecnica para Ia recuperaci6n de aruear desde melaza remolachera. Primers parte:
Proeedimientos expcrimentales y tecnicas para Ia conversion de dados: W. G. ScHULTZ, J. B. STARK y E. LowE. Pag. 35- 38
Se describen experimentos sobre el uso de una columna de resinas en un proceso utilizando Ia exclusion de iones para Ia
separaci6n y recuperacion de azucar desde melaza remolachera. En estos experimentos los factores qui afectan el proceso estan
variado dentro extensiones de importancia comercial. Una gnifica que ilustra los contenidos de sacarosa y de no-azucar en fracciones
sucesivas y en el volumen total de efluente de una corrida tipica se traza a base de los dados experimentales; tal grafica demuestra
las fracciones desde que es posible producir azucar cristalizable. Los autores desarrollan una serie de ecuaciones en que los fact ores
que afectan el proceso se relatan a Ia recuperaci6n de azucar a fin de examinar aspectos economicos del proceso en una parte
subsiguiente.
Control de polvo en un azucarerera remolachera. Segunda parte: T . RoDGERS, P. SwiFT y J. J. GILBERT. Ptig. 39-42
Los varios tipos de colector de polvo se describen y se presentan detalles de metodo, empleando ciclones, que se utiliza en
un azucarera britanica para Ia coleccion de polvo de pulpa seca a Ia salida del tambor secadoro. Los autores consideran que
filtraci6n cs el metodo lo mas eficiente para separaci6n de polvo, siendo especialmente util cuando el polvo tiene valor y colecci6n
humcda no es practica.
Bagasse Products Co. Ltd. Pag. 43-44
Se presenta informacion sobre Ia nueva compaiiia formado por Tate & Lyle Ltd . y S. Hille & Co. Ltd . para le fabricaci6n
de tajMas de bagazo marca ,.Bagelle". llustraciones demuestran unos ejemplos de articulos fabricado en ,.Bagelle" e incluyen piezas
prensadas,.,para un bufete de television. Es posible laminar ,Bagelle", por ejemplo, con papel impregnado con melamina, aplicado
bajo presillll para formar una tabla de alta densidad, marca. ,Bel~aminf. Aplicaciones posibles de esta tabla se mencionan .
Investigaciones sobre cai\a de azucar en Hawaii. Pag. 44-46

Este articulo cs un resumen de Ia Memoria Anual ( 1965) de Ia Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association, ye se trata del trasplante
de cai\a scmillera cultivado en plan tel, de cosecha mecanizada, de control de malas hierbas, plagas y enfermidades, de variedades de
caiia, de nutrici6n y fcrtilizantes, y de control de maduraci6n de cai\a.
xvii
International Contents
Snc:ar Notes and Comments 65
Joor1tal * * *
Ferrous Sulphate as a Decolorizing Agent for
Sugar Products .. 67
By S. G . Smart, A.R.C.S.T. , A.R.I.C.
Edilor and Manager: Dust Control in a Beet Sugar Factory .. 68

D. LEIGHTON , B.Sc. , F.R.J.C. By T . Rodgers, P. Swift and J. J. Gilbert
Assislan/ Edilor: Part III.
M. G. COPE, A .l.L.(Rus.)
Agricui/Ural Edilor: Sugar Cane Research in Trinidad .. 72

F. N. HOWES, D.Sc. , I.S.O.
An Improved Spectrophotometric Method for the
• Determination of Starch in Sugar Crystals 74
By Wei Chen and Mei-Wei H . Chen

Panel of Referees and Spanish appear overleaf)
A. CARRUTHERS,
Former Direclor of Research, British Sugar Corporation Lid. C. W. Murray Award 79
F. M. CHAPMAN, * * *
Technical Adviser, Tate & Lyle Lid.
Sugar cane agriculture 80
K~ DOUWES DEKKER ,
Consul!ant and form er Director, Sugar Milling Sugar beet agriculture 82
Research Institute
J. EISNER , Cane sugar manufacture . . 83

N.J . KING .
Director, Bureau of Sugar Experiment Stations. Laboratory methods and chemical reports 88
0. WIKLUND,
Swedish Sugar Corporation. By-products 91
Patents 92
Published by Commission International Technique de Sucrerie . . 94

The International Sugar Journal Ltd. 13th Congress, 1967
23a Easton Street, High Wycombe,
Bucks.
The late Dr. William E. Cross 95
U.S. sugar supply quota 1966 .. 96
Brevities I . 79, 94-96

Annual Subscription: 32s Od or $5.00 post free
Single Copies : 2s 6d or 45 cents plus postage Index to Advertisers xxvi
17 UJ.A. 2510
Sulfate de fer com me decolorant pour des produits sucres. S. G. SMART. Pages 65- 68
En precipitant d'impuretes d'avec de solutions de melasse et de sucre brut au moyen de sulfate de fer on a obtenu 80,0- 95,5%
de decoloration, dependant de Ia longueur d'onde. Le chauffage des solutions a 55'( avant !'addition du sulfate de fer a reduit
l'effet decolorant a 65 ,1-94,0% . Quelques des matieres colorantes ont etc separees d'avec d'cxtracts de bagasse par sulfate de fer,
ce que ne fut pas possible par benzene. On pense, que Ia methode devrait i·tre etudiee pour application possible dans l'usine.
Contr<'lle de poussiere dans une sucrerie betteraviere. 3-Cme partie. T. RoDGERs, P. SwiFT et J. J. GtLUERT. Pages 68- 72
Dans cette derniere partie, les auteurs discutent l'emploi de depoussiereurs electrostatiques et a voie hum ide. lis prescntent une
table dans laquelle les efficacites depoussierages de quelques depoussiereurs a voie seche se comparent et qui donne leurs frais
capitaux et d'utilisation . Apres une section sur de ventilateurs centrifuges, on considere les trois factcurs qui sont d'importancc
pour une explosion aussi que des mesures, par lesquelles on pcut limiter l'effct d'une explosion.
Recherches sur canne a sucre en Trinidad. Pages 72- 74
C'est un sommaire du rapport annuel ( 1965) de Ia station centrale de recherche d'agriculture de Tate & Lyle en Trinidad.
II traite de tels sujcts comme Ia maturation chimique de canne, Ia resistance de quatre varietcs de canne populaires it sel, des
cssais avec des engrais nitrogenes, des nouvelles varietes de cannc, ct le controle de Ia cercope (Aeneolamia mria saCI'harina) qui est
l'insecte Ia plus nuisible en Trinidad en ce concerne Ia canne .
•
Une methode spectrophotomc!trique amc!lioree pour Ia determination de !'amidon dans des cristaux de sucre. WEt-CHieN ct M E t-W~t
CHEN. Pages 14- 18
On compare des methodes pour determiner !'amidon dans des cristaux de sucre ct propose unc technique sur Ia base de c~llcs
de BALCH et de Tu et autres. On doit precipiter !'amidon avec l'alcool acidifie d'avec Ia solution a pH < 7. de sortc que lcs
matiercs colorantes dans le crista! soient retenues en solution. La solution de chlorure calcique doit i·trc chauffer pour dissolution
de !'amidon sur un bain-marie a un peu au-dessous du poi nt d'ebullition afin d'cmpicher Ia degradation. On separe lcs maticres
insolubles de preference par Ia centrifugation pluto! que par Ia filtration. L'absorption de lumicre do it •' trc mesurce it 570 m1•
plutot qu'a 700 111 1•.
Eisensulfat als Entfiirbungsmittel fUr Zuckerprodukte. S. G. SMART. Seiren 65- 68

Die Fallung von Unreinigungcn aus Mclasse- und Rohzuckcr-Uisungen durch Zusatz von Eiscnsulfat hattc zur Folgc cine
80,0-95,5':;, Entfernung von Farbe, in Abhiingigkcit von dcr Wellcnliinge. lm Faile dcr Erhitzung dcr Uisungcn auf 55' C vorm
Zusatz des Eiscnsulfats, sank der Entfiirbungseffckt auf 65,1 - 94,0':\- . Durch Eiscnsulfat "urde auch Farbstoffc in Bagassc-
...
Extrakten zum Teile entfcrnt , was durch Benzol unmoglich war. Ocr Verfasser mcint, dass die Methode untergcsucht solltc, urn
die Moglichkeit von Anwendung der Methode in Fabrikcn zu bestimmen.
Staubkontrolle in einer RUbenzuckerfabrik. Teillll. T. RoomRs, P. SwiFT und J. J. GtLiltRT. S<'itm 68- 74
In dicsem Iemen Teil, besprcchen die Vcrfasser Ubcr die Anwcndung von clektrostatischcn und Nass-Staubfiingern. Sic stellcn
cine Tabelle dar, in der die Entstaubungslcistungsfiihigkeiten mehrerer Trockcn-Staubfiinger miteinandcr vcrglichcn wcrdcn und
ihrc Kapital- und Bctricbskostcn gcgcbcn. Auf cine Besprechung iiber Schleudcrvcntilatorcn folgt cine Scktion iiber Staubexplosioncn;
hier betrachtcn die Vcrfasscr die drci Hauptvoraussetzungen cincr Explosion, auch Massnahmen fiir die Begrenzung des Effekts
eincr Explosion.
Die Zuckerrohr-Untersuchung in Trinidad. Seiten 12- 14
Dieser Aufsatz ist cine Abkiirzung des Jahresbcricht s ( 1965) der zcntralc landwirtschaftlichen Forschungsstation von Tate &
Lyle in Trinidad. Man betrachtet solche Thcmen wie chcmischc Rcifung von Zuckcrrohr, die Widcrstandsfiihigkciten von v,;er
populiiren Rohrsorten gegen Salz, Versuchc mit stickstoffhaltigcn Dungmitteln, neue Rohrsorten, und die Kontrollc dcr Schaumzirpc
(Aeneolamia raria saccharina), welchc das vcrdcrblichstc Rohr-Schiidling in Trinidad ist.
Eine verbesserte spcktrophotometrische Methode zur Bestimmung von Starke in Zuckerkristallen. WEt (IjEN und MEt-WEt CHEN.
Seiren 74- 78
Die Verfasscr vergleichen Mcthoden fiir Bcstimmung von Starke in Zucker-Kristallen und schliigcn cine Methode. die auf jencn
von BALCH und Tu mit Arbeitern beruht, vor. Die Starke solltc mit ansauertcm Alkohol bei pH < 7 aus dcr Losung ausgefiillt
werdcn, urn den Farbstoff im Kristall in Losung zu haltcn . Die Aufliisung mit Calciumchlorid-Liisung solltc durch Erhitzung der
Starke auf einem Wasscrbad bci cincr Tcmperatur ein bisschen unter Kp. durchgcfiihrt wcrden, um Abbau zu vcrhiitcn. Die Ent-
fernung von unliislichcn Stoffen wird vorzugsweisc durch Zcntrifugierung chcr als durch Filtrierung durchgcfiihrt. Die Licht-
absorptionsfiihigkcit ist bei 570 nm eher als 700 nm zu messen.
Sulfato ferroso como agente decolorizante para productos azucareros. S. G. SMART. Ptig. 65- 68
Precipitacion de impurczas desdc melaza y solucioncs de azucar crudo con sulfato ferroso dio como rcsulta una disminucion
de color en 80,0-95,5";, segun Ia longitud de onda. Cuando las soluciones sc calientan a los 55' C antes de adici6n del sulfato
ferroso, cl efccto dccolorizante se reduzca a los 65,1 - 94,0°/, . Material colorante en cxtractos de bagazo, que no puede mudarsc con
benzena, se remueve en parte por aplicacion de sulfato ferroso. El autor considera que el mctodo rcquicra cstudio quizas para
aplicarse en Ia fabrica.
Control de polvo en un azucarera remolachera. Parte Ill. T. RODGERS, P. SwiFT y J. J. GILBERT. Ptig. 68- 72
En esta final parte, los autores discuticron el uso de colectorcs de polvo electrostaticos y humcdos. En una tabla se prescnta una
comparacion entre las eficiencias de colecci6n de various colectores secos de polvo. Dcspucs de una sccci6n sobre cl sujeto de
abanicos centrifugos es un otra sobrc cxplosioncs de polvo, en que los autores considcran los trcs factores principales que se
envuelven en Ia ocurriencia de una explosion, asi como medidas para limitaci6n de los efectos de un tal incidente.
Investigaciones sobre Ia caila de azucar en La Trinidad. Ptig. 72- 74
Este es un condensaci6n de Ia reporte anual (1965) de Ia Estaci6n Central de Investigaciones Agricolas de Tate & Lyle Ltd. en
Ia Trinidad. Se concierne tales sujetos como maduramiento quimico de cana, toleraci6n a sa l de cuatro varicdades popularcs de
can a ; cxperimentos con fertilizantcs nitr6genos, nuevas variedadcs de cana, y control del salivazo (Aeneolamia raria sacc/wrina) Ia
pe~ plaga de Ia Trinidad.
Un met~ spectrofotometrico mejorado para Ia estimaci6n de almid6n en cristales de azucar. WEI CHEN y MEt-WEI CH~N. PtiK. 14- 18
Metodos para Ia cstimaci6n de almid6n en cristales de azucar se comparan y una tccnica que sc basa sobre las de BALC'H y de
Tu era/. se recomienda. El almid6n debe precipitarse con alcohol acidificado dcsde Ia solution a un pH menos de 7, para que Ia
material colorante del crista! se rctienc en solucion. Se disuelvc cl almidon en una solucion de cloruro de calcio por calcfacci6n en
un bano de Maria a una temperatura apenas bajo del punto de ebullici6n, para que su dcgradaci6n sc prcvicne. Es prcfcriblc
mudar los insolubles por centrifugaci6n que por filtraci6n , y medir Ia absorbencia a los 570 1111• longitud de onda que a los 700 mJ•.
Xi
Su;:ar Notes and Comments 97
.Journal * * *
Calculations on the Combined Milling-Diffusion
of Sugar Cane 99
Part I
By ,H.~ Briiniche-Oisen
Editor and Manager: Liquor Carbonatation 101
D. LEIGHTON, B.Sc., F.R.I.C. Part I. Impurity effects on filtrability
Assista; t Editor: By M. C. Bennett
M. G. COPE, M.I.L. Engineering Analysis of Ion Exclusion for Sucrose
Agricultural Editor: Recovery from Beet Molasses 104
F. N. HOWES, D.Sc., I.S.O. Part II. Data analysis and cost projection
ByiE. Lowe, J. B. Stark ·and W. G. Schultz
• The Direct Polarimetric Determination of Sucrose
in the Presence of Glucose and Fructose by
the Addition of Borax . . 107
Panel of Referees By Jose Fernandez Bertran, Joaquin Marin-
ello Marinello and Angela Lloreda Casado
A. CARRUTHERS,
Former Director of Research, British Sugar Corporation Ltd. [Summaries of the above articles in French, German
and Spanish appear overleaf]
F. M. CHAPMAN,
Technical Adviser, Tate &Lyle Ltd. Correspondence Ill
K. DOUWES DEKKER,
* * *
Research Institute Sugar cane agriculture .. 112
J. EISNER, Cane sugar manufacture 116

Beet sugar manufacture 117
N.J. KING,
Director, Bureau of Sugar Experiment Stations. Laboratory methods and chemical1 reports .. 120
O. _WIKLUND, By-products 122

Patents 123
Trade Notices .. 125

Published by
The International Sugar Journal Ltd. Commission International Technique de Sucrerie. . 126
23a Easton Street, High Wycombe, 13th Congress, 1967
Bucks.
Telephone: High Wycombe 29408 United Kingdom sugar imports and exports 127
United States sugar supply quotas, 1967 128
Brevities .. 126-8
Single Copies : 2s 611 or 45 cents plus postage Index to Advertisers XX
Calculs du moulage combine anc Ia diffusion de canne asucre. 1-Cre partie. H. BRUNK HE-OlSEN. Pages 99-1 01
On a developpe une equation theorique pour le calcul du rapport entre Ia teneur en sucre (polarisation) dans Ia bagasse et
celle-la dans le jus brut a partir d'un diffuseur continu. sous forme du jus dans Ia canne premoule, de l"ecoulement du jus a travers du
...
diffuseur, de Ia longueur du diffuseur et d'un facteur dependant de Ia nature de Ia canoe et sa preparation. L'equation sera employee
dans une partie suivante pour examiner les cffets de plusieurs de facteurs variables sur l"etlicacitc du diffuseur.
La carbonatation de liqueurs. J-ere partie. Les etfets de l"impurete sur Ia liltrabilite. M. C. BENNETT. Pagrs 101 - 104
On decrit de methodes pour determiner Ia filtrabilite d'une liqueur carbonatee par rapport it un essai latoratoire de filtration
aussi que des donnees operatoires de Ia station de filtration d'une raffinerie. L'auteur croit que le changement de filtrabilite avec
Ia dose de chaux et, ainsi, avec Ia concentration de carbonate de chaux, permet d'une certaine separation des effets mecaniques et
chimiqucs: com me illustration on com~are des resultats pour une liqueur carbonatee de Ia Republique sud-africaine avec ceux-la
pour une liqueur des Antilles.
L'analyse technique d'exclusion d'ions pour Ia se~aration de saccharose des melasses betteravieres. 2-eme partie. L 'a naly~e de
donnees et Ia projection des frais. E. LOWE, J. B. STARK et W. G. SCHULTZ. Pages 104- 107
On a applique des methodes statistiques a Ia conversion de donnees de performance obtenues pour une colonne laboratoire
(decrite dans Ia 1-ere parie: l .S.J., 1967, 69, 35-38) en equations qu'on emploie pour calculcr les frai s d'ur,e installation d'(chelle
commcrcialc op!rant sous des conditions aux Etats-Unis. Selon les frais d'evaporation de l'eau a partir du courant de produit
dilue. !'insta llation traiterait 5C- 120 tonncs de melasses lc jour et on pourrait recupcrer lcs frais complctcment ou presque complete-
ment dans une seule campagne de 150 jours.
La determination de saccharose en presence de glucose et fructose par Ia polarisation di1ute au moyens de !"addition de torate de
soude. J. FERNANDEZ B. , J. MARINEllO M. , et A. LlOREDA C. Pages 107- 111
Des essais dans lesqucls on a ajoute borate de soude a des solutions de proportions varices en saccharose, giLcose ct fructose
ont montre que des complexes se formaient avec tous les sucres et que Ia polarisation directe de saccharose en preser.ce des deux
autres sucres par !'addition de toratc de soude n'est r,as une methode analytiquc cxactc.
Bercchnungcn der Kombination von Mahlcn und Diffusion \'VII Zuckerroh. Tcil I. H. BRUNIC'HE-0LS I·N. Seiten 99- 101
Man entwickclt cir.e thcorctische Glcichung fiir Berechnung des Ycrhiiltnisses zwischen dcr Zuckcrgchalt (Polarisation) in
Bagasse und dersclbc in Diffusionssaft aus einem kintinuierlichen Diffusionsapparat. in dcr Form des Saftes im vorgemahlten Rohr,
des Saftflicsscns durch den Dilfusionsapparat, des in den Entv. Jsserungsmiihlcn fiir Riick fiihrung in den Diffusionsapparat cxtra-
hiertcn Saftcs, dcr Uingc des Diffusionsapparat und ci nes Faktors, der von dcr Natur des Roh rs und seine Bcreitung abhiingt.
Man wird die Gleich11ng in eincm folgenden Tcil an\\cnden. um die Einwirkungcn von mehrcren verii nderlichen Faktoren auf die
Leistungsfiihigkeit des Di lrusion~apparates ,u uforsche n.
Likor-Saturation. Teil I. Einwirkungen von Unrcinhcit auf Filtricrbarkeit. M. C. BENNETT. Seitm 101 - 104
Man bcschrcibt Methoden fiir Bcstimmung der Filtricrbarkeit von Saturationslikoren, mit Beriicksichtigung auf ein laboratoriums-
filtrationsversuch auch auf die Betriebsangaben der Filtrationsst~tion einer Raffinerie. Man glaubt, cass die Yeriinderung von
Filtrierbarkeit mit Kalkdosis und , daher. mit Konzcn tration von Calciumcarbonat ein wenig Trcnnung von mechanischen und
chemischen Einwirkungen ermiiglicht : a is Beispiel vergleicht man ci nigc Ergebnisse Wr einen saturierten. si.idafrikani schen li kor
mit dense! ben flir eincn \\Cstindischcn l ike r.
Technische Analyse von lonenausscbluss filr Saccharose-Gewinnung aus Riibenmelasscn. Teil 2. Datenanalyse und Kostenpro-
jektierung. E. LowE, .f. B. STARK und W. G. ScHULTZ. Seiten 104- 1 07
Man hat statistisehe Methoden flir Umv.andlung von Leistungsangaben einer Laborkolonne (in Teil I beschricben: l.S.J.. 1967,
69, 3S- 3R) in Gleichungen angcv.andt: diese Glcichungen vcrwendet man fi.ir die Bcrechnung der Kosten eincr Anlage von
volltcchnischer Grosse, welche untcr in den Yereinigten Staaten bestehenden Yerhiiltnissen arbcitet. In Abhiingigkeit von den
Kosten der Ycrdampfung von Wasse r aus dcm Strom von verdi.inntem Produkt, wi.irdc die Anlage tiiglich 50- 120 Tonncn von Melasse
bchandeln. und man wi.irdc ihre Kosten v611ig oder ganz vo llig in einer Kampagne von 150 Tagcn ausgleichen.
* * •
Die dirckte polorimetrische Bestimmung von Saccharose in drr Gcgenwart von Glukose und Fruktosc mittcls Borax-Beifiigung. J.
FERNANDEZ B., J. MARINEllO M., und A. lr.c:IIW" C. Seitm 107- 111
Yersuche, in den Borax zu L6sungcn von verschiedcncn Verhaltriissen an Saccharose.G iuk osc und Fru ktose hinzugcfiigt wurde,
zeigtcn, dass Komplcxe mit allen dr~i Zuckern sich hildeten, und dass die dirckte Polarisation von Saccharo<e in der Gegenwart
der anderen zwd Zucker mittcls Borax-Bcifiigung nich t cine exakte analytischc Methode ist.
Calculos de Ia molicnda/difusion combinada de cana de azucar. Parte I. H. BRuNIC'HE-OlSioN. Pal(. 99- 101
Un ecuacion teorica sc desarrolla para calcular Ia rclacion entre pol en bagazo y pol en jugo de difusion en el caso de un difusor
continuo, en terminos del jugo en Ia cana pre-molida. el caudal de jugo dentro el difusor, el jugo cxtraido por los molinos
deshumedecedores para vuelta al difusor, Ia longitud del difusor y un factor que depiende de Ia naturaleza de Ia cana y de su
preparacion. El ccuacion se usanl en una parte su bsigu iente para examinar los efcctos de unos factores variables sohrc Ia
eficiencia del difusor.
Carbonatacion de licor. Parte I. Efectos de impurezas sobre Ia fiUrabilidad. M. C. BENNHT. Pag. 101 - 104
Metodos para amillarar Ia filtr:-bilidad de licor carbonatado se describen con refercncia a una prueba de laboratorio de Ia
filtracion y tambicn a dados de Ia rr.archa del cstacion de filtros de Ia refineria . El au tor sugicre que el cambio de filtrabilidad
con dosis de cal, y por consecuencia concentracion de carbonato de calcio, permi tc una scparacion parcial de efectos quimicos y
mecanicos: como ilustracion , se comparan resultados de un licor carbonatado originado en Sud-Africa con los de un licor de las lndias
Occidentales Britanicas.
Analisis tecnico de Ia exclusion de iones como tecnica para Ia recuperacion de azircar desde melaza remolachera . Parte II. Analisis
de dauos y proyecci6n de costos. E. LowF. J. B. ST"RK y W. G. ScHUlTZ. Pag. 104- 107
Tccnicas estadisticas se usen para convcrtir dados de operation de una columna de laboratorio (que se describe en Parte I:
l .Si.J. , 1967, 69, 35- 38) a ecuaciones que se usen para calcular los costos de una planta de csca la comercial que opera sobre
condiciQnes que aplican en los E.U.A. Dependiente del costo de evaporacion de agua del corriente de producto diluido, Ia planta
tratia 5~120 toneladas de melaza diariamente y Ia in version seria completamente o casi complctamcntc rccupcrada en una sola
campana de 150 dias.
La determinaei6n polarimctrica directa de sacarosa en Ia presencia de ~lucosa y fructosa por Ia adici6n de borax. J. FERNANDEZ B.,
J. MARINElLO M. y A. lt.OREDA C. Pal(. 107- 111
Ensayos en que borax se a1iade a soluciones de varias proporciones de sacarosa, glucosa y fructosa indican que complcxos se
forman entre el borax y los Ires azucares y que Ia polarizacion directa de sacarosa en Ia presencia de los dos otras azircares no es
un metodo cxacto de analisis. > •
Xi
Sucar PAGE
Notes and Comments 129

Journal
* * *
Calculations on the Combined Milling-Diffusion

of Sugar Cane 131
Editor and Manager :
D. LEIGHTON, B.Sc., F.R.I.C. Part II
By H. Briiniche-Olsen
Assistant Editor:
M. G. COPE, M.I.L
A Procedure for Computing and Determining Solids
Agricultural Editor: in Syrups and Beverages Formulated with
F. N. HOWES, D.Sc., I.S.O. Medium Invert Sugar 134
Part I
By G. J. Marov
Sugar Mill Research in Natal during 1965. . 136

Panel of Referees
A. CARRUTHERS , Sugar Cane Agriculture in Mauritius .. 138

F:~rmer Director of Research, British Sugar Corporation Ltd.
Consultant and Technical Adviser. Tate & Lyle Ltd.
K~ DOUWES DEKKER, Sugar cane agriculture .. 140

Resaarch Institute.
J. EISNER,
Sugar Technology Consultant. Beet sugar manufacture 146
N. J. KING,
New books 149
Director, Bureau of Sugar Experiment Statioi!S.
0 . WIKLUND, Laboratory methods and chemical reports !51

Patents 153
Published by
Trade notices 157
23a Easton Street, High Wycombe, International Society of Sugar Cane Technologists 159
Bucks. 13th Congress, !968
World Net Sugar Import Requirements, 1967 160
Brevity 160
Single Copies : 2s 6d or 45 cents plw; postage Index to Advertisers xxvi
... t
~~~a~~ n1~~nu1~1a~
t o
n c't 'tift
Calculs du moulage combine avec Ia diffusion de canne a sucre. 2-eme partie. H. BR0NtCHE-0LSEN. p. 131 - 134
On applique !'equation presentee dans Ia premiere partie de cet article au calcul de l'efficacite de diffuseurs DDS employes pour
le traitement de canne a sucre, sur Ia base des experiences avec deux des trois installations en operation. Des resultats sont donnes
sous forme de graphiques. Pendent qu'on ne peut pas representcr Ia preparation de Ia canne par une description numerique, definie,
l'emploi d'un facteur empirique donne des resultats qui indiquent les effets sur le broyage combine avec Ia diffusion de canne de
certains parametres tels que le soutirage, Ia leneur en fibre, etc.
Un procede pour computer et ·determiner Ia teneur en mati~res seches des sirops et boissons prepar~s de sucre inverti "moyen" .
1-erc partie. G. J. MAROV. p. 134- 136
Le sucre inverti "moyen" (un melange de 50~6 sirop de saccharose et de 50% sirop de sucre inverti) esllres employe par l'industrie
de boissons nonalcooliqucs. Cependant, il cause des differentes proprietes physiques des sirops de sucre inverti Ia teneur en matieres
scchcs, determinec au moyen de l'areometrc Brix ou avec refractometrc gradue pour saccharose, ne concordent pas avec Ia teneur
en matieres seches calculee. L'auteur presente sous forme de graphiques des corrections calculecs pour les respectivcs valeurs
obtenues avec areometre ct refractometre.
Recherches sur !'operation de sucreries au Natal en 1965. p. 136-138
C'est une revue des recherches effectuees par !'Institute des Recherches de Fabrication de Sucre (Sugar Milling Research
Institute) en 1965 et qui concernent des aspects varies de procedes dans Ia sucriere el des problemes allies.
L'agriculture de canne a sucre il Maurice. p. 138- 139

On donne une sommaire du rapport annuel (1965) de l'lnstitut des Recherches Sucrieres de l'lle Maurice. Le rapport traite de
varietcs de canne cultivees il Maurice, l'elevage et Ia selection de canne, les maladies de canne, des insectes el animaux nuisibles,
Ia nutrition et les sols de terrains de canne, et des autres sujels concernant Ia cannc a sucre.
Bcrechnungen dcr Kombination von Mahlen und Diffusion von Zuckerrohr. Teil2. H. BRiiNICHE-OLSEN. S. 131 - 134
Die im estcren Teil dieses Aufsatzes gegcbene Gleichung wird zur Berechnung der Leistungsfiihigkeit von DDS-Rohrdiffusions-
apparaten auf der Base von Erfahrungen mil zwei von den drei jetzt in Betrieb sich findcndcn Anlagen angewendet. Die Ergebnisse
werden graphisch dargestellt. Wahrend man kann die Rohrbereitung durch cine bestimmte, numerische Beschreibung nicht
rcpriisentieren, durch Anwendung cines empirischen Faktors kann man Ergebnisse crhalten, welchc die Einwirkungen von solchen
Parametern wie Saftabzug, Rohrfasergehalt, usw. auf die Zuckerextraktion durch Mahlen und Diffusion zeigen.
Einc Methode mr Bcrcchnung und Messung von Feststoffgehalt in Sirupen und Getriinken, die aus sogenanntem Mittelinvertzucker
bcstehen. Teil I. G. J. MAROV. S. 134-136
Der sogenannte Mittclinvcrtzuckcr (ein Gcmisch von 50~;, Saccharose-Sirup und 50"1, lnvertzucker-Sirup) wird fiir die Erzcugung
von alkohol-frcien Getriinken viel angewandt. Jedoch, wegen der verschicdenen physikalischen Eigenschaften des lnvertzuckcr-Sirups,
stimmcn die Fcststoffgehalt, wie mit einem Brix-Ariiometer oder mit eincm fUr Saccharose kalibrierten Refraktometer bestimmt,
nicht mit der bcrechnelcn Feststoffgehalt iiberein. Korrektioncn. fiir die Ariiometer- beziehungsweise Rcfraktomcter-Werte berechnet,
wcrdcn graphisch dargcstellt.
Zuckerfabrik-Erforschungsarbeiten in Natal in 1965. S. 136-138
Diese Ubersicht von Erforschungsarbeiten, vom lnstitut flir Zuckerfabrikationserforschung (Sugar Milling Research Institute)
in 1965 durchgefiihrt, umfasst verschiedcnc Aspekte von Zuckcrfabrikvcrfahren und verbiindene Probleme.
Zuckcrrohrlandwirtschaft in Mauritius. S. 138- 139

Dies ist cine Abkiirwng des Jahresberichts (1965) des Mauritius Sugar Industry Research Institute und umfasst die in Mauritius
angcbauten Zuckerrohrsortcn, Rohr-Ziichtung and -Auswahl, Rohrkrankheiten, Rohrschiidlinge, die Nahrung and Erden des Rohr-
landes, und andere verschiedene Arbeitsbereiche.
C~lculos de Ia molicnda/difusi6n combinada de caila de azticar. Parte U. H. BR0NICHE-0LSEN. Pal(. 131 - 134
El ecuaci6n desarollado en Parte I de este articulo se usa para calcular Ia eficiencia de difusores marca DDS usado para tratar
cana de azucar, basando los calculos sobre experiencias ganado con dos de las tres unidades en operaci6n. Los resultados se presentan
en forma grafica. Aunque Ia preparaci6n de cai'ia no puede represenlarsc como una dcscripci6n numcrica precisa, el uso de un factor
empirico da resultados que indican los cfcctos sobrc Ia molienda/difusi6n de caila de tal parametros como tiro, libra ·~: . caiia, etc.
Un procedimiento para computar y determinars61idos en siropes y bebidas formulado con azucar medio-inwrtido. Parte I. G. J. MAROV.
Pag. 134- 136
Azucar medio-inverlido, una mezcla de siropes de sacarosa y de azucar invertido, se usa anchamente en Ia industria de rcfrescos.
No obstante, a causa de las difercntes propriedades fisicas del sirope de azucar invertido, cl contenido de s61idos misurado con un
are6metro Brix o un refract6metro, calibrado para sacarosa, no es en concordia con el contenido calculado. Correccioncs que sc
han calculado para los valores hidrometricos y rcfractometricos se presentan en forma grafica.
Investigaciones sobre operaciones de fabrica en Natal en 1965. Pdg. 136-138

Es un examen de las investigaciones de Sugar Milling Research Institute durante el ano 1965 que cubre varios aspectos de las
operaciones de Ia fabrica de azucar y problemas asociadas .
•
Agricultura de Ia calla de azilcar en Mauricio. Pag. 138- 139
Un sul'l4;lrio se prescnta de Ia Reporte Anual (1965) del Mauritius Sugar Industry Research Institute. El trata de las varicdadcs
de caiia que sc cultivan en Mauricio, la crianza y selecci6n de cai'ia, enfermidades y plagas de cana, nutrici6n y suelos de las tierras
caiieras, y varias otras lineas de trabajo.
XV
Suc:ar
.Journal PAGE
* * *
Editor and Manager:
Assistant Editor: A Procedure for Computing and Determining

M. G. COPE, M.I.L. Solids in Syrups and Beverages Formulated
with Medium Invert Sugar 163
Agricultural Editor:
Part II
By G. J. Marov
•
Sugar Explosion in Holland 169
Water Hyacinth Control 172

Panel of Referees
A. CARRUTHERS,
F. M. CHAPMAN,
* * *
Consultant and former Technical Adviser, Tate & Lyle Ltd.
K. DOUWES DEKKER,
Sugar cane agriculture .. 173
Research Institute.
1. ElSNER, Cane sugar manufacture . . 177

N. J. KING,
New books 182
0 . WIKLUND,
Laboratory methods and chemical reports 183
Patents 185
Published by
23a Easton Street, High Wycombe, Trade notices .. 188
Bucks.
Cable: Sugaphilos, High Wycombe European Sugar Beet Area Estimates 1967 192
Brevities .. 191-2
Annual Subscription : 32s Od or $5.00 post free
Single Copies : 2s 6d or 45 cents piUII posta&e Index to Advertisers xxiv
tl .. t
..,fj~(\~" fl1~r'JY1U11'11~1111
21 a.n. M
xvi
Un procede pour computer et determiner Ia teneur en matibes seches de sirops et hoissons prepares de sucre inverti "moyen". 2-Cme
partie. G. J. MAROV. p . 163-169
On donne des tables qui montrent le poids total et le poids des matieres seches des sucres dans un volume donne de solution de
' ucrc inverti ··moyen" en fonction de Ia valeur Brix. Les tables comprennent les valeurs Brix dans Ia gamme 0-80" et donnent le
rapport entre le poid s et le volume sous forme de lb/imperial gallon, lb/U.S. gallon et g/litre. A I'aide de cettes tables on peut calculer
lc Urix il refractometre, it arcometre et le Brix " reel" d'une formulation don nee. Cette application est illustree par des exemples.
Explosion de sucre en Hollande. p. 169-172

Un rapport sur une explosion de poussiere qui est arrivee dans Ia sucrerie de Ia Friesch-Groningsche Cooperatieve Beetwortel-
suikcrfabriek en Raffinaderij G.A. it Groningen le 3 Mai 1965. L'explosion a etc cause de beaucoup de dommage aux elevateurs et
it l"imprimerie. On discute Ia cause possible de !'explosion et les mesures recommandees par le comite d'investigation pour
l'cmpichcmcnt d'une explosion a l'avenir.
Controle de Ia jacinthe d'eau (Eichhornia crassipes). p. 172

On discute le controle de Ia jacinthe d'eau, regardee comme une des plus mauvaises herbes du mondc, qui bloque les cours
d'eau ill'intericur d'un pays aussi que les canals pour drainage et irrigation. On donne les details d'une methode employant I' herbicide
2,4-D qui s'a montre dans des essais au Queensland plein de promesses a l'egard au desherbage de Ia p!ante.
Einc Methode fUr Berecbnung und Messung vom Feststoffgebalt in Sirupen und Getranken, die aus sogennantem Mittelinvertzucker
bestchen. Teil 2. G. J. MAROV. S. 163- 169
Man stellt Tabel!en dar, welche das Gesamtgewicht und des Gewicht des Fests olfes in den Zuckern pro Volumeneinheit von lnvert-
zucker-Losungen in Abhiingigkeit von der Brix-Konzentration zeigen. Sie beziehen sich auf den Brix-Bereich von 0-80" und geben
das Vcrhiiltnis zwischen Gewicht und Volumen in der Form von lb/lmperial gallon , lb/U.S. gallon und g/Litcr. Die Tabellen haben
zum Zweck die Berechnung von der refraktometrischen, areometrischen und "wirklichcn" Brix-Wert einer gegebenen Formulierung.
Diese Anwendung wird mit Beispielen illustriert.
Staubexplosion in den Niederlanden. S. 169-172

Eine Zusammenfassung der Bericht Uber cine Staubexplosion in der Zuckerfabrik der Firma Friesch-Groningsche Cooperatieve
Beetwortelsuikerfabriek en Raffinaderij G.A. in Groningen am 3. Mai 1965 wird gegcben. Die Explosion verursachte betriichtlich':ll
Schaden an die Zuckerelevator und an die Druckerei. Man bespricht die mogliche Ursache wie auch die von der Untersuchungs-
kommission vorgeschlagenen Massnahmen, um cine Explosion in Zukunft zu verhUten .
Kontrolle von Wasserbyacinthe (Eichhornia crassipes) S. 172

Man bespricht die Wasserhyacinthe, die als eine der schiidlichsten Pflanzen in der Welt angesehen wird, weil sie Binnenwasser-
strassen und Entwiisserungs- und Bewasserungskanale versperrt. Man gibt Einzelheiten einer Methode mit 2,4-D-Unkrautvertil-
gungsmittel, das in Versuchen in Queensland sich als vielversprechend fiir Bekiimpfung des Unkrauts erwies.
Un procedimiento para computar y determinar s6Iidos en siropes y bebidas formulado con azucar medio-invertido. Parte II .. G. J.
MAROV. Pdg. 163- 169.
Se presentan en forma tabular el peso total y el peso de solidos azucares por gal6n de soluciones de azucar medio-invertido como
funci6n de Brix. Las tablas cubiertan un alcance de 0' a 80" Brix y incluyen Ia relaci6n peso :volumen en terminos de Iibras inglesas
por gal6n Imperial, Iibras inglesas por gal6n U.S. , y gramos por litro. Estas tablas han sido compilado para predecir el Brix
refractometrico, el Brix hidrometrico y el Brix "verdadero" de una dada formulacion . Esta aplicacion se ilustra con ejemplos.
Explosion azucarera en Holanda. Pag. 169-172

Se resume un informe sobre un explosion que occurro a Ia azucarera en Groningen de Ia Sociedad Friesch-Groningsche
Cooperatievc Beetwortelsuikerfabriek en Raffinaderij G.A . de Holanda el 3 mayo de 1965. El explosion causo daiio extensivo de los
clevatorcs de azucar y de Ia estacion de impreso. Se discutieron el fuente posible de Ia explosion y medidas que han sido recomendado
por Ia junta de investigacion para prevenir una repeticion .
Control del jacinto de agua (Eichhornia crassipes). Pdg. 172

Se dlscute control del jacinto de agua, uno de las peores de las malas hierbas del mundo, que cerra vias ftuviales interiores, y
canales de drenaje y de regadio. Se presentan detalles de un metodo con el uso de herbicida 2,4-D que ha sido mostrado en experi-
mentos en Queensland como Ia tecnica con Ia mas promesa para extirpar esta mala hierba.
XV
International Conltnls
Socar PAGE

Joornat
* * *
•
The Natural Cooling of Massecuites in Crystall-
izers . . 195
Editor and Manager:
D. LEIGHTON, B.Sc., F.R.I.C. By H. J. Spoelstra
Assistant Editor:
Bolivian Sugar Industry Development 197
M. G. COPE, M.I.L.
By D. H. Kampf, F.R.I.C.
Agricultura I Editor:
F. N. HOWES, D.Sc., I.S.O. 198
Liquor Carbonatation
Part II. Flocculation of CaC0 3
• By M. C. Bennett and S. D. Gardiner
Sugar Cane Research in Queensland 202

Panel of Referees
A. CARRUTHERS,
Former Director of Research, British Sugar Corporation Ltd. * * *
F. M. CHAPMAN,
c;onsultant and former Technical Adviser, Tate & Lyle Ltd. Sugar cane agriculture 205
K. DOUWES DEKKER, Sugar beet agriculture . . 208

Consultant and former Dir~ctor, Sugar Milling
Research Institute.
Cane sugar manufacture 209
1. EISNER,
Sugar Technology Consultant. Beet sugar manufacture .. 211
N. 1. KING, Sugar refining 214
0. WIKLUND, Laboratory methods and chemical reports .. 215

By-products 218
Patents 219
Published by
Tbe International Sugar Journal Ltd. Trade Notices .. 222
Bucks.
Telephone: Higb Wycombe 29408
United States sugar supply quotas 1967 223
Cable: Sugapbilos, Higb Wycombe
Indian sugar exports 224
Brevities .. 223-4
Single Copies: 2s 6d or 45 cents plus pOstage Index to Advertisers xxxii
l1~~o.~, nrJ..J0Vlml'l1~;
- 1 ~ttf\. 2S\D
SOMMAIRES ZU SAMM EN FASSU NG EN SUMARIOS
Le refroidissement nature! de masses cuites dans des cristalliseurs. H . J. SPOELSTRA. p. 195-197
On derive des formules d'approximation pour le calcul des temperatures de masses cuites qu'on attend au fin d'un temps
donne de refroidissement dans des cristalliseurs discontinus munis seulement de mecanismes melangeants et employant un
refroidissement naturel. On a determine des valeurs empiriques du coefficient de transfert de chaleur necessaires pour I' estimation
a
de Ia temperature de Ia masse cuite finale, panir d'essais avec un cristalliseur bas-produit dans une sucrerie betteraviere. Les tem-
peratures mesurees sont en bon accord avec les valeurs correspondantes calculees au moyens des equations sur un graphique de
refroidissement. On presente un nomogramme pour faciliter le calcul.
Le developpement de l'industrie sucriere en Bolivie. H. KAMPF.

• p. 197-198
On donne des informations sur Ia production et Ia consommation de sucre blanc en Bolivie, avec des details des contingents
de production etablis pour les trois sucreries. On mentionne Ia production et !'exportation de sucre brut aux Etats Unis et Ia
quatrieme sucrerie en construction pres de Ia frontiere argentine. L' importation d'adoucissants synthetiques pour Ia production
de boissons non-alcooliques et de confiserie est interdit par le gouvernement.
• • •
Carbooatation de liqueur. ll. Floculation de CaCO,. M. C. BENNETT et S. D. GARDINER. p. 198-202
A partir d'essais avec une liqueur westindienne et sudafricaine les auteurs ont conclut qu'un procecte de ftoculation joue un role
important dans Ia cristallisation de CaC03 pendant Ia carbonatation, et que quelques impuretes peuvent influer sur cette ftoculation,
de sorte que Ie degre de Ia conglomeration du CaCO, est reduit aussi que Ia filtrabilite de Ia liqueur tarbonatee. Puisque, quand
Ia cristallisation du CaCO, est complete, des changements additionnels de l'etat de Ia tloculation ont presque aucune influence sur
a
Ia filtrabilite, une inspection casuelle l'oeil nude liqueur carbonatee avant Ia filtration peut-i·tre ne donnera pas une indication de
sa filtrabilite.
a
Recherches sur canoe sucre au Queensland. p. 202-204
a
C'est une sommaire du rapport annuel (1966) du Directeur du Bureau of Sugar Experiment Stations Brisbane, et traite de
!'irrigation, des etudes sur Ia nutrition de canne, I'elevage de canoe dans une "serre a climat contriile'', des varietes de canne, des in-
sectes et animaux nuisibles, et le desherbage.
Die natiirlicbe KUblung von FiiUmassen in KristaUisatoren. H. J. SPOELSTRA. S. 195-197

Naberungsforrneln werden zur Berechnung der zum Ende irgendeines Ktihlungszeitraums erwarteten Ftillmassentemperaturen
in diskontinuierlichen, nur mit Ruhrapparaten versehenen und nattirliche Kiihlung anwendenden Kristallisatoren entwickelt.
Man hat empirische Werte des Warmeiibertragungskoeffizients, die ftir die Berechnung der endlichen Fiillmassentemperatur
notwendig sind, in Versuchen mit einem Nachprodukt-Kristallisator in einer Rtibenzuckerfabrik bestimmt. Die gemessenen
Temperaturen stimmen wohl mit den entsprechenden, mittels der Gleichungen berechneten Werten auf einem Ktihlung-Diagramm
iiberein. Ein Nomogramm wird zwecks Berechnungserleichterung gegeben.
Eotwicldung der Zuckerindustrie in Bolivien. H . KAMPF. S. 197-198

Informationen tiber Weisszuckererzeugung und -Verbrauch in Bolivien werden gegeben, wie auch Angaben der fiir die drei
Zuckerfabriken festgesetzten Erzeugungsquoten. Der Verfasser erwiihnt die Erzeugung von Rohzucker und dessen Export nach den
Vereinigten Staaten und die vierte Zuckerfabrik, die in der Nahe der argentinischen Grenze errichtet wird. Die Einfuhr von
synthetischen Siissstoffen fiir die Erzeugung von alkoholfr~cn c.etran~en und Stisswaren ist von der Regierung verbietet worden.
Karbooation von Kllre. ll. Aus0ockung von CaC0 3 • M. C. BENNETT und S. D. GARDINER. S. 198-202
An Hand von Ausflockungsversuchen mit einer wcstindischen und einer siidafrikanischen Klare, kommen die Verfasser zum
Schluss, dass ein Ausflockungsverfahren eine wesentliche Rolle in CaCO, -Kristallisierung wiihrend der Karbonation spielt, und dass
einige Unreinheiten diese Ausftockung beeinflussen konnen, so dass das Anhiiufungsgrad im CaC03 vermindert wird, unter Begleitung
einer Vemngerung der Filtrabilitat der saturierten Klare. Weil, wenn einmal die CaC0 3-Kristallisierung vollendet ist, weitere
Anderungen des Ausftockungszustands beinahe kcine Einwirkung auf die Filtrabilitat haben, wird vielleicht eine gelegentliche
Besichtigung mit blossem Auge der saturierten Klare vor der Filtration keine Andeutung iiber ihre Filtrabilitiit geben.
Zuckerrobrerforschungsarbeiten in Queensland. S. 202-204

Dies ist eine Zusammenfassung des Jahresberichts (1966) des Direktors des Bureau of Sugar Experiment Stations in Brisbane,
und umfasst den Bewiisserungszustand an den Versuchsstationen, Studien der Zuckerrohrnahrung, die Rohrziichtung in einem Haus
mit "kontrolliertem Klima", Zuckerrohrsorten, -Schiidlinge und -Krankheiten, und die Unkrautbekampfung.
El enfriamiento de masas cocidas en cristalizadores. H. J. SPOELSTRA. Ptig. 195-197

F6rmulas aproximativas se derivan para calcular las temperaturas de masas cocidas que pueden aguardarse al fin de algun
periodo de enfriamiento en cristalizadores de cargas, provisto con agitadores y usando enfriamiento natural. Desde experimentos
usando un cristalizador de bajo grado en un azucarera remolachera, el autor ha determinado valores empiricas del coeficiente
de transmisi6n de calor, necesidades para Ia estimaci6n de Ia temperatura final de Ia masa cocida. Temperaturas medidas concordan
estrechamente con los valores correspondientes sobre una curva de enfriamiento que se calcula por medio de las ecaciones. Se
presenta una nomograma para facilitar calculaci6n.
Desarrollo de Ia industria azucarera Boliviana. H . KAMPF. Ptig. 197-198

Un informe se presenta sobre Ia producciiin y consumo de azucar blanco en Bolivia, con detalles de las cuotas de producciiin
fijada para las tres fabricas. Se menciona Ia producci6n de azucar crudo y su exportaci6n a los E.U.A. Un azucarera-la cuarta-
se construye a cerca de Ia frontera argentina. El Gobierno ha prohibido Ia importaci6n de edulcorantes sinteticas para Ia
manufactura de bebidas y confites.
Carbonataci6n de licor. Parte II. Floculaciiin de CaCOa. M. C. BENNETT y S. D. GARDINER. Ptig. 198-202
Desde pruebas de ftoculaci6n de licor originado en las lndias Occidentales Britanicas y en Sud-Africa, los autores han concluido
que el proceso de floculaci6n juega un papel muy importante en Ia cristalizaci6n de CaC0 3 en carbonataci6n y que ciertas impurezas
pueden afectar esta ftoculaci6n de modo que el extento de conglomeraci6n en el CaC0 3 se reduzca, acompaiiado con una caida de Ia
filtrabilidsd del Jicor carbonatado. Pues que, cuando es completa Ia cristalizaci6n del CaCO,, cambios adelantes del estado de
floculaci6n estan casi sin efecto sobre Ia filtrabilidad, un examen casual de un licor carbonatado por el ojo inayudado no proveera
necesariamente algun indicaci6n de su filtrabilidad.
Investigaciones sobre Ia calla de azucar en Queensland. Ptig. 202-204

Bite es un sumario de Ia Reporte Anual para el aiio 1966 del Director del Bureau of Sugar Esperiment Stations en Brisbane. Se
trata del regadio, de estudios sobre Ia nutrici6n de caiia, de Ia crianza de caiia en una casa de clima regulada, de variedades de
caiia, de plagas y enfermidades, y de control de malas hierbas. '··
xvii
Suc:ar PAGE
.Journal Notes and Comments 225
• * * *
Editor and Manager:
D. LEIGHTON, B.Sc., F.R.I.C. Cane juice extraction at Malelane Sugar Mill 227
Assistant Editor: Sugar Refining-Notes on Unit Processes 231

M. G. COPE, M.I.L.
Part I. Carbonatation
Agricultura I Editor: By F. M. Chapman.
Commission Internationale Technique de Sucrerie 236

• 13th Congress 1967
Panel of Referees
A. CARRUTHERS,
* * *
F. M. CHAPMAN,
• Consultant and former Technical Adviser, Tate & Lyle Ltd. Sugar cane agriculture 239
K. DOUWES DEKKER, Sugar beet agriculture 242

Research Institute.
J. EISNER,
Sugar Technology Consultant. Beet sugar manufacture 245
N.J. KING, Sugar refining .. 247

. Director, Bureau of Sugar Experiment Stations.
0. WIKLUND, Laboratory methods and chemical reports 248

By-products 250
Patents 251
Published by
The International Sugar Journal Ltd. Trade Notices 254
Bucks.
U.S. sugar supply quotas 1967 255
Cable: Sugaphilos, Hiah Wycombe
International Symposium on Sugar Esters 256
Brevities .. .. 255-6
Sin&Je Copies: 2s 6d or 45 cents plu postqe Index to advertisers XXVI
xviii
Extraction de jus a canoe dans Ia sucrerie a Malelane. p. 227-230

On donne des details sur Ia diffusion de canne dans Ia nouvelle sucrerie et raffinerie a Malelane, au Transvaal oriental , dans Ia
Republique Sud-Africaine. La diffusion De Smet T.S. employee est Ia plus grande de cet type du monde, et peut traiter 250 tonnes
de canne a l'heure avec une extraction garantie de 97,5% de Ia saccharose totale dans Ia canne. On donne des informations sur le
moulin de 3 cylindres qui precede Ia diffusion, comme aussi sur les stations de Ia preparation de Ia canne, de l'epuration de jus et
de Ia filtration.
La raffination de sucre---Remarques sur des proc6des individuels. Jere partie. La carbonatation. F. M. CHAPMAN. p. 230-236
L'auter a ecrit cet article, le premier dans une serie, sur Ia base de ses experiences pendant 40 annees dans des raffineries. II
a compile !'article a partir de notes concernant des aspects nombreux de Ia carbonatation, avec des allusions aux pratiques dans des
raffineries varices du monde, surtout dans cettes raffineries avec lesquelles I'auteur avait des relations.
13eme Assemblee de Ia Commission Internationale Technique de Sucrerie 1967. p. 236-238

Onrapportesur Ia 13eme Session de Ia C.I.T.S. qui s'est tenue a Falsterbo (en Suede) le 5- 9 juin 1967 et qui a ete consacree a
Ia theme principale de Ia cristallisation de sucre aussi qu'aux aut res sujets d'une importance dans l'industrie sucriere. On mentionne
toutes les communications presentees et leurs auteurs, et donne des informations sur Ia sucrerie de sucre blanc a Ortofta et Ia raffinerie
a Arlov, visitees par les participants pendant Ia Session.
Rohrsaftgewinnung in der Zuckerfabrik Malelane. S. 227- 230

Einzelheiten der Rohrdiffusionsanlage in der neuen Zuckerfabrik und Raffinerie Malclane, in Osttransvaal (SUdafrikanische
Republik), werden gegeben. Der angewande De Smet T.S. Diffuseur ist der grosste seiner Art auf der Welt und kann 250 Tonnen
Rohr pro Stunde bei einer garantierten Auslaugung von 97,5 % der Gesamtsaccharose in Rohr verarbeiten. Ausserdem werden
Informationen tiber die vorm Diffuseur liegende 3-Walzen-MUhle wie auch tiber die Rohrvorbereitungs-, Saftreinigungs- and
Filtrationsanlagen gegeben.
Zuckerraffination-Anmerkungen iiber Einzelverfahren. Teil 1. Carbonatation. F. M. CHAPMAN. S. 231-236

Diesen Aufsatz, den ersten Artikel einer Serie, hat der Verfasser auf der Base seiner Erfahrungen wahrend 40 Jahre in Raffinerien
geschrieben. Der Artikel ist cine Zusammenstellung von Anmerkungen tiber zahlreiche Aspekte der Carbona· ation, mit Bezug auf die
Praxis in verschiedenen Raffinerien und L1indern, besonders in jenen Raffinerien mit welchen der Yerfasser verbtinden gewesen ist.
13. Generalversammlung der Commission Internationale Technique de Sucrerie 1967. s.

236-238
Man berichtet tiber die 13.Generalversammlung der C.I.T.S., die vom 5. bis zum 9. Juni 1967 in Falsterbo (Schweden) stattfand.
Das Hauptthema war die Kristallisation des Zuckers, obgleich andere ftir die Zuckerindustrie wichtige Probleme wurden auch
behandelt. Die auf der Tagung vorgelegten Arbeiten und ihre Verfasser werden erwahnt, und man gibt lnformationen tiber die Weiss-
zuckerfabrik Ortofta und die Raffinerie Ar!Ov, die von den Mitglieden besucht wurden.
Extracci6n de jugo de caila a Ia azucarera de Malelane. Pag. 227-230

Se presentan detalles de Ia planta para Ia difusi6n de caila a Ia nueva azucarera y refineria de Malelane, en el Transvaal Oriental
de Sud-Africa. El difusor T.S., marca De Smet, instalado en esta azucarera es el mas grande del mundo de esto tipo y puede
procesar 250 toneIadas de cafia por hora con un extracci6n garantida de 97,5 % del sacarosa total de Ia cafia. Tam bien se presentan
detalles del molino a tres mazas que preciede el difusor, de Ia preparaci6n de Ia caila, y de las plantas para clarificaci6n y filtraci6n.
Refinaci6n de acucar-Notas sobre procesos unitarios. Parte I. Carbonataci6n. F. M. CHAPMAN. Pag. 231-236
Este articulo es el primer de un serie de compilaciones de notas hecho por el autor sobre un base de sus experiencias durante
40 anos en Ia industria de refinaci6n de azucar. Se trata de numerosos aspectos de carbonataci6n, con referenda a los practicos en
varias refinerias en algunos paises, en particular las instalaciones con las cuales el autor ha sido juntado.
Commissi1.n Intemationale Technique de Sucrerie, 13o Congreso, 1967. Pag. 236-238

Se presenta una cuenta del 13o congreso de Ia C.l.T.S., celebrado a Falsterbo, (Suecia) desde Junio 5 a! 9, en el cual Ia tema
principal era Ia cristalizaci6n de azucar. Se mencionan los informes presentados y sus autores, y informaci6n se presenta sobre Ia
fabrica Ortofta de azucar blanco y Ia refineria Arlov. Miembros han visitado estas dos instalaciones durante el congreso.
xxi
Sncar PAGE
Journal Notes and Comments 257
* * *
•
The Madeira Vine- a cane field weed .. 259
Editor and Manager:
D. LEIGHTON, B.Sc., F.R.I.C. Sugar Refining-Notes on Unit Processes 260
Part II. Filtration of Carbonatated Liquor
Assistant Editor:
M. G. COPE, M.I.L. By F. M. Chapman
Agricu/tura I Editor: Sugar Explosion in Canada 262

The Economics of Biological Control 266
Thames Refinery Raw Sugar Jetty 267
Panel of Referees * * *
A. CARRUTHERS,
Former Director of Research, British Sugar Corporation Ltd. Sugar cane agriculture 269
F. M. CHAPMAN, Sugar beet agriculture 272

(;onsultant and former Technical Adviser, Tate &: Lyle Ltd.
K. DOUWES DEKKER,
Consultant and former Director, Sugar Milling Beet sugar manufacture . . 276
Research Institute.
Sugar refining 279
J. EISNER,
Sugar Technology Consultant. New books 280
N.J. KING, Laboratory methods and chemical reports 281
By-products 283
0. WIKLUND,
Swedish Sugar Corporation. Patents 284
Trade notices 286

Published by Cuban sugar exports 287
23a Easton Street, High Wycombe, Brazil sugar exports 287
Bucks.
Telephone: High Wycombe 29408 Canadian sugar imports 288
Cable: Sugaphilos, Hi&h Wycombe
Thailand sugar exports 288
Brevities .. . . 286, 287-8

Annual Subscription: 3:ZS Od or $5.00 post free
Single Copies: :ZS 6d or 45 cents plus posta&e
Index to advertisers .. xxxiv
xxii

La vigne de Mad~re-une mauvaise herbe de plantations de cannes. p. 259
On decrit Ia vigne de Madere (Boussingau/tia bassel/oides), une plante de culture ou d'ornement dans quelques pays tropicaux
ou subtropicaux, qu'on a trouvee dans des plantations de cannes en Afrique du sud. On discute des moyens possibles de combattrc
cette mauvaise herbe et mentionne sa toxicite possible pour des animaux.
La raflination de sucre-Remarques sur des pro«des individuels. 2-tme partie. La filtration de liqueur saturee. F. M. CHAPMAN.
p. 260-262
Le sujet est discutee sous huit rubriques, c.-it-d. Ia filtration it taux constant ou a pression constante ; l'etfet de Ia turbidite sur
Ia filtration subsequente avec lenoir animal ; Je dessein de filtres ; les tapis de filtre; Ia cendre dans les tapis ecartes de filtre-presses;
J'ecoulement de Ia liqueur it travers de filtres; Ia performance comparative de stations de filtre-presses en liqueur carbonatee; et des
observations variees.
Explosion de sucre au Canada. p. 272-266
On presente un rapport sur les causes et etfets d'une explosion dans Je batiment a package d'une raflinerie de Ia compaynie
St. Lawrence Sugar Refineries Ltd. au Canada. Le rapport se base sur Jes temoins oculaires et comprend des details de domrrage
aux equipements specifiques. On presente une lisle des changements dans Je batiment reconstruit afin de red~ire I s risques d'unc
explosion a J'avenir.
L'o!conomique de contrOie biologique. p. 266
On discute les deux methodes principales de controle biologique d'insectes nuisibles et de mauvaises herbes, c.-a-d. I' introduction
planee d'ennemis naturels d'un insecte nuisible, specifique, et l'elevage en masse dans les "fermes d'insectes" de parasites ou d'insectes
"de proie", qu'on Iache dans des zones infestees d'insectes nuisibles. Les methodes sont illustrecs de plusieurs exemples et on considere
leur economiq ue.
La jet~e pour dechargement de sucre brut a Ia raflinerie Thames. p. 267-268
On decrit Ia jeteeconstruite dans Ia Tamise pour Je dechargement de sucre brut en vrac, qui ensuite est transportee dans le silo de
Ia raflinerie Thames de Ia compagnie Tate & Lyle Refineries Ltd . On donne des details de J'equipement employe, et discute
Jcs a vantages de Ia nouvelle jetee.
Die Madeira-Rebe~in Rohrfeldsunkraut. S. 259

Man beschreibt die Madeira-Rebe (Boussingaultia bassel/oides), eine Kultur- oder Zier-Pflanze in einigcn tropischen oder sub-
tropischen Liindern , die in stidafrikanischen Rohrfeldern gefunden worden ist. Man bespricht mogliche Wcge zur Bekiimpfung dieses
Unkrauts und erwiihnt ihre mogliche Giftigkeit ftir Tiere.
Zuckerraff.nation- Anmerkungen tiber Einzelverfahren. Teil 2. Filtration von saturierter Kllre. F. M. CHAPMAN S. 260-262
Der Verfasser bespricht das Thema unter acht Rubriken. Diese sind: Filtrierung bei stetiger Geschwindigkeit oder stetigem
Druck ; die Einwirkung von Triibung auf nachfolgende Knochenkohlefiltration; Filterprojektierung: Filtertiicher ; die Asche in
abgelegten Filterpressetiichern; der Kliiredurchlauf; die vergleichende Leistungsfiihigkeit von Filterstationen an saturierter
Klare; und verschiedene Anmerkungen.
Zuckerexplosion in Kanada . S. 262- 366
Man berichtet tiber die Ursachen und Einwirkungen einer Explosion im Packungsgebiiude einer Raflinerie der Firma St.
Lawrence Sugar Refineries Ltd. in Kanada. Die Bericht beruht auf die Beweise von Augenzeugen und gibt Besonderheiten der
Schaden an bestimmte Einrichtungen. Die Anderungen im wiederkonstruiertem Gebiiude, durchgefiihrt, urn eine Explosion in der
Zukunft zu verhiiten, werden in eine Lisle eingetragen.
Die Wirtscbaft von biologischer Kontrolle. S. 266
Man bespricht die zwei Hauptmethoden der biologischen Kontrolle von Schiidlingen und Unkraut, und zwar die geplante
Einfiihrung von nattirlichen Feinden eines bestimmten Schiidlings in ein neues Gebiet, und die Massenziichtung in "lnsekthiiusen"
von Schmarotzern und Raubinsekten, welche dann in von Schiidlingen iiberschwemmte Gebiete losgelassen werden. Die zwei Methoden
werden mit Beispielen illustriert, und ihre Wirtschaft betrachtet.
Der Hafendamm fiir Rohzuckerabladung bel der Raflinerie Thames. S. 267- 268
Man beschreibt den in der Mine der Themse fiir die Abladung von ungesack tem Zucker gebauten Harendamm. Der Zucker
wird dann in einen Lagerraum der Raflinerie Thames der Firma Tate & Lyle Refineries Ltd . gefordert. Besonderheiten der
Vorrichtungen werden gegeben, und die Vorteile des neuen Hafendamms besprochen.
La vid de Madeira- una mala hierba del campo de cai\a. Pag. 259
Se presenta una descripci6n de Ia vid de Madeira (Boussingaultia bassel/oides), una planta cultivado o de adorno en varios
paises tropicales o sub-tropicales, que se ha hallado en Sud-Africa. Metodos posibles para luchar contra esta mala hierba se discutieren
y se menciona su toxicidad posible para animales.
RefinaciOn de azilcar- Notas sobre procesos unitarios. Parte II. Filtraci6n de licor carbonatado. F. M. CHAPMAN. Pag. 260-262
Se discute este sujeto debajo ocho nibricas: filtraci6n a velocidad constante vs. presi6n constante ; efecto de turbidez sobre
tratamiento con carb6n animal; disei\o del filtro; telas de filtrar ; ceniza en tela despedida de una filtro-prensa; flujo de licor ; obra
comparativa de estaciones de filtraci6n de licor carbonatado; y observaciones miscelaneas.
Explosi6n azucarera en Canada. Pag. 262-266

Se presenta un informe sobre las causas y los efectos de un explosi6n en Ia casa de embalaje de Ia refineria de St. Lawrence
Sugar Refineries Ltd. en Canada. El informe se basa sobre las cuentas de testigos oculares y incluye detalles completos del dai\o
a equipos especlficos. Se presenta una lista de cambios que se incorporan en el edificio reconstruido para disminuir el riesgo de
otras explosiones en el futuro.
Los econ6micos de control biol6gico. Png. 266
Los dos metodos principales de control biol6gico de plagas y malas hierbas, i.e. Ia introducci6n avisada de enemigos naturales
de una plaga especifica en un area nueva, y Ia crianza en insectarios de parasi tos o predatores que se libran despues en areas
infestados con plagas, se discutieren y se ilustran por medio de un numero de ejemplos. Los econ6micos de estas tecnicas se consideran.
Espo16n para azucar crudo a Ia refineria Thames. Pag. 267- 268

Se describe el espol6n construido en el Rio Thames a Londres para Ia descargamiento de azucar crudo a granel que es
transportado despues a un almacen de Ia refineria Thames de Tate & Lyle Ltd. Se presentan detalles del eq~\; Po usado y se
discutieren los ventajas del nuevo espol6n.
xvii
Sncar PAGE

Journal
* * *
Polarographic Determination of Lead and
Copper in Refinery Products 291
Editor and Manager: By R. W. Plews
D. LEIGHTON, B.Sc., F.R.I.C. Sugar Refining-Notes on Unit Processes . . 293
Assistant Editor: Part III. Mud Filtration
M. G. COPE, M.I.L. By F. M. Chapman
AgricuJrural Editor:
Correspondence 296
F. N. HOWES, D.Sc. , I.S.O.
Studies on pH in Sugar Manufacture . . 297
Part I. The effect of temperature on pH
By D. P. Kulkarni, M. K. Patil and
K. C. Vora
Panel of Referees
A. CARRUTHERS, * * *
Sugar cane agriculture . . 301
F. M. CHAPMAN,
Consultant and former Technical Adviser, Tate & Lyle Ltd. Sugar beet agriculture .. 304
K. ~OUWES DEKKER, Cane sugar manufacture 305

Research Institute. Beet sugar manufacture . . 308
J. EISNER, Sugar refining . . 311
New books 312
N.J. KING,
Director, Bureau of Sugar Experiment Stations. Laboratory methods and chemical reports .. 313
0 . WIKLUND,
By-products 316
Patents 317
Trade notices .. 318

Published by
The International Sugar Journal Ltd. International Society of Sugar Cane Technologists
13th Congress 1968 . . 319
Bucks.
C. W. Murray Award . . 320
Belgium/Luxembourg sugar statistics 320
Brevities .. .. 319-20
Single Copies: 2s 6d or 45 cents plu& postaee Index to advertisers xxviii
La determination polarographique de plomb et de cuivre dans des produits de raffinerie. R. W. Puws. p. 29 1- 293
On donne des details de methodes polarographiques employees dans Ia determination de plomb dans le sucre blanc, le sucre
brun, mou, le sirop d'affination et Ia melasse (on pouvait determiner aussi peu que 0,2 p.p.m . de plomb ajoutc dans 10 g d'echantill on
original) et de cuivre dans \e sucre brun , JT'OU , lc sirop d'affinat ion et Ia mclasse de canne. Le contenu minimum de Cu ajoute,
duquel presque tout fut recupere, ctait 2,5 p.p.m. dans \0 g d'echantillon original.
La raffination de sucre- Remarques sur des procedes individuels. 3-~me partie. La filtration des eeumes. F. M. CHAPMAN. p. 293- 296
On discutc lc sujet sous les rubriques suivantes: Ia qualite des ecumes, !'amelioration de Ia filtrabilitc des ecumes. les facteurs
ayant d'inftuence sur Ia filtration et le lavage des tourteaux, Ia recuperation du sucre dans le tortcau, \'cft·ct de Ia secheresse du
tourteau et du Brix de l'ecume. Les types de filtres d'ecumes, les fi\tre-presses it cadres eta p\ateaux, les alternatives <I des fi ltre-prcsscs
<I cadres et a plateau x pour Ia boue de carbonatation, les fi ltrc-presses Sweetland, Ia capacite calculee d'un filtrc-presse Sweetland
it fond peu profond, et \'evacuat ion des ccumes lavces par le melange avec des cendres.
La determination polarimctrique direete de Ia saccharose dans Ia presence de glucose et de fructose par !'addition de borate de souM.
J. LOPEZ HERNANDEZ. p. 296- 297
Cest une lettre concernant des essa is cffcctucs par J. FERNANOEZ BERTRAN et au tres (I. S.J. , 1967, 69, 107- 111). On discutc trois
questions dans \'article au sujet de l'efficacite de Ia methode.
Etudes sur Ia valeur pH dans Ia production du sucre. 1-~re partie. L'effet de Ia temperature sur Ia valeur pH. D. P. KuLKARNI,
M. K. PATIL et K. C. VORA . p. 297- 30 1
On donne des details d'cssais sur le rapport ent re le pH et Ia temperature de jus et de produits de sucrerie da ns Ia production du
.sucre blanc et brut. Les resultats demon trent comment le pH se reduit quand les prod uits sont chaulfes. Les donnees son! disposees
en tables.
Polarographische Bcstimmung von Blei und Kupfer in Raffinerie-Produkten . R. W. PLEWS. S. 29 1- 293

Es wird bcschrieben polarographische Methoden, die zur Bestimmung von Blei in Weisszucker, in weichem Braunzucker, in
Affinationssirup und Melasse (so wenig wie 0,2 Millionstel von hinzugefiigtem Blei war in 10 g der Anfangsprobc best immbar) wie
auch von Kupfer in weichcm Braunzucker, in Affi nationssirup und in Rohrmelasse angewandt wurden . Die kleinste Menge von
hinzugeftigtem Kupfer, von welchem bcinahe 100% riickgewon nen wu rde, war 2,5 Millionstel in 10 g von Anfangsprobe.
Zuekerraffination- Anmerkungen iiber Einzelverfahren. Teil ur. Schlammfiltration. F. M. CHAPMAN . s. 293- 296
Das Thema wird unter ci nigen Rubriken besprochen. Diese sind: die Schlamrnqualitiit: die Verbesseru ng von Schlammfiltrier-
barkeit ; die Parameter, welche auf die Filtration und die Waschung von Filterkuchen einwirken: das Absiissen von Filterkuchen ;
die Einwirkung von Kuchentrockenheit und Schlammtrockensubstanz: die Schla mmfilterarte: die Kammer- und Rahmenpressen;
die anderen Miiglichkciten fUr Scheideschlammverarbeit ung, andcrs a is mit den Kammer- und Rahmenprcssen: die Prcssen Art
Sweet land; die berechnete Verarbcitungsfiihigkeit cines flachbodigen Filters Sweet land ; und die Bescitigung von Schlamm durch
die Mischung mit Aschen.
Die direkte polarimetrische Bestimmung von Saccharose in der Gegenwart von Glukose und Fruktose durch die Hinzufiigung von Borax.
J. LoPEz HERNANDEz. s. 296-297
Dies ist ein Brief betreffs einiger von J. FERNAN DEZ BARTRAN und Mitarbcitern durchgcfiihrten Versuche (J.S.J. , 1967, 69, I07- 111 ).
Drei Punkte, von den Verfassern bcziiglich der Wirksamkeit dcr Methode gemacht, werden bcsprochen.
Studicn der pH-Wcrte in dcr Zuckercrzeugung. Teil I. Die Einwirkung der Tempcratur auf die pH-Werte. D. P. KuLKARNI, M. K.
PATIL und K. C. VORA. S. 297- 30 \
Man bcschreibt Versuche an der Beziehung zwischem pH-Wert und der Temperatur von Siiften und Zuckerfabrikprodukten bei
der Roh- und Weisszuckererzeugu ng. Die Ergebnisse haben gczcigt, dass der pH-Wert vcrmindert sich wenn die Produkte gewiirmt
werden. Die Daten werden in Tabellen dargestellt.
Determinaci6n polarografica de plomo y cobre en los productos de Ia refinerla . R. W. PLEWS. Pag. 291 - 293
Se presentan detalles de metodos polarograficos para determinar plomo en azucar blanco y azuca r blando pardo, miel de
afinacion yen melaza (tan poco que 0,2 p.p.m. de plomo anad ido se puede determinar en 10 g de Ia muestra original), y cobre en
azucar blando pardo, rniel de afinacion y melaza de cana (Ia ca ntidad minimum de cobre, casi todo de Ia cual se ha recuperado, era
2,5 p.p.m. en 10 g de Ia mucstra original).
Re6naci6n de azucar- Notas sohre proccsos unitarios. Part UI. Filtraci6n de cachaza. F. M. CHAPMAN. Pag. 293- 296
Sc discutc el sujeto de filtracion de cachaza debajo las r\1bricas que siguen : calidad de cachaza, mejoramiento de filtrabi\id ad
de cachaza, factores que inftuyen Ia filtracion y lava do de tort as de filtro, recuperacion de azucar de Ia torta, efecto de seq uedad de
Ia torta y densidad de Ia cachaza, disei'\os de los iiltros de cachaza, filtro-prensas y fi ltros alternativos para cachaza de carbonatacion.
prcnsas Sweetland, Ia capacidad calculado de un filtro Sweetland de fondo poco profunda, y Ia disposicion de torta de filtro por
mezclado con cenizas.
Determinacion directa polarimetrica de sacarosa en Ia presencia de glucosa y fructosa por adici6n de b6rax. J. LoPEZ HERNANDEZ.
Pag. 296- 297
Es una carla que se concierne con ensayos ejecutado por J. FERNANDEZ BERTRAN eta/. (J.S.J ., \967, 69 , 107- 111). Se discuten
tres puntos hecho por estos autores en su articul o con respeto a Ia eficiencia del metodo.
Estudios sobre pH cl Ia fabricaci6n de azilcar. Parte I. El efeeto de temperatura sobrc pH. D. P. KuLKAR NI, M. K. PATIL y
K . C. VoRA. Pag. 297- 301
. Se dan detall~s de experimentos sobre_la relacion entre pH y temperatura de jugos y productos azueareros en Ia fabricacion de
azucar crudo Yazucar blanco. Estos expcnmentos han demonstrado que el pH baja cuando los produetos sc calentan. Los dados se
presentan en Ia forma de tablas.
xvii
Sucar PAGE

Journal
* * *
The Fractionation and Characterization of Sugar
• Colour by Modern Separation Methods 323
By D. Gross
Editor and Manager: Part I
Studies on pH in Sugar Manufacture 328
Assistant Editor:
M. G. COPE, M.I.L. Part II. Effect of dilution and concentration
on pH
Agricultural Editor:
By D. P. Kulkarni , M. K. Patil and K. C.
Vora
• Deterioration of Mechanically Harvested Chopped-

up Cane . . 330
Part I. Dextran--A promising quantitative
Panel of Referees indicator of the processing quality of
chopped-up cane
A. CARRUTHERS,
By J. S. Keniry, J. B. Lee and C. W. Davis
Sugar cane agriculture 334
K. DOUWES DEKKER,
Consultant and former Director, Sugar Milling Sugar beet agriculture 339
Research Institute.
J. EISNER,
Sugar Technology Consultant. Beet sugar manufacture . . 342
N. J. KING, Sugar refining .. 344
Director, Bureau of Sug&~r Experiment Stations.
Laboratory methods and chemical reports .. 345
0. WIKLUND.
Swedish Sugar Corporation. By-products 347
Patents 348
Published by Trade Notices 350
23a Easton Street, High Wycombe, The late P. M. Silin 351
Bucks.
Telephone: High Wycombe 29408 European beet sugar production, 1967/68 .. 352
Greek sugar imports 352
Brevities .. .. 351 - 2
Aruma! Subscription: 32s Od or $5.00 post free
Single Copies: 2s 6d or 45 cents plus postage Index to Advertisers XXII
xviii
La fractionation et caracterisation des composants colores du sucre par des m~thodes de separation modernes. 1-tre partie. D. GRoss.
p. 323- 328
On a employe des methodes varices it I' obtention de renseignements sur Ia composition des composants colorcs dans des molasses
bctteravicres el de canne de sources varices. Les methodes employees comprennent : l'clcctrophorese it papicr de haul voltage, Ia
chromatographic i1 papier, I'Ciectrochromatographie a deux dimensions (une combinaison des premieres deux methodes), Ia dialysc
par des membranes, et Ia filtration avec des gels. On a employe l'ochange d'ions pour !'isolation ct Ia recuperation de couleur.
L'article est illustre des electrogrammes et chromatogrammes a papier obtenues sous des conditions varices.
Etudes sur Ia valeur pH dans Ia production du sucre. 2-eme partie. L'influence de dilution et concentration sur Ia valeur pH. D. P.
KULKARNI , M. K. PATIL ct K. C. VORA. p. 328- 329
On a examine les effets de Ia dilution sur Ia valeur pH de solutions sucrees. techniques. aussi que lcs influences combinocs de
Ia dilution et de !'augmentation de Ia temperature. On a trouve que les valeurs pH de produits de hauls brix sont constamment
plus basses que les valeurs obtenues apres Ia dilution I : I. On recommande I' adoption de Ia methode employee dans des sucreries aux
Hawaii, c.-it-d. sans dilution, pour le mesurage des melasses avec unc concentration de sol ides refractometriqucs jusqu'<i 90";,.
La deterioration de canne haehee, reeoltee par machine. 1-ere partie. La dextrane, qui promct bcaucoup comme indicatcur quantitatif
de Ia qualitt de traitement de canne hacbte. J. S. KE NIRY, J. B. LEE etC. W. DAvts. p. 330- 333
On a examine l'applicabilite des concentrations de l'acide lactique, de Ia gomme et de Ia dextranc dans des sirops et masses cuites
eomme indicateur de Ia qualite de canne hachee. On a etabli une relation quantitative entre Ia concentration de Ia dextrane ~an s
certains produits et Ia performance de Ia sucrerie mesun\e en fonction de Ia purete des mclasses finales ct l'allongemcnt de cristatiX,
qui est un indicatcur important de Ia qualite du sucre brut. Done on considere que Ia dcxtranc promct bcaucoup comme indicateur
quantitatif de Ia qualite de canne hachce.
Die Fraktionicrung und Charakterisicrung von Zuckcrfarbe durch moderne Trcnnmethodcn. Teil I. D. GRoss. s. 323- 328
Man hat verschiedene Methoden angewandt, um lnformationen iibcr die Zusammensetzung von Farbenkomponenten in Riiben-
und Rohrmelasse verschiedener Quellen zu erhalten. Untcr den Methoden sind : die Hochspannungspapierclektrophorcsc, die
Papierchromatographie, die zweidimensionierte Elektrochromatographie (einc Kombination der ersten zwei Mcthodcn), die
Membrandialysc, und die Gelfiltration. Der lonenaustausch wurde fiir die Trcnnung und Riickgcwinnung von Farbc verwendet.
Der Aufsatz ist mit Elektrogrammen und Papierchromatogrammen, die unter verschiedencn Verhaltnissen erhalten wurden, illust riert .
Studien der pH-Werle in dcr Zuckererzeugung. Teilll. Die Wirkung mn Verdiinnung und Konzentration auf pH . D. 1'. KULKARNI,
M. K. PATIL und K. C. VORA. S. 328- 329
Die Wirkungen von Verdiinnung auf den pH-Wert von technischen Zuckerprodukten wurdcn studicrt, wic auch die kombinicrten
Wirkungen von Verdiinnung und Temperaturerhiihung. Man hat gefunden, dass die pH-Werle von Produkten mit hohen Bri x-Werten
stetig nieder als die Werte von I: I vcrdiinnten ProduktPn waren. Die Verfasser empfichlt die in hawaiisehcn Zuckcrfabriken fiir die
pH-Messung von Melasse mit einer refraktometrischen Trockensubstanz von 90";, angewandte Methode, d. h. ohnc Vcrdiinnung.
Die Verschlechterung von mechanisch gecrntetem, kleingehacktem Rohr. Teil I. Dextran- ein viclversprechender. quantitativcr
lndikator der Bearbcitungsqualitat von klcingehacktem Rohr. J. S. KENtRv, J. B. LEE-unci C'. W. DAVIS. S. 330- 333
Die Verfasscr habcn Vcrsuche durchgefiihrt, um die Nutzbarkeit der Konzentrationen von Milchsaurc, Gummisubstanzen und
Dextran in Sirupen und Fiillmassen als lndikator der Qualitat von kleingehacktem Rohr zu bcstimmen. Sic habcn cine quantitative
Beziehung zwischen der Konzentration von Dextran in einigen Produkten und der Fabriklcistungsfiihigkeit gefunden. Die
Fabrikleistungsfiihigkeit wurde als Endmelasse-Reinheitskocffizicnt und als Kristallverliingcrung, die als wiehtigcr Rohzuckcr-
qualitiitsfaktor dient, ausgedriickt. Daher ist man dcr Mcinung, dass Dextran viclvcrsprcchend als quantitat iver lndikator der
Qualitiit von kleingehacktem Rohr sci.
La fraccionaci6n y caractcrizaci6n del color de azucar por mctodos modernos de ;eparaci6n. Parte I. D. GRoss. pag. 323-328
Diferentes tccnicas se han usado para obtener informacion sabre Ia composici6n de los componcntcs del color de mclaza de
remolacha y de caiia de algunas fucntes. Los metodos incluyen electroforesis de alta tension sobre papcl. cromatografia a papel ,
electro-cromatografia en dos dimensiones (una combinaci6n de los dos metodocs antecedentes), dialisis a travcs de un membrano,
y filtraci6n par particulas de "Separan" y "Bio-gcl". Se cmplca cambio de iones para isolar y recuperar color. El_artic:•lo sc
ilustra con electrogramas y cromatogramas a papel que sc han obtenido en varias condiciones.
Estudios sobre pH en Ia fabricaci6n de azliear. Parte II. El efecto de diluci6n y concentraci6n sobre pH. D. P. KULKARNI, M. K.
PATIL y K. C. VORA. pag. 328- 329
Se han examinado los effectos de diluci6n sabre el pH de productos tecnicas de azucar. asi como los efcctos de una combinaci6n
de diluci6n y crccimicnto de temperatura. Los autores han hallado que los valores de pH de materiales de alto Brix fucron
conformemente mas bajo que los valores obtenido despues de diluci6n I :I . Recomiendan c1 adopci6n del proccdimiento utilizado
en las azucareras de Hawaii, a saber, sin diluci6n, para Ia medida de pH de melaza de hasta 90'\, concentraci6n de solidos por
refract6metro.
Deterioraci6n de caiia picada cosechada mecanicamcnte. Parte I. Dextrana-un cuantitativo indicador de promcsa de Ia calidad para
fabricaci6n de caila picada. J. S. KEN IRY, J. B. LEE y C. W. DAVIS. pag. 330- 333
Se han conducido investigaciones sobre Ia utilidad de los analisises de acido lactico, goma y dex trana en mcladuras y masas cocidas
como guia a Ia calidad de caiia picada. El nivel de dcxtrana en algunos materialcs se relacionaba a Ia obra de Ia fitbrica medido en
terminos de Ia pureza d< melaza lin aI y alargamicnto de los cristales, que es un aspecto importantc de Ia calidad de azucar crudo. Par
consecuencia, Ia dextrana se considera de promesa como un indieador cuantativo de Ia calidad de caiia picada.
xxi
lnterttational Contents .
Sucar PAGE
Journal
* * *
• Studies on pH in Sugar Manufacture . . .. 355
Part Ill. pH of mill juices and sugar house
Editor and Manager:
products
D. LEIGHTON, B.Sc., F.R.I.C. By D. P. Kulkarni , M. K. Patil and K. C.
Yora
Assistant Editor:
M. G. COPE, M.I.L. Deterioration of Mechanically Harvested Chopped-
Agricultural EditN: up cane 357
F. N. HOWES, D.Sc., T.S.O. Part II. The rate of dextran formation
By J. S. Keniry, J. B. Lee and C. W. Davis
•
The Fractionation and Characterization of Sugar
Colour by Modern Separation Methods 360
Panel of Referees By D. Gross
Part II
A. CARRUTHERS,
K. DOUWES DEKKER, Sugar cane agriculture .. 366

Research Institute. Sugar beet agriculture 370
J. EISNER,
Sugur Technology Consultanr.
N.J. KING, Beet sugar manufacture .. 373

New books 377
0. WIKLUND,
Laboratory methods and chemical reports .. 37S
By-products 380
Published by
The International Sugar Journal Ltd. Patents 381
Bucks.
Taiwan sugar exports 38.3
Telephone : High Wycombe 29408
.Cable: Sugaphilos, High Wycombe
Mexico sugar exports
Brevities . . 365,383-4
, Single Copi~: 2s 6d or 45 cents plUi postage Index to Advertisers . ., .. • . .. . .I XXX
.~~~il" f111JOVI'\11"!1t'i~1"
l 6 n:ur ZSl
xxii
Etudes sur Ia valeur pH dans Ia production du sucre. 3-eme partie. Le pH de jus extraits par les moulins et de produits de Ia
sucrerie. D. P. KuLKARNI, M. K. PATIL et K. C. VORA. p. 355-356
Les valeurs mesurees du pH de condensats, de jus et de produits de Ia sucrerie sont disposecs en tableaux et discutees, com me
aussi les effets combines de phosphate ajoute, du processus d'epuration ct de Ia temperature sur Ia concentration d'ions d'hydrogenc
dans le jus de cannes.
La deterioration de cannc hachCe, recoltee par machine. 2-emc partie. Lc taux de formation de Ia dextranc. J. S. KENIRY, J. B. Ln
etC. W. DAVIS. p. 357-360
On a mesun\ le taux de deterioration de cannes hachees et de cannes entieres, fraichement brulees, sous forme de Ia formation
de Ia dextrane, pendant Ia saison de 1966, dans un region du Queensland. Les resultats montrent qu'un delai meme de 20 heures
entre Ia recolte et le broyage abouttira it une chute de Ia qualite de traitement dans le cas de cannes hachees, fraichement brulees.
Le taux de deterioration croissait avec croissance de Ia temperature ambiante ou avec temps pluvieux. Au temps frais, sec il faut
brayer les cannes hachees au plus tard 18 heures apres Ia recolte, pendant que le delai devrait mains de 14 heures au temps chaud
et pluvieux.
La fractionation et caracterisation des composants colores du sucre par des methodes de separation moderncs. 2-eme partie. D. GRoss.
p. 360-365
L'auteur donne les resultats de quelques essais dans lesquels il a separe de couleur de melasses de cannes et de betteraves par des
methodes variees, y compris l'eehange de cations sur J'echangeur "Zeo-Karb 225", J'electrodialyse, la filtration avec les gels de
dextrane "Sephadex" et les gels de polyacrylamide "Bio-Gel", et l'echange d'ions sur "DE II" echangeur cellulosique. On presente
des electrophoregrammes et des diagrammes d'elution.
Studien der pH-Werte in der Zuckereneugung. Teil lll. pH von Mlihlsaften und Zuckerfabrikprodukten. D. P. KuLKARNI, M. K.
PATIL und K. C. VORA. S. 355-356
Gemessene Werte von pH von Kondensaten , Saften ;und Zuckerfabrikprodukten werden in Tabellen dargestellt und
besprochen, wie auch die kombinierten Einwirkungen von zugesetztem Phosphat, Reinigung-Verfahren und Temperatur auf die
Konzentration an H-lonen in Rohrsaften.
. .
Die Verschlechterung von mechanisch geerntetem, kleingchacktcm Rohr. Teil II. Die Geschwindigkeit von Dextranbildung.
J. S. KENIRY, J. B. LEE und C. W. DAVIS. S. 357-360
Wahrend der 1966 Saison in einem Gebiet Queenslands hat man die Geschwindigkeit der Verschlechterung von kleingehacktem
und von intaktem, frisch gebranntem Rohr gemessen. Die Ergebnisse, als Dextranbildung ausgedrlickt, zeigen, dass cine Ver-
ztigerung von noch so wenig als 20 Stunden cine Abfall der Bearbeitungsqualitat des frisch gebrannten, gehackten Rohrs verursachte.
Die Verschlechterungsgeschwindigkeit nahm mit Steigung der Umgebungstemperatur oder bei nassem Wetter zu. Bei klihlem,
trockenem Wetter sollte man kleingehacktes Rohr nicht spater als 18 Stunden nach der Erntc mlihlen. wahrend bei heissem, nassem
Wetter sollte die Verztigcrung wenig als 14 Stunden sein.
Die Fraktionierung und Charakterisierung von Zuckerfarbe durch moderne Trcnnmcthoden. Teil ll. D. GRoss. s. 360-365
Der Verfasser bespricht die Ergebnisse von Versuchen, in den er hat die Farbe in RUben- und Rohrmelassen durch verschiedene
Methoden, und zwar durch den Kationenaustausch auf "Zeo-Karb 225", die Elektrodialyse, die Gei-Filtrierung auf "Sephadex"
Dextrangelen und auf "Bio-Gel'' Polyakrylamid-Gelen, und den lonenaustausch auf "DE II' ' Zellulosenaustauschharz, extrahiert.
Elektrophoregramme und Elutionsdiagramme werden dargestellt.
Estudios sobre pH en Ia fabricaci6n de azucar. Parte Ill. pH de los jugos de los molinos y de los productos de Ia casa de fabricaci6n.
D. P. KuLKARNI, M. K. PATIL y K. c. VoRA. Pag. 355-356
Medidas del pH de aguas condensadas, jugos y productos de Ia casa de fabricacion se presentan en forma tabular y sc
discutieron, asi como los efectos combinadas de fosfato anadido, del proceso de clarificaci6n y de Ia temperatura sobrc Ia concen-
traci6n de iones de hidr6geno en juga de cana.
Deterioraci6n de cai\a picada rosechada mecanicamentc. Parte II. La vdocidad de formaci6n de dcxtrana. J. S. KENIRY, J. B.
LEE y C. W. DAVIS. Pag. 357- 360
La velocidad de dcterioraci6n de cai\a picada y en tallos completos, nuevamentc quemado. se midc, en terminos de formaci6n
de dextrana, durante Ia zafra de 1966 en un distrito de Queensland. Los resultados demuestran que un retardo entre corte y
molienda, tan poco que 20 horas, resultara en un caida de calidad para elaboraci6n de cana picada, nuevameme quemado. La velocidad
de deterioraci6n aumenta con au menta de Ia temperatura ambiente o con Ia venida de tiempo lluvioso. En tiempo fresco y seco,
Ia cana picada deber molersc dentro 18 horas del coechamiento. mientras en ticm~\l calido y h(•medo, el rctardo debe ser menos de
14 horas.
La fraccionaci6n de caracterizaci6n del color de azucar por metodos modernos de scparaci6n. Parte II. D. GRoss. Pag. 360-365
Se presentan resultados de cxperimentos en que color sc recupera desde melaza de remolacha y de cai\a par varias tecnicas que
incluyen cambia de cationes con "Zeo-Karb" 225", clectrodialisis, filtraci6n a !raves de dextrana gelatinosa en particulas coaguladas
marca "Sephadex" y particulas de poliacrilamido gelatinoso "Bio-Gel", y cambia de ioncs sabre un cambiador de celulosa "DE II".
Se presentan tambien electrophoregramas y diagramas de eluci6n.
THE
INTERNATIONAL
SUGAR JOURNAL
VOL. LXVIX JANUARY 1967 No. 817
Notes & Comments

I.S.J. Agricultural Editor. been attached to the Department of Economic
We are pleased to announce the appointmentf of Botany, being appointed Head of the Department
Dr. F. N. HowEs as Agricultural Editor of this in 1949. This Department is concerned with the
Journal. Dr. HowEs spent his early years in'lthe introduction and distribution of economic plants and
sugar cane belt of Natal at a time when "Uba" cane the quarantine work in connexion with them. At the
was almost the only variety cultivated for milling present time certain varieties or clones of sugar cane
purposes and some of the noble canes were still or of sugar cane allies are among the economic plants
cultivated for chewing by Indian and other small- under quarantine.
holders. After taking a science degree in the Uni- Dr. HowEs is the author of four books in different
fields of applied botany and of numerous papers in
scientific and other journals. He obtained the degree
of Doctor of Science in 1935 for botanical research
and was awarded the Imperial Service Order last year.
* * *
UNCTAD Working Party meeting.
During the 21st- 25th November the United
Nations Conference on Trade and Development
(UNCTAD) Preparatory Working Group met in
Geneva to explore further the prospects of a new
International Sugar Agreement. Previous meetings
were held in June and September 1966.
Representatives from 22 nations make up the
Group and delegates from Australia, Belgium, Brazil,
Canada, China (Taiwan), Cuba, Czechoslovakia,
Dominican Republic, France, Germany, India, Jam-
aica, Mexico, Nigeria, Peru, Poland, South Africa,
U.K., U.S.A. and U.S.S.R. were present, other
countries being represented by observers. Delegates
from importing and exporting countries held separate
meetings and each group clarified its position on the
basic elements that would go into a new agreement,
i.e. export quotas generally, limitations on increased
production and a price support range.
C. Czarnikow Ltd. report :1 "It seems clear that
the acceptance of both importers and exporters of
some form of quota system marks an important step
forward, while it is also gratifying to note the accept-
versity of Natal, with botany and chemistry as major ance by importing countries of a price range sub-
subjects, Dr. HowEs did botanical work in South stantially higher than presently ruling values. It is
Africa for a time and then joined the Ghana (then understood that the E.E.C. countries could not take
the Gold Coast) Agricultural Department as Botanist an active part in the discussions while decisions on
to the Research Branch. He later joined the Kew their own internal arrangements have still to be taken ;
staff where he remained until his retireme:a last year. it is b-:lieved •.hat they also prefer a somewhat different
His work has involved visits to various tropical approach to an International Sugar Agreement than
countries, including India, Ceylon, Burma, Thailand.
Malaya and Indonesia. At Kew Dr. HowEs has 1
Sugar Review, 1966, (792),~230.
January THE INTERNATIONAL SUGAR JOURNAL 1967
through UNCTAD. It is only a matter of time, izations which have been established since the war.
however, before the E.E.C.'s arrangements will be The current ten-year period has been described by
finalized, when it is to be presumed that they will U.N.O. as 'the development decade'. Perhaps. now
feel free to enter fully into discussions. that we are well into the second half of this decade,
"Cuba (which refrained from attending the previous and developed countries have illustrated their willing-
meetings in 1966 but sent a special delegation to the ness to give assistance to developing nations, either
November meeting) also found herself unable to directly or through the various supra-national organ-
accept the general view of the other exporters, which izations, it might be possible for these fiscal obstacles
is unfortunate as an Agreement would clearly be to be eased. This would open the way for a sub-
stronger if Cuba were a member. One might have stantial expansion in consumption and would help
felt that under present circumstances an Agreement raise levels of nutrition in the countries concerned' '.
would have been of more immediate interest to ex-
porters than to importers, but the interesting situation * * *
has now arisen whereby, while Cuba has stated that U.S. sugar supply quota, 1967.
the approach indicated in Geneva is unacceptable, The U.S. Secretary of Agriculture on the 15th
most importing countries taking large quantities of November announced proposed action to determine
Cuban sugar have signified their acceptance of it. U.S. requirements and to establish quotas for the
"The intention of these discussions must lead calendar year 1967 totalling 10,200,000 short tons,
eventually to a negotiating conference. The working raw value, compared with the present 1966 quota
papers of both importers and exporters have now of 10,375,000 tons. The initial 1966 quota was set
been dispatched to the Secretary-General of at 9,800,000 tons, against an initial 1966 consumption
UNCTAD and it will presumably be he who decides estimate of 10,100,000 tons. The 1967 quota is about
if and when such a conference may be held. It is, 150,000 tons below the probable level of consumption
of course, possible that a further consultative com- anticipated for 1967. It was apparently in line with
mittee meeting will be called before a final decision trade expectations because the No. 7 futures market
is made. The importance of these gatherings is that on the New York Sugar & Coffee Exchange was
they make it possible for the basic structure of the virtually unchanged after the announcement.
proposed Agreement to be understood and, in large The Secretary also proposed that first quarter
part, accepted before final negotiations take place. imports in 1967 should be limited to 750,000 tons
If it proves possible to call a negotiating committee and a limit of 1,000,000 tons apply in April-June. On
during the first half of 1967, there would be no reason 7th December, the Secretary announced that the
to delay the early operation of an Agreement, should limit for January-March was increased to 900,000
the efforts of the delegates meet with success, and it tons, the second quarter limit being unchanged.
-could be brought into effect from 1st October 1967.''
Individual quotas which are proposed appear
* * *
World sugar requirements.
elsewhere in this issue ; C. Czarnikow point out' that
an interesting feature is that the quantity allotted to
The corollary to the need to restrict production to Hawaii is larger than her basic quota of 1,110,000
match outlets available is the equal need to stimulate tons. Under Section 202 (a) 2 (B) of the Sugar Act,
these outlets to permit higher production. It is a Hawaii, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands are
matter for disappointment, therefore, that no mention entitled to quotas which are as high as their marketing
was made of any proposals by the Consumption availability in the continental United States during
Committee of the International Sugar Council with the previous year, subject to the limits which would
this object. The Council's first estimate of 1967 import have applied immediately before the 1962 Sugar Act
requirements amounts to 15,700,000 metric tons, yet amendments cam ~ into force. This larger Hawaiian
C. Czarnikow Ltd .1 recently calculated that if the quota will affect the proportion allocated between
average per caput consumption of the world's popu- member and non-member countries of the O.A.S.
lation were 40 kilos- which compares with more among the foreign suppliers.
than 50 kilos in many countries with high living The Rhodesian quota of 6450 tons has been held
standards and less than 10 kilos in a quarter of the in reserve and not allocated to that country.
countries of the world-there would be a total
demand for 136 million tons or double the present Sugar production in the Philippines in 1965/66
world production of sugar. was only I ,545,000 short tons, the lowest figure in
-:'Among the most important barriers to sugar five years, and it had been anticipated that it would
usage at present are the fiscal policies followed by be found difficult to fulfil the U.S. quota and also
many importing countries. The need to raise revenue meet the local demand; however. the President of
and the ease with which this can be accomplished the Philippines has announced that importation of
by the application of direct imposts on bulk com- 249,000 tons- the first imports since 1947/48- has
modities can be reatlily appreciated, but it is to be hce n authori zed. so that no shortfall is likely to he
hoped that govern ments can be persuaded to consider dccla rd.
other methods. In this they will no doubt b ~ able 1 S•1gar Revie11·. 1966 (786). 11 9.
to look for tangible help from the many world organ- 2 ihiL 1966, (790), 220.
The Application of Thin-Layer
Chromatography to the Separation of
Carbohydrates in Sugar Refining
By P. D. BERGER and S. E. BORODKIN
(Research & Development Dept., American Sugar Company)
Paper presented to the American Chemical Society Winter Meeting, 1966
HE technique of thin-layer chromatography capacity, streaking and the poor resolution of carbohy-
T (T.L.C.), although comparatively new to the
analytical laboratory, has attracted many en-
thusiastic practitioners in recent years and is the
drates in the presence of a high sample ash content.
The separations on kieselguhr may be improved
somewhat by buffering the adsorbent with sodium
subject of a number of boo~s• -•. The reaso~s for 1ts acetate"·" or boric acid" before coating the plates.
tremendous popularity are 1ts speed, versatility and Silica gel , unlike kieselguhr, produces active and
simplicity of operation. Many of the best features of retentive layers with acidic sites. The capacity of
paper and column chromatography ar_e now combi~ed silica gel is approximately 10- 100 times that of
in this method which takes a fractwn of the time kieselguhr and as much as 50 !Lg of each compound
required by the other two methods. We have ad- may be applied.
vantageously applied the technique of T.L.C. to the -The-high-adsorptive capaCity of this material, if
analysis of many of the organic constituents common unmodified, renders it unsuitable for partition
to the sugar refining process. chromatography. Allowing the adsorbent to equilib-
The development of a suitable routine procedure rate with atmospheric moisture decreases the adsorb-
for the rapid separation of carbohydrates proved to ability of the silica gel. Other means of deactivation
be difficult . Most of the carbohydrate T.L.C. methods are the use of a borate•• or acetate•• buffer in place
described in the literature that we attempted failed of water for the preparation of the coating slur;
to separate monosaccharides when they occurred and the utilization of polar solvents during chrow,_.o-
simultaneously with a high concentration of sucrose. graphic development. Another technique mentioned
Some of the more successful methods took three frequently in T.L.C. literature is multiple develop-
hours or longer. The methods investigated may be ment'""; after the solvent reaches the front, the plate
classified into four categories. depending on the is dried and placed again in the same or different
nature of adsorbent used. These are (I) kieselguhr G, solvent system and rechromatographed in the same
(2) silica gel. (3) cellulose and (4) · miscellaneous direction. This process may be repeated several times.
adsorbents. A summary of R1 values found by the Good resolution is attainable in this way but the
methods&- 12 investigated is presented in Table l and procedure is time-consuming and laborious.
spray reagents used in Table ll. 1
BoBBIT: "Thin Layer Chromatography". (Academic Press,
Silica gel and kieselguhr as adsorbents New York.) 1963.
2
MARINI-BETIOLO: "Thin Layer Chromatography". (Elsevier,
Carbohydrates, being polar compounds, separate New York.) 1964.
3 RANOERATH : "Thin Layer Chromatography". :(Academic
most readily by partition chromatography. ln this Press, New York.) 1963.
type of system, the adsorbent acts only as a support • STAHL: "Thin Layer Chromatography". (Academic Press,
for a polar liquid stationary phase, and the resolution New York.) 1965.
of the various components is accomplished by a • TRUTER : "Thin Film Chromatography". (lnterscience Pub-
less polar mobile phase. lishers, New York.) 1963.
6 BERGER and BORODKIN: Unpublished work.
Kieselguhr G is a mixture of diatomaceous earths 7

GRASSHOF: ], Chromatcg. , 1964, 14, 513-515.
8 idem: Deutsche Apotheker-Zeitung, 1963, 103, 1396-1397.
with a calcium sulphate binder. Owing to its neutral- 9
HAY, LEWIS and SMITH:], Chromatog ., 1963, ll, 479-486.
ity, kieselguhr forms inactive layers which are well 10 JACIN and MISHKIN: ibid., 1965, 18, 170-173.
suited as carriers for the polar liquid stationary 11 ADACHI : ibid., 1965, 17, 295-299.
phase in partition chromatography. It is apparently "STAHL: "Thin Layer Chromatography". (Academic Press,
for this reason that more than half of the carbohydrate New York.) 1965, p. 46.
13 STAHL and KALTENBACH: J. Chromatog., 1961, S, 35.
T.L.C. methods described in the literature"-" employ "RUTILOFF, TAUFEL and HINZ : ] , Prakt. Chem. , Series:4,
kieselguhr as the adsorbent. Kieselguhr adheres well 1963, 20 , 142.
to glass plates. forming layers which are very uniform 15 PIFFERI: Anal. Chem., 1965, 37, (7), 925.
16 WALOI: J. Chromatog., 1965, 18, 417-418.
and stable. Solvent development is very rapid with 17
PREY, BERBALK and KAUEZ: Mikrochim. Arta, 1961 , (6), 968.
kieselguhr plates, and a complete chromatogram 1
' 8ANCHER, SCHERZ and PREY: ibid. , 1963, (4), 712.
can'(be obtained in 15-20 minutes. 19
THOLEY and WURTZ : Bull. Soc. Chim. Bioi., 1964, 46, (5-6),
When used in ·conjunction with low purity refinery 769.
20WEILL and HANKE: Ana/. Chem., 1962, 34, {13), 1736-1737.
materials,_ however, _ ki_eselguhr layers have several 01
SHASA and WHISTLER: J. Chromatog., 1964, 14, 582- 583.
low shortcomings. Some of these disadvantages are its " MICiiAEL and BERENDES: Mikrochim. Acta, 1963, (3), 519.
3
.January THE INTERNATIONAL SUGAR JOURNAL 1967
- --- - -
Table L Rt values of various carbohydrates
Metlwd ~A' B' cs o• E' F" GlO H" pt Jll Kl2 L" M'
Carbohydrates
c RJ value X 100
Arabin1se 45 61 28 40 57 32 63 51 42 28
Ribose 59 58 34 45 57 50 69 57 49
Xylose 50 66 36 58 59 50 34 68 59 39 39
Rhamnose 66 67 50 64 53 55 57 68 62 52 62
Glucose 40 66 28 42 49 40 28 61 48 42 17 32
Galactose 38 62 23 34 39 35 32 53 39 32 18
Mannose 52 66 32 46 55 41 60 53 32 23 46
Lactose 61 12 23 18 9 20 8 36 23 25 4
Maltose 20 59 18 36 29 30 11 50 35 6
Fructose 45 65 31 42 38 51 45 28 57 48 31 25 4·
Sorbose 46 66 31 45 43 56 47 24 26
Sucrose 32 70 22 40 27 25 30 20 55 40 29 8 25
Raffinose 18 64 9 20 12 13 10 4 28 13 10
Trehalose 62 20 32 5 38 23
Erythrose (73)
Fucose (44) 49 62 55
Idose (47)
Allose (37)
iso-Maltose 16
Cellobiose 20 32
Melibiose 20 15
Stachyose (5)
Lyxose (46) (68) (59)
Tagatose (46) (61) (53)
Lactose (10) (40) (27)
Melezitose 24 (10) (49) (30)
Dihydroxyacetone 79 68 75
Glyceraldehyde 71
Glucuronic acid 11 34
5-Hydroxymethyl
furfural 90 Sl 97
Heterolevulosan
(I), (II) 29; 35 31; 42 26; 28
1-Kestose,
6-Kestose 22; 22 18
Solvent*: 7 :1:2 1:1 6:2:12:1 :I 4:3:3 9:6:3:1 5 :4 :1 12:3:3:2 7:1:2 7:3 6:2:2 130:47 :23 4:2:1
2-p:ea :w p :w p:w:cp:w: 2-p:e : n-b:a : n-b:a:w ea:a:m: 2-p:ea: 2-p:w mek:a:m ea:2-p: ea:2-p:
mek a e:w w w w w
Adsorbelllt c M M KC s s s s s
K sK K
* p - propanol; ea - ethyl acetate;- w = water ; c = chloroform; e = ether; b =butanol; m =methanol; mek =methyl ethyl
ketone; a = acetic acid.
t C = cellulose; M = magnesium silicate, S = silica gel G, K = kieselguhr G.
Table~II. Spray Reagents An adsorbent with an activity and capacity inter-

(I) Aniline-diphenylamine-phosplwric acid (General). mediate between those of silica gel and kieselguhr
I g aniline + 1 g diphenylamine are dissolved in 100 ml would have a decided advantage in the separation of
acetone or ethanol and 10 ml of 85% H 3PO, are added. carbohydrates. An interesting application of this
The chromatograph is sprayed and heated for 5 minutes approach was made by PREY, HERBALK & KAUEZ" .
at llO' C.
They separated carbohydrates on plates containing a
(2) Alpha-naphtlwl-sulphuric acid (General).
10·5 ml of 15% ethanolic tX-naphthol solution isJmixed combination of silica gel and kieselguhr in various
with 6·5 ml cone. H 2S04, 40·5 ml 95% EtOH and 4 ml ratios. The recommended procedures failed, however,
water. to separate sucrose from the invert sugar and to
(3) Benzidine (General). separate glucose and fructose from each other when
0·5 g benzidine +
10 g trichloracetic acid are dissolved in used with samples having a high sucrose:invert sugar
100 ml water-saturated butanol.
(4) T.T.C. (for reducing sugars).
ratio.
A 2% aqueous solution of triphenyltetrazolium chloride is
mixed with an equal volume of 5% aqueous NaOH. In this laboratory we used another technique to
(5) Naphthoresorcinol (for ketoses). combine the advantages of kieselguhr and silica gel.
A 1 :1 mixture is made of 0·2% ethanolic naphthoresorcinol The spreader•• used, shown in Fig. l, has removable
and 2% aqueous trichloracetic acid . separators which may be inserted into the reservoir,
(6) Aniline phthalate (for free aldoses). permitting as many as five different adsorbents to be
0·93 g aniline and 1·66 g phthalic acid are dissolved in
100 ml water-saturated butanol. loaded simultaneously into the reservoir compart-
("i)Yeasts (for distinguishing fermentables from non-fer- ments. The adsorbents are deposited in parallel
mentables). layers on an 8 x 8-inch plate. This technique is
A 5% suspension in H 20 is made of a mixed viable yeast normally used for the simultaneous evaluation of
population. After separation and evaporation of solvent, several adsorbents in the same solvent system.
the plate is sprayed with the yeast suspension until it is
uniformly wet. After incubating at 30' C for t hour. the
23
plate may be sprayed with the appropriate detecting reagent. Kensington Corp., Oakland, California, U.S.A.
4
THE APPUCATlON OF THlN-LAYER_iCHROMATOGRAPHY
fructose. The mixture was first chromatographed

in a solvent system consisting of ethyl acetate, 2-
propanol and water in a ratio of 4:2:1. After the
plate was dried, it was redeveloped in the second
direction, perpendicular to the first direction of
development, in 9:6:3:1 n-butanol :acetic acid :ether:
water. The plate was then removed, dried and sprayed
with aniline-diphenylamine-phosphoric acid reagent.
Seven discrete spots appeared (two for the dihetero-
levulosans).
Very good resolution of the free carbohydrates is
obtained with this technique and it can be recom-
mended for the separation of complex mixtures.
The limitations of this technique are the two hours
required for the solvent development and the restric-
tion of applying only one sample per plate.
Cellulose as adsorbent
Fig. I
In.view of the popularity of paper chromatographic
For this experiment the spreader was set with one techniques for the separation of carbohydrates, it is
separator positioned one inch from the edge of the surprising that only a few T.L.C. methods using
reservoir. The large compartment was then filled cellulose"· 25 are described in the literature. Cellulose,
with a slurry of silica gel aRd the smaller compartment as an adsorbent, has a capacity intermediate between
with a kieselguhr slurry. The plate was thus coated those of kieselguhr and silica gel and therefore, in view
with a one-inch wide streak of kieselguhr and the of the difficulties encountered with silica gel and
balance of the plate with silica gel. This is illustrated kieselguhr, cellulose seemed the logical coating mat-
in Fig. 2. erial for a carbohydrate T.L.C. method. RANDERATH"
found that in the chromatography of amino acids
80
MIN, ---------® and nucleotides the R, values were similar for both
paper and T.L.C. However, the T.L.C. method with
cellulose gave sharper separation and more discrete
. I
I
spots.
For this method, 15 g of cellulose 300 MN or
I
I "Avice!" was blended with 90 ml of water in a
:1( laboratory homogenizer for 30 seconds. The plates
I 0
0: 1\1 ~ were coated using a commercial spreader to a thickness
tJ~-2 I of 400 microns and were oven dried at 100°C in a

horizontal position. The plates were then stacked
I
OoH-1
s
I
I
under ambient conditions until required.
A carbohydrate mixture containing approximately
10 micrograms in solution was spotted at the origin
I 2 em from the bottom edge of the plate. As many as
QK I eleven different samples have been spotted 1 em apart
I on a 20 x 20-cm plate. The plate was then placed
in a developing tank containing the solvent system
01 of 7:1 :2 iso-propanol :ethyl acetate:water 27 • The
~ f· C\ chromatographed plate was removed from the
lx ~ tank when the solvent front had travelled 12·5 em
from the origin, which took approximately one
i hour. The plate was dried at 90°C for 15 minutes
and sprayed with the appropriate detecting reagent.
SILICA <iEL Fig. 3 shows the separations obtained with the
three different adsorbents discussed. The carbo-
Fig.2 hydrate test mixture contained 2 micrograms each of
The following six carbohydrates were spotted at

24 VOMHOF and TUCKER: J. Chromatog., 1965, 17, 300-306.
2> WOLFROM, PATIN and DE LEYERKREMER: ibid., 488-494.
the origin on the kieselguhr layer, 0·5 micrograms of 26 "Thin Layer Chromatography". (Academic Press Inc.,
each being employed: raffinose, 1-kestose, hetero- New York.) 1963, p. 186.
levulosan (mixture of I and II), sucrose, glucose and 27 ALBON and GRoss: Analyst, 1952, 77, 410.
sample was applied in duplicate on alternate sides of

the plate as shown in Fig. 5. A reference mixture
I consisting of hydroxymethyl furfural , dihydroxy
acetone, fructose, glucose, sucrose, heterolevulosan
••
I
I
!l
I
•I t
•
~
••
•
X
Fig. 3
raffinose, maltose, sucrose, glucose and fructose. It

Fig. 4
may be noted that the only separations effected on
the kieselguhr layer were the simple resolution of
the mixtures into three classes of sugars consisting of (I and II) and raffinose was spotted at position I
the monosaccharides, di saccharides and trisaccharides. and a reference mixture of heterolevulosan I and II
Silica gel chromatography partially separated indi~ was spotted at position 2. Refinery samples consisting
vidual components within the classes (e.g. sucrose of a high syrup and a molasses were spotted at
from maltose and glucose from fructose) but did not positions 3 and 4, respectively. The plate was devel-
separate glucose from sucrose. On the other hand, oped in a 7:2:1 2-propanol :water :ethyl acetate
the carbohydrate mixture developed on
the cellulose plate was resolved into Nlft:Q
discrete spots, one for each sugar applied.
Special Applications of T.L.C.

PREY et a!.", using a V-shaped wedge DNAQ
scraped on a silica gel plate, were
successful in separating a raffinose- FRUCO
sucrose mixture in the ratio of 100 : I.
0 0
Employing a "wedge strip" 12 etched on a t;tU 0 0 0
·o o o
kieselguhr layer we separated a mixture of
sucO
00
sucrose, raffinose and 6-kestose in the
ratio of 100 :2:1, the separation bei ng
illustrated in Fig. 4.
Remelt sugars contain high con-
centrations of difructose anhydrides.
0 D0
These are generally found in the form
of heterolevulosan I and II. The R1 values
of these two substances lie immediately
above and below sucrose, and when large
X
I ..
X
.,.X X
I
X
l! ..
X X
4
amounts are present the chromatograms

appear streaked. To avoid this problem
we bisected the cellulose layer, and each Fig. 5
6
THE APPLICATION OF THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY
- - -- -· - - --
solvent system. The left side of the plate was sprayed disaccharides, trisaccharides and fragmentation pro-
with aniline-diphenylamine-phosphoric acid reagent ucts. Development in the second direction on silica
and heated at 110° for five minutes. The right side gel resolved the mixtures into individual substances.
was sprayed with a yeast suspension, incubated for
60 minutes and then sprayed with o:-naphthol- The Berlin Institute group found seven substances
sulphuric acid reagent. The difructose anhydrides having mobilities on paper which were less than
did not hydrolyse with the aniline-diphenylamine- sucrose and at least five which travelled at rates
phosphoric acid spray and hence did not interfere greater than sucrose. The distribution of substances
with obvervation of the sucrose and invert sugar on the T.L.C. plates, although not necessarily arranged
spots. Because the fructose anhydrides are non- in the same order, has the same ranges of trisacchar-
fermentable, they may be seen after the other sugars ides, disaccharides and monosaccharides as found
have been destroyed. in the original work.
BOLLMANN, HtRSCHMULLER and l SCHMIDT-BERG- The course of enzyme reaction systems has been
LORENZ28 reported on the heat decomposition of
sucrose in the absence of water and identified followed using T.L.C. methods, and this technique
thirteen different substances formed by heating was used to establish optimum conditions for the
sucrose at I70°C for fifteen minutes The decomposi- enzym1tic synthesis of kestose. The resultant products
tion products consisted of fragmentation and reversion were then separated by preparative T.L.C. The tech-
products including 6-kestose. Both a preliminary nique has also been used to monitor gas chromato-
carbon column treatment and paper chromatography graphic effluents to identify and determine the purity
for 65 hours were required to separate the degradation of the chromatographic peaks. The trimethyl silyl
products. derivatives are especially convenient because they
hydrolyse to the free carbohydrates in the presence
This experiment on the heat decomposition products of water, thereby permitting the utilization of the
of dry sucrose was repeated in this laboratory. The standard T.L.C. techniques developed.
sucrose was heated at 170°C for 15 minutes and the
resulting melt was diluted in water and chromato- Summary
graphed using thin layer chromatography. In order
to obtain maximum resolution, the two-dimensional A survey of the published carbohydrate T.L.C.
procedure with the combined kieselguhr and silica methods was undertaken for the purpose of developing
gel adsorbents was used . The resulting chromatogram a rapid routine chromatographic procedure for use
in studying the dynamics of the sugar refining process.
The methods studied either gave inadequate separa-
-------® tion of the carbohydrates in question or were too
time-consuming. A new procedure using cellulose
2X o: 00
~I
., ()
0
()
0 as the adsorbent and a solvent system composed of
7:2:1 2-propanol :water:ethyl acetate was found to
'>~ I ~ '?' ~ ~~
be acceptable. A method employing two different
I adsorbent layers on one plate has been developed
I OHM!"
I 0 for the two-dimensional separation of carbohydrates;
I a carbohydrate mixture is chromatographed first
I QDHA in one direction on kieselguhr and then in the other
I direction on silica gel.
I
I 0 Examples were presented demonstrating the appli-
oo
:oao
I
0
0
go;.:.
Qsvc
cation of these techniques to the following :
:oo 0
(I) the determination \ of fermentable and non-
fermentable carbohydrates, when occurring in the
0
IQ 0
I
I
0 0 QI!AF
presence of each other, in refinery streams,
I (2) the separation of the heat decomposition products
I X
I I X
~
of dry sucrose,
(3) the monitoring of the course of enzyme reaction

systems, and
Fig. 6
is presented in fig. 6. As may be observed from the (4) the identification and indication of purity in gas
standards applied in the margin, kieselguhr separated chromatographic effluents.
the mixture into groups, e.g. monosaccharides, '• I.S.J. , l %5, 67, 143 .
lnter·~-1ational
Society of Sugar Cane
Technologists, XIII Congress, Taiwan
HE appointment is announced of the following the agriculture section covers all activities concern-
T Section Chairmen and Vice-Chairmen for the
13th Congress of the T.S.S.C.T. in their
respective fields as listed below:
ing soil, fertilizer, irrigation, farm management
and economics, cane quality and payment and
other agronomic interests ;
Section Chairman Vice-Chairman the engineering section covers all activities con-
Breeding Section P/ G. c. BRETT l. s. SHEN cerning sugar mill equipment, instrumentation,
Agriculture Section A. GONZALEZ Y. J. HSIA steam and electric power, factory engineering and
GALLARDO management, maintenance, air and stream pollu-
Pathology Section C. A. WISMER H. T. CHU tion, and bulk handling of sugar;
Entomology Section R. MATHES Y. S. PAN the processing section covers all activities concerning
Engineering Section (pending H. S. Wu chemical control, sugar quality, crystallization,
confirmation) juice purification and clarification, mill sanitation,
Processing Section J. H. PAYNE T. Y. CHENG continuous centrifugals; and
By-Product Section C. W. DAVIS W. F. TuNG the by-product section covers all activities con-
Agricultural Engin- N.J. KING I W. C. Hsu cerning bagasse, molasses, and cake utilization and
eering Section other affiliated industrial development of the sugar
Responsibilities of these Section: Chairmen are: industry.
(i) Organizing the Section. It is also suggested that, to facilitate understanding
(ii) Inviting potential writers or specialists to and comparison, the metric system of weights and
contribute technical papers on subjects selected by measures be used as much as possible in the technical
the Chairman. In case the authors have special papers to be presented.
interest in their own field , these chosen subjects are Addresses of the Section Chairmen'land Vice-Chairmen
also welcome.
Dr.~P. G. C. BRETT,
(iii) Approving eligible papers for presentation. South African Sugar Association Experimental Station,
It is understood that the Chairman may return the P.O. Mount Edgecombe, Natal, Republic of South Africa.
paper to the author for correction and amendment Mr. I. S. SHEN,
and may edit the paper through persons of his choice Senior Plant Breeder,
before giving his approval. Department of Plant Breeding,
Taiwan Sugar EXperimental Station,
(iv) Presiding at the section meeting; it is under- Tainan , Taiwan, Republic of China.
stood that the Chairman may invite members of his Mr. A. GONZALEZ GALLARDO.
choice to help him preside and conduct the section I.M.P.A.,
meeting. Balderas 44-60 I,
Mexico I, D. F.
(v) Cooperating with the Symposium mediator to
organize the selected symposia. Mr. Y. J. HSIA ,
Senior Technologist,
All the Vice-Chairmen are gentlemen residing in Department of Agronomy,
Taiwan . They will assist their respective Chairmen Taiwan Sugar Experimental Station.
Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China.
to carry out the above-mentioned responsibilities in
accordance with the Chairmen's instructions. A list Dr. C. A. WISM ER,
is appended of the Chairman and Vice-Chairmen and Experimental Station, H.S.P.A ..
1527 Keeaumoku Street,
members intending to present papers should get in Honolulu, Hawaii. 96822 U.S.A.
touch with them directly. ~
Mr. H. T. CHu,
To have a clear demarcation for the activities of Senior Pathologist,
each individual section, it is suggested, by referring 'Taiwan Sugar Experimental Station,
Tainan , Taiwan, Republic of China.
to the practice of past congresses, that:
Dr. R. MATHES,
the breeding section covers all activities concerning Entomology Research Division ,
breeding; Agriculture Research Service, U.S.D.A. ,
the pathology section covers all activities concerning P.O. Box 387,
Houma, Louisiana, 70360 U.S.A.
pathology ; f."'
Mr. Y. S. PAN,
the entomology section covers all activities con- Department of l'atho·entomology,
cerning entomology; Taiwan Sugar Experimental Station.
Tainan , Taiwan, Republic of China.
the agricultural engineering sectionY covers all
activities concerning mechanical harvesting of Dr. J. H. PAYNE,
Experimental Station, H.S.P.A.,
sugar cane, infield transportation, hauling and 1527 Keeaumoko Street,
unloading of the cane at the factory; Honolulu, Hawaii, 96822 U.S.A.
8
INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY OF SUGAR CANE TECHNOLOGISTS
Mr. T. Y. CHENG, Mr. N. J. KING

District Manager, Bureau of Sugar Experiment Stations,
Pingtung Sugar Mill 99 Gregory Terrace,
Pingtung, Taiwan, Republic of China. Brisbane B 19,
Queensland, Australia.
Mr. C. W. DAvis, Mr. W. C. Hsu,
The Colonial Sugar Refining Co. Ltd., Director,
1-7 O'Connell Street, AMOMO,
Sydney, N.S.W., Australia. 52, Kung Yuen Road,
Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China.
Mr. W. F. TuNG,
Vice-President, Mr. H. S. Wu,
Taiwan Machinery Manufacturing Corp .. Taiwan Sugar Corporation,
25, Kung Yuen Road II, P.O. Box 35,
Kaohsiung, Taiwan, Republic of China. Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
Dust Control in a Beet

Sugar Factory
By T. RODGERS (British Sugar Corporation Ltd .),
P. SWIFT and J. J. GILBERT (Dust Control Equipment Ltd .)
Paper presented to the 18th Technical Conference of the British Sugar Corporation, 1966
PART I much on the type of dust and the efficiency desired.

There is little doubt, however, that the nuisance value·
Introduction is receiving wider attention and this, combined with
N many industrial processes the presence of dust, the safety and welfare of employees, good relations
I "Which can originate either from the raw materials
or be created by some manufacturing operation,
has existed as long as the industry itself. Although
with neighbours and the safeguard of building and
plant, will make adequate control an important-
indeed essential-part of any industrial process. This
the problems created are not new, the whole industrial is how it must be regarded. The time is past when we
environment is altering, and one effect is that adequate could consider it as a desirable adjunct which may be
control of this dust must receive more careful attention provided so long as money allowed!
than ever before.
This report confines itself specifically to dust
We must accept the growing awareness of our
social system to effluent contamination of air, earth problems in beet sugar factories. It is not intended
to be a general description of collection methods, and
and water and this has its impact on all manufacturing
does not attempt to describe all systems and collectors
processes. In the beet sugar industry, this fact, allied
available. It concentrates on equipment with which
with more stringent conditions of hygiene and the
the B.S.C. has had experience or which it is considered
reluctance of labour to work in conditions below the
could be successfully used under beet sugar factory
best obtainable, makes the need to control dust
conditions. It is necessary to limit the report
unavoidable.
because of the tremendous scope of the subject, and
In some industries- unfortunately in the minority- because the seasonal nature of beet sugar production,
adequate dust collection equipment has been in use combined with the physical characteristics of the
for many years. These are generally where the dust dusts involved, places certain limitations on the choice
is valuable, or is particularly lethal because of toxicity, of equipment. The effect of these on the cost and
or has a high potential explosion risk. This illustrates efficiency is considered.
that, when it is necessary, the problem can be over-
come. However, the majority of cases do not fall ln the sugar factory, as in some other industrial
within the above extreme categories, but can be processes, collection problems can be reduced by
regarded rather as a nuisance- either to the employer, designing process plant to create the minimum amount
employee, or neighbours- and in many such instances of dust. This is a problem outside the scope of this
dust control has been rather neglected until recent paper. However, with sugar and pulp, most dust
years. The principal reason is the cost of collection problems arise in the conveying, weighing or storage
systems, which can be quite high, depending very sections, and the proper design of mechanical handling
9
January THE lNTERNATIONAL SUGAR JOURNAL 1967
equipment i~- therefore an important consideration. and sugar dusts, after wetting, produce acidic reactions
Again, colle~.:tion systems comprise extraction ducting with the resultant deleterious effect on buildings and
and fans as well as the collecting units, and the paintwork. Pulp dust has the peculiar property of
correct design of the former is equally as important swelling after wetting. On buildings of sheeted con-
as the correct choice of the latter. struction thi s can distort the sheets at the joints.
Among the more serious problems is the explosion Generally speaking, if sugar factory dusts have an
danger which can arise with some materials within effect on plant and buildings it is a bad one, always
certain limits of concentration. In the sugar factory, involving extra costs.
sugar dust is the greatest potential danger, although
most materials may form explosive mixtures when Clc:ming costs
the conditions arc right. To avoid explosions, or To allow quantities of dust from any ongm to
minimize their effect, requires not only efficient dust accumulate in factories is bad from m~ny aspects :
collection but correct design of plant combining the contamination of products, explosion risks, and effect
necessary mechanical strength and correct location of on plant and emplo y~ es . In the interests of general
explosion vents. Considerable work in thi s respect cleanliness, it must be removed , and if no collection
has been undertaken in U.K. factories in recent years, system is available then labour costs are incurred in
and although this is a subject partly outside the area cleaning- which incidentally is often a "spreading
of du st control , we shall give a brief description of around" operation, not a removal!
some of these efforts.
Finally, although the main object of thi s report is Conservation of product
to describe attempts to reduce the difficulties already The dust collected from both sugar and pulp pro-
mentioned. there are one or two sections of the ducing plant can be worth appreciable sums of m oney.
beet sugar process where efficient dust removal is In the case of pulp, the drying gases have always been
desirable for technical reasons. Experiences in these passed through a cyclone separator before discharge,
will be mentioned briefly, especially in relation to and m ore recently, particularly in pulp nutting installa-
cost and efficiency of the collectors used. tions, it is usual to collect dust by dry cyclone and
return this to the nutting machines. In general,
PROBLEMS CREATED BY OUST
however, the collection of sugar dust is much more
The most common types of dust found in sugar remunerative, and in some parts of the handling
factorie s come from sugar, pulp and lime. In addition, system, where it is being collected over 12 months
it is often necessary to filter air for removal of airborne per year, the collection system can repay its cost in
particles, and there may be specialized requirements a short time.
such as filter aid collection or dust from knife sharpen-
ing machines. Good n ~ighbours
The main reasons for controlling these are generally Some years ago most British sugar factories were
well understood, but it is worth mentioning briefly in rural districts, but they are now rapidly being
some of the more important: enveloped in urban areas. The increasing demand
Impro ved working conditions for less atmospheric pollution continues, supported
From the health aspect none of the materials listed by certain legislation. This means installing higher
above are toxic, although lime and filter aid are efficiency collectors and other means of reducing the
irritants. However, excess inhalation of any dust pollution effect on individuals.
over long periods of time can cause pulmonary
Explosion hazards
diseases. Lime dust, because of the exothermic
slaking reaction is particularly dangerous on contact Here, perhaps, we have the most disconcerting
with moisture and can cause severe damage to eyes. effect of all. Unfortunately, a number of explosions
In addition all dusts, and sugar in particular, can have occurred in sugar factories and their spectacular
cause skin diseases, including dermatitis under certain effect makes the headlines. While not wishing to
conditions. A number of these health hazards are minimize the risk and the terrible results. it should
reduced in beet sugar factories because subjection be borne in mind that neither sugar nor pulp dust
to most conditions applies only to about one-third of is particularly dangerous compared with many other
each year. industrial dusts. Thus with reasonable care and con-
In addition to effects on health, there is the general trol of conditions, and particularly the avoidance of
unpleasantness for individuals working in dusty dust concentrations accumulating within plant or
conditions. This factor is becoming increasingly working areas, the explosion hazard can be much
important, and if employers do not make reduced-in fact, to a very safe level. This can be
efforts to make conditions more tolerable the problem achieved with a dust collection plant, but para-
of obtaining suitable operatives is likely to arise. doxically, it is within this plant that the greatest
hazard may be concentrated. Correct design of the
Impro ved conditions for building and plant collection system is essential to minimize risks and,
Because of its penetrative powers, and its abrasive if the worst should occur, to ensure that adequate
nature, dust can cause damage to machines, particu- strength is available and venting is done into a safe
larly those with close tolerance working parts. Pulp area.
10
DUST CONTROL IN A BEET SUGAR FACTORY
There is no doubt however that the avoidance of (d) The ultimate disposal of the dust. Sugar dust
damage to personnel and plant is one of the strongest may be collected wet during a campaign, and the
reasons for dust control. syrup reprocessed immediately. Out of campaign,
dry collection is preferred and the collector choice
Process efficiency reasons is immediately limited. Similarly, pulp dust for
The Introduction mentioned technical reasons for disposal can be collected wet, but for re-use, dry
removing grit or dust from gas or air. In particular collection is preferred. No system can be satisfactory
there is the scrubbing of lime kiln gas for removal of if it poses unnecessary disposal problems to the user.
grit before it damages gas pumps or enters the juice This must receive careful consideration so that it
in process. We have, too, the filtration of air in complies with the standard of working and practice.
sugar silo air conditioning plant, to avoid sugar dust (e) If continuous collection is essential, then
poisoning the air drying catalyst, or for cleaning air collector choice is again limited. If it is intermittent,
before enteri ng sugar dryers or liquid sugar storage owing to shift breaks, meal breaks, or day working,
tanks, to avoid contamination of the product. a wider choice is available.
ELEMENTS OF D UST CO NTROL SYSTEMS AND
(f) When it is desirable to recirculate the air with in
OPERATIONAL FACTORS INFLUENC ING CHOI CE the building, thus saving heat and very often ducting
costs, then the collection efficiency must be extremely
The essential elements of any dust collection system high . lf the air can be vented to atmosphere, such
are (I) hooding, which is designed to enclose the high efficiencies are not essential, and the standard
plant concern ed sufficiently, and provide zones of must be set by the quality of the effluent which one
entrainment of dust and air into (2) ductwork, which is prepared to discharge, or the loss of material
comprises both bra nch and main ducts, and these which is acce ptable.
connect the hoods to (3) a collector where the solids
are aga in se parated from the air to a satisfactory (g) All dust collection systems require fa ns, and all
standard, permitting discharge of the air and collec- fans are noisy. The effect of add itional noise emanat-
tion of dust in such a state as to allow its disposal ing from a dust system must be considered both on
by preferred means. Lastly (4) a fan produces the ones own staff and neighbours. Fan noise can be
necessary air flow through hoods and overcomes the influenced by design- generally less noise means
resistance of the system. This fa n can be either a paying more- or alternatively, acoustical treatment
separate unit or integral with the collector, and may may be satisfactory at a lower cost.
operate on the "clean" or "dirty" side of the collector. (h) The scale of operating costs derends on such
Although the principle of operation and design of factors as pressure drop (i.e. power cost), water
th~ collector generally receives the greatest considera-
costs (if wet system), maintenance costs and labour
tion, and it is correct that it should do so because costs-the latter depending on the means available
this is the element which influences most the overall for disposal of the dust.
efficiency and cost, this fact must not distract from There are, no doubt, other considerations in special
the importance of the correct design of hooding, cases, and the supplier of dust collection equipment
ductwork and fan , to provide a complete working can discuss and give advice on these matters. The
installation . above are mentioned, however, because they certainly
From a practical point of view, there is no real require consideration if entire satisfaction is to be
absolute standard of dust control. The acceptable achieved.
standard is usually influenced by the economics of AtR Q u ANTITI ES, HooD AND D ucT D ESIGN
the systems ava ilable, the standard of safety im posed
by statutory requirements, the reaction of a labour The main dust problems in the beet sugar factory
force to general work ing cond itions and the acceptable are associated with pulp and sugar. It is obvious
level of hygiene dictated by the industry concerned. that these arise on ly after the products are dried, and
Havi ng decided on a standard fo r any specific case, so dust coll ection is mainly concerned with conveying
the correct des ign of hooding, ductwork and choice plant, including belt and screw conveyors, elevators,
of collector- all of which influences the fan choice- screens, magnettc separators, storage bins and silos,
is affected by a number of fac tors :- weighing and packaging machines and air·conditioning
eq uipment as well as dryers and coolers. ln all these
(a) The concentration and particle size of the dust cases, dust is liberated from the product when it is
involved. disturbed by, or fa lls through, air, that is to say at
(h) The density of the dust particles. In the sugar transfer points in a conveyi ng system, at inlets and
factory, suga r and pulp dust are the most important, outlets of elevators, over magnets or screens, etc.
and :heir particle densities are sufficientl y similar Efficient dust control is dependent on well-designed
to pe1mit equivalent design data to be used. Recom- hoods at the source, and good hood design is based
mendations quoted later for air velocities, etc., are primarily on the degree to which the dust source can
applicable to both products. be enclosed. The purpose of a hood is to maintain
(c) Other physical characteristics and behaviour an indraft of air at the necessary velocity to prevent
such as solubi lit y, hygroscopicity, abrasiveness, rando m escape of airborne particles outside the
explosion potential. etc. collection system. The quantity of air at each position
II
is dependent on the velocity required and the area In the same way, the fan must be of sufficient size
of "leaks" or "visibility" or "access" points- to induce the required volume of air with reasonable
whatever the escape points could be. The required horsepower. Its speed and size. will be a function of
air velocity is a function of the material handled the pressure losses to be overcome in the system.
and the conveying system. Obviously the less indraft However, by judicious selection of fan design some
air required, the cheaper the collection system, and variation between theoretical and actual pressure
this can be achieved by efficient enclosure of the drops may be accommodated without significant
conveyors. effect upon induced air flow. For minimum installa-
The individual hoods or suction points are each tion and operating cost, the collector and fan should
served by branch ducts, which feed into a main be positioned, in the general layout, to minimize
duct. The correct sizing of all ducts is important to the length of ductwork . However, in most cases, a
maintain a predetermined velocity. lf this velocity is compromise is desirable, with the collector being
too low, then particles may settle out in the duct, placed where space is available and where disposal
causing partial chokage and being a great potential of the collected material and air is most convenient.
danger if a primary explosion should occur. On the The latter can be very important where explosion
other hand, if the duct is undersized and the velocity hazards are considerable, when it is desirable to have
too high, this can cause unnecessarily high abrasion the collector situated in a lightly sheeted structure
in the ducts, and extra power for the system. adjacent to, but outside, the main building.
The first step therefore in design is to determine Information is tabulated below which may be
the exhaust volume and branch duct size required used to design a dust collection system. We have
for each dust source, beginning with the one located not yet, of course, discussed the factors influencing
furthest from the collector. The main duct size can the choice of dust collector, and a knowledge of
then be calculated for the air velocity chosen, and this the pressure drop across this unit is essential, but
duct must increase in size as each successive branch assuming that this is known, the Tables referred to
enters. All sizes are determined to the nearest can give a complete design for hoods. branch and
practical diameter from hood volumes and conveying main ducts, and fan. However, we prefer to qualify
velocities. Actual velocities may vary as much as 10% this by saying that the data should be used as a guide
from calculated in order to accommodate practical only. Each system should be considered independ-
sizing. However, conveying velocities include a ently. Local conditions such as dust concentration
factor of safety over critical velocities (the point at and particle size can alter average design values, with
which settling of the material occurs) to accommodate perhaps the greatest influence being the degree of
for this design feature. enclosure of the plant itself. It is recommended
Table I
Typical Exhaast Volumes and Conveying Velocities applicable to Dust Producing Equipment
Source Conveyinf( velocitie.• in It/min
Equipment Exhaust Hood Exhaust Requirements Branch Duct Main Duct Remarks
Sugar dryers Complete enclosure Within range 130 ft/min- 4,000
and coolers of drum inlet 175 ft/min calculated on
cross-sectional area of
dryer/cooler.
Belt conveyors fop strand completely Belt speeds less than 200ft/ 3,000-3,500 3,000-3,500 Suction points at feed
hooded and belt scrapers min- 350 c.f.m. per foot of and discharge or point
to be within hooding. belt width; belt speeds more of material removal
than 200 ft/min-450 c.f.m.
per foot of belt width
Bucket elevators Tight casing required I 00 c.f.m. per sq. ft. of 3,000-3,500 3,000-3,500 To maintain indraft in
elevator casing cross-section casing only
Screw conveyors If sealed completely
omit extraction point
Bins Connect to top of bin, 150-200 ft/min through any 3,000-3,500 3;000-3,500 Calculate material dis-
away from feed point open areas but not less than placement but minimum
0·5 c.f.m. per cu. ft. of bin of 4 in dia. with 3,000
capacity ft/min velocity
Screen-Flat As close fitting as 150-200 ft/min through hood 3,000-3,500 3,000-3,500
vibrating type practical openings but not less than
35 c.f.m. per sq. ft. area
Automatic dump Not enclosed Total approx. 2,000 c.f.m. 3,500 3,500 Enclosure would reduce
5 cwt weighing from two suctions air quantity but leads
machine to weighing inaccuracies,
and cleaning and in-
spection difficulties
Bagging machines Two suctions, not 600 c.f.m. from weigh hopper 3,500 3,500
1 and 2 cwt enclosed and 600 c.f.m. from bagging
machine hopper
Pulp bagging On 180° Arc 2,000--2,500 c.f.m. per 3,000 3,000
stations around bag bagging spout
12
DUST CONTROL lN A BEET SUGAR FACTORY
therefore that th e
design of each sys-
tem is preferably
left to an expert on
this subject. Never-
theless, in the B.S. C.
th e more rece nt
suga r hand ling in- ~
.c.,
stall ati ons have a 0
- (
standard design of
plant enclos ure, and
as the product
hand led is fa irl y
consistent , we are
sa tisfied that th e
va lues quoted in the
Ta bles wo uld give
sat isfactory res ult s
fo r a dust co nt ro l
system under our
normal co nditions.
The data ca n cert-
ainly be used to
check proposa ls and
costs submi tt ed by
du st co ntrol co n-
tractors ·u the ten-
dering stage, and
wit h the use of
air flow measuring Qu.a nl•\: 'j ;n C ub•..:.. ~ e:~t p~ r
instruments, the in-
format ion ca n assist Fig. I. Flow of air in metal duels.
in diagnosing faults if and when they ar ise 111 an General re~ommendation for conveying air velocities
.
existing syste m.
Table ll
through ducts
Conveying ••elocities
Dust types in ducts
General recommendation for suctio.1 air velocities through
(ft /min)
hoods over dust source
Vapours, gases, fumes, mists 1,500-2,000
Velocin• Fine dry dusts . . . .... .. .. . 2,500-3,500
Met/tad of generation (/t /mini Dust types Average industrial dusls .. 3,000-4,000
Released with little 50- 100 Yapours, mists, fumes, Coarse panicles .. .... .... ....... . 3,500-4,500
movement gases. Large particles, dense or moist
Released with low 100-200 Fine dusts of low density materials, heavy concentrations,
velo:ity material. Low speed pneumatic conveying . . . . . . . . . . 4,500 and above
conveyor transfer Table 1 lists most equipment involved in dust
Released wi th points. producing operations Details are given in a general
200-500 Larger panicles or way of the positioning of hoods and suction points,
greater velocity medium density ·h · ·· d 1 ·· Ta bl e 11
materials. High speed Wit suggested atr quantities an ve octttes.
conveyor transfer gives an indication of how ind raft velocities at hoods,
points. Screens. and conveying velocities in ducts, vary with particle
Released wilh great 500- 2000 Large particles of high size- although density of material also affects these
force
density. Grinding
machines. Shot- velocities. ln the case of pulp and sugar the quoted
blasting. Abrasive values are applicable. This provides sufficient
cleaning. information to design all ductwork, and determine
Table Ill. Equiva lent resistance of bends ~a nd branch entries in terms of feet of straight pipe
45° Elbow 60° Elbow 90°E/bow
Dia. of Inside Radius Inside Radius Inside Radius
Pipe Angle of Entry
(in) xo I! X 0 2 X 0 x O I~ X 0 2 X 0 I X 0 I! X 0 2 X 0 JOo 45°
4 4 3 2 6 4 3 7 5 4 3 5
6 6 4 3 8 6 4 II 8 6 5
8 7 5 7
4 10 7 6 14 10 8 7 II
10 10 7 6 15 10 8 20 14 II
12 13 9 14
8 7 19 13 10 25 I7 14 II 17
14 15 10 8 22 16 13 30 21 17 13
16 18 12 21
10 27 19 15 36 25 20 16 25
18 20 14 12 31 21 17 41 28 23
20 23 18 28
16 13 35 24 20 46 32 26 20
24 29 20 32
16 43 29 24 57 39 32
~~
.0 25 21 56 38 32 75 51 42
j6 30 24 65 45 36 86 60 48
13
the total air 'volume involved. Having chosen the handled. If clean air dueling is involved beyond the
type of collector, information is available for the collector, the resistance of this must be included.
average pressure drop required for the volume to be Fig. I gives a relationship between air quantities,
velocities, and pressure drop in various sized round
~ ducts for air at 20°C-which is a normal average
A working temperature. 'fhis allows calculation of the
t~ total pressure drop for each section· of the ductwork.
Where ducts are rectangular (not to be recommended
!1:::'_
': - I except where space is limited), Fig. 2 gives an approxi-
o I
mate equivalent circular section for any reasonable
Jt
~ I 5o
combination of rectangle. To accommodate for
bends and branch entry points the equivalent resist-
:., ances in feet length of straight pipe are given in Table
. ; - ll)O
: ~~o
Ill. Thus a total system resistance can be calculated
: -eo and a fan size determined, together with power
requirements.
Flt1ally, a mechanical specification for the hoods
and ductwork is essential, because correct design
and competent installation of sheet steel ducts is
necessary for proper functioning of the system. It
is very important to keep frictional resistance to a
minimum, and this means a layout with a minimum
of bends, and with duct interiors smooth and free
from obstructions. Generally, galvanized sheet steel
is preferred, and it is a good design principle to have
elbows and angles of heavier gauge than straight
lengths of the same diameter. Likewise hoods should
be heavier than straight pipe. Where flexible conn-
exions are necessary, they should be of a non-
collapsible type and kept to a minimum length.
To minimize pressure loss on changing diameter of
ducts (entry loss), it is desirable to have tapered
sections at all such points. By this means as much
as two-thirds of the maximum entry loss can fle
avoided. The angle of taper is optimum in the range
!5° to 30°-measured from the axis of flow.
Fig. ?. Circular equivalents of rectangular ducts. (To be "continued)
Sugar Cane Breeding

1n Barbados
31st Annual Report of the Barbados Sugar Cane Variety Testing Station
HIS report seems to have appeared somewhat fungus in future. Some 237 crosses were made and
T belatedly for it refers to the period 1963- 64.

It is reported that rainfall in Barbados during
the 1963 growing season was good up to the
seedlings were obtained from 158 of these. Seed from
all crosses, except selfs and early nobilizations, was
equally divided between Barbados, Jamaica, Guyana
end of November after which a dry spell and Central Romana (Dominican Republic).
set in and there was little rain until May when some
light showers fell. This led to a somewhat unusual Variety Testing
ripening pattern. Flowering of cane at the Station The third year trials were intended to screen the
was normal and a full breeding programme was selections of each series more thoroughly so that
undertaken . Some of the arrows were attacked by any which come up to the performance of the standard
a fungus (Fusarium sp. ?) causing the fuzz to be varieties may be considered for final testing in Select
brittle when harvested. It is hoped to control the Seedling Trials and for commercial cultivation in
14
SUGAR CANE BREEDING IN BARBADOS
Barbados. In recent years plot sizes have been single stools are being used as a ble (independent
increased to 56 cane holes. The number of replicates stools) for comparison with the spaci.l g experiments
in these trials has been reduced to 3 and sa1:Jlple mentioned below, besides giving measurement data
bundles for sucrose in juice and purity determinations on components of yield. Later they may be used as
are taken from each block. It was felt that this "microplots" to measure responses to management
layout would give yields which would be more com- variables.
parable with those obtained when the variety was The same varieties are being used in radiating-row
planted on a field scale. experiments to measure the effects of competition on
In plant cane trials with the B60 series the following yield and yield components at spacings from 2 ft x
varieties gave the best yields: B60115, B60125 , 2 ft to 8 ft x 8 ft.
B 60145, B 60191 , B 60267 and B 60321. With Pe1jormance in other Countries
regard to these it is stated that: B 601 15 appears to
favour the higher rainfall areas and its juice quality A section of the report is devoted to a consideration
is not outstanding, B 60125 tends to flower freely, of the performance of Barbados-bred varieties in
particularly in the high rainfall areas and is very other countries, notably contributing territories, i.e.
h~rd , B 60145 has given very good yields of reasonable
those cane growing countries that give financial
quality but is very difficult to cut and clean, B 60191 assistance to the running of the station. Detailed
has an excellent juice and has given reasonable yields information is given in tabular form . With regard to
of cane, B 60267 was the most consistent in yield, commercial possibilities the following remarks may
and B 60321 was a moderate performer with a be of interest :
reasonably good juice. B 51116 is being planted in Guyana (especially
Trials with first ratoons from the B 59 series Berbice) and is being tried further in Jamaica, though
(raised a year earlier) were less successful owing to its lodging habit is a disadvantage there.
the death of many stools, caused by exceptionally B 51129 is becoming the standard variety through-
dry weather. However, it was considered that out Guadeloupe, and replacing B 37172 in the wetter
B 59162 and B 59233 appeared to be the best of the areas of Martinique. In Jamaica, this variety generally
series as ratoons , both being very hard , particularly has shown good quality, and will almost certainly
B 59162, but giving ratoon yields of good juice be used in the Central and wet West areas.
quality. B 59136 gave good yields but had poor B 52313 is being tested further in Jamaica, while
juice while B 59189 gave heavy yields in high rainfall B 5387 and B 53200 are promising for poor land in
areas. Jamaica. B 54142 and B 54277 are being tried
Spxing Experiments extensively in Martinique, and B 54262 and B 54277
have given good results in Trinidad (Waterloo).
Tn cooperation with the Agricultural Department
B 54262 and B 54281 appear the best of this series
conventional spacing trials were carried out. B 49119 in Jamaica, while B 5557 is performing well in
whs compared with another variety of contrasting,
Trinidad (St. Madeleine) and in Jamaica; it has also
lower tillering capacity, at each of five sites. Spacings been noted in the drier South area of Martinique as
of 5 ft x 5 ft (norm1l in Barbados) were generally a possible replacement for B 46364.
the best, or no significant differences between 5 ft x
2ft and 5 ft X 5 ft could be demonstrated . Obser- B 5660 is promising in St. Kitts, and has been noted
vations on tillering revealed excessive tillering at for further trial in Martinique and Jamaica. Its lack
5 ft x 2ft, followed by a high death rate in September of flowering makes it of possible interest in Barbados,
(plant canes) or later (ratoons) ; in some cases final where it never went through Third Year Trials.
cane number per acre was lower at 5 ft x 2ft than B 56102 is also noted in Jamaica and Martinique.
at 5 ft X 5 ft. Under Barbados conditions, where B 57150 is promising in in Trinidad (Waterloo) and
periods of drought stress are frequent , it is considered Guadeloupe. It was not established from its first
that the main factor limiting cane number is water shipment to Jamaica, and wasdiscardedatanearlystage
shortage. Excessive tillering at close spacing leads from trials in Guyana. Both places have reimported it.
to an excessive drain on available moisture, and A list is given of the number of varieties distributed
competition effects are unusually severe, such that to contributing countries. This varied from one or
canes can apparently kill each other. If close spacing two in the case of some Central American countries
has to be adopted (e.g. for mechanization of planting to 117, 79 and 60 in the case of Guadeloupe, Martin-
and harvesting) attention will have to be paid to ique and Trinidad respectively.
tillering habits of varieties in order to restrict the Reference is made to the arrangement with the
demand of transpiration. It is suggested that some Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, to provide quarantine
variety trials should begin to be planted in con- facilities (hot house) for varieties or propagating
tinuous rows to gain information on variety responses material to be received from other parts of the world.
and make selections in readiness for the time that The Commonwealth Mycological Institute, situated
such practices are adopted. at Kew, carries out the necessary inspection. So
The relative differences between a range of good far , material from Queensland and India has been
varieties differing in habit, growth rate, tillering, etc., received, all in good condition. The original setts
are being studied in single stools planted at 12ft x received are not sent, only new growth.
12ft kept well weeded , mulched and manured. These F.N.H.
15
Radical changes and challenges in future of the (South Field practices used to control sugar cane pests in
African) sugar industry. J. R. GUNN. S. African Sugar Puerto Rico. L. F. MARTORELL. Sugar y Azucar,
J., 1966, 50, 227-231.-Remarks from the presi- 1966, 61, (4), 28-31.-An account is given of sugar
dential address to the 1966 congress of the S.A. Sugar cane pests in Puerto Rico, the extent of the damage
Technologists' Association are recorded. It is con- caused and the methods of control recommended or
sidered that field labour shortage will necessitate practised. These include the moth borer (Diatraea
mechanization in harvesting and loading in the not saccharalis), sugar cane grubs, the yellow aphid
too distant future; coupled with this will be changes (Sipha f!ava), nematodes, rodents and land crabs.
in planting practice and field layout and operations. The yellow aphid and cornstalk borer (Eiasmopa!pus
[Many parts of the Natal sugar belt are too hilly for lignosellus) have caused greatly increased damage in
present day mechanical harvesters.-Eo.] recent years.
* * * * * *
From swamps to sugar cane. ANON. S. African Sugar
J., 1966, 50, 235-241.- An account is given of the Bolivia's struggle to mechanize. H. KAMPF. Sugar y
planting and production of sugar cane on the fertile Azucar, 1966, 61, (4), 32-34.-Production of white
alluvial flats of the Umhlatuzi delta area, in Zululand, sugar increased from 2000 metric tons in 1940 to
which was formerly swampland. The special attention 93,641 tons in 1964. Less than 10% of cane produced
which has to be paid to the miles of drainage canals is from factory farms. the rest being mostly from
and the precautions against flooding are described. independent small growers whose agricultural opera-
tions-ploughing, planting, harvesting and loading-
* * * are done manually. However the bigger land owners
More mechanized operations this season. G. S. have introduced better and partly mechanized farming
BARTLETT. S. African Sugar J., 1966, 50, 242-249. techniques. Work on a new 3000-ha undertaking
Results of a mechanization survey throughout the with mechanized equipment is described.
sugar belt are given in a table. New cane areas in the
eastern Transvaal are considered well suited to
mechanization. Much of the area is quite flat and
* * *
fields may be laid out to give maximum field efficiency. Sugar cane cytogenetics. D . JAGATHESAN and N.
Methods used in Louisiana are being followed. HRISHT. Coimbatore Summer School for Sugar Cane
Scientists, Summary of Lectures, 1966, (5), 3 pp.-New
* * * and improved techniques for the determination of
A summary of agricultural data, sugar cane crop, 1965. chromosome numbers in sugar cane are described
J. L. ou ToiT and M. G. MURDOCH. S. African Sugar and chromosome numbers in the five recognised
J., 1966, 50, 259- 267.-Results are given of the Sugar species discussed. Other matters discussed are:
Industry Central Board's survey, which is more cytogenetical peculiarities in sugar cane, interspecific
comprehensive than previously. Information is given and intergeneric hybridization, megasporogenesis and
on areas and yields, rainfall, irrigation, burning and phylogeny.
trashing, varieties, fertilizers, etc. Fertilizer usage
reached the high figure of 1000 lbfacre. The most
popular varieties were N :Co 376 on the south coast
* * *
(78%), N:Co 310 at Pongola (93%) and N:Co 293 Sugar cane diseases and their control. K. V. SRINI-
in th e Midlands (32·7%}. Both N :Co 382 and N .50/ VASAN and G. R. SINGH. Coimbatore Summer School
211 are increasing rapidly in popularity. for Sugar Cane Scientists, Summary of Lectures, 1966,
(9), 6 pp.- The first part (by K. V. SRINIVASAN) deals
* * * with diseases other than those caused by viruses and
Overhead irrigation: key to Rhodesia's success. ANON. the second part (by G. R. SINGH) with virus di seases.
Sugary Azucar, 1966, 61, (4), 25- 27.-Twenty years viz. mosaic, ratoon stunting disease and grassy shoot
ago Rhodesia imported all her domestic sugar disease. It is stated that, of some 147 diseases known
requirements. Today some 30,000 tons for export to attack sugar cane throughout the world , about 84
ue produced. This could only be achieved with have been recorded in India. The following diseases
rrigation. as rainfall is low and erratic. Details are are discussed : red rot , wilt, smut, pineapple disease,
given of Wright Rain irrigation design, equipment, root rot, rust, yellow spot, pokkah boeng, red stripe,
type of sprinkler used, etc. leaf scald and chlorosis.
16
SUGAR CANE AGRICULTURE
Sugar cane pests and their control. P. N. AvASTHY. ance in Queensland and is also one of tl1e most im-
Coimbatore Summer School for Sugar Cane Scientists, portant varieties in the world. If the starch problem
Summary of Lectures, 1966, (10), 6 pp.-Over 100 could be solved at the mill this may be sounder and
different species of insect, apart from non-insect pests, more economical than to attempt to attack the prob-
may attack sugar cane in India. About two dozen of lem by breeding.
these are regarded as major pests. They are discussed,
with special emphasis on borers. and include termites, * * *
leaf hoppers, white grubs, scale insects, white flies, Nutgrass problem. K. C. LEVERINGTON. Producers'
mealy bugs and army worm. Rev., 1966, 53 , (3). 53.- Refc,·ence is made to the
* * * success achieved in controlling nut grass (Cyperus
A study on mineralization of nitrogen and phosphorus rotundus) in Queensland by the use of the Monsanto
in waste by-products of the sugar industry. A. P. chemical "C.P. 31675", the most promising herbicide
GUPTA and S. P. SHUKLA. Proc. 33rd. Ann. Conv. so far tried. Regular applications of 2,4-D were also
Sugar Tech. Assoc. India. 1965, xxvii-xxx.- Pot effective.
culture experiments under laboratory conditions with * * *
filter press mud, molasses and farm yard manure are
described. Ammonification took place with all three Long-term fertilizer trials on sugar cane. A. SINGH.
treatments and continued up to 8 weeks. Availability Fertilizer News, 1966, 11, (4), 18-21, 26.-This is the
of phosphorus was much greater with filter press first of a series of three articles analysing the yield
mud than with molasses or farmyard manure. As trends of N- P- K trials at Shahjahanpur. No evidence
mineralization generally starts after 3 to 4 weeks' arose to support the belief that continuous application
incubation, it is recommended that these manures of ammonium sulphate leads to deterioration of the
be applied a month before planting. soil and decrease in yield. The value of green manur-
ing in place of fallow is discussed.
* * *
Studies in crop-log procedure : 1. Preliminary studies * * *
on irrigation control measures for ripening the cane. Some thoughts on machines and labour to operate
V. RANGANATHAN, L. M. GHOUSE and S. KANNAN . them. G. S. BARTLETT. S. African Sugar J., 1966, 50,
Indian Sugar, 1966, 15, 723- 724, 729.- Leaf sheath 335- 339.- Self-loading trailers, fertilizer distributors,
moisture percentage was used as a guiding factor for cultivators and trans-shipment cranes are some of the
deciding irrigation requirements. By ripening the labour-saving devices in use in South African cane
cane by means of controlled irrigation, good juice fields. and it is considered that more mechanization
quality was obtained and a saving in irrigation effected. must come. In much of Zululand and the Midlands
An attempt to ripen the crop too soon in this way the terrain is flat enough for mechanical harvesters.
was harmful and gave reduced yields of cane. Weed control by chemical or mechanical means is
* * * considered to offer the greatest scope in saving labour.
Red rot field infection of sugar cane leaves in Louisiana. Some 40- 50% of the total labour requirements during
G. R. SINGH. Indian Sugar, 1966, 15, 735-737. the year are committed to controlling weeds.
Observation were made throughout the growing * * *
season on six varieties of cane with regard to infection
by red rot (Colletotrichum ja!catum). It is thought Huge glass-house for new cane varieties. ANoN. S.
that independent infections may be responsible for African Sugar J., 1966, 50, 357- 359.-Details, with
midrib lesions later in the season . photographs, are given of a large glass-house in the
course of construction at the Mount Edgecombe
* * * Experiment Station near Durban. It is to be used
Investigation into actual mechanical harvesting opera- for breeding work and it is hoped to produce with it
tions in Queensland. L. G. VALLANCE. Australian 200,000 seedlings instead of the present 40,000. lt
Sugar J. , 1966. 57, 959- 973.- This consists of extracts is 234ft long, 24ft wide and 18 ft high to the eaves.
from a report on the actual operation of mechanical Lt will have an oil-fired water heating system and a
harvesters during the 1965 crushing season, carried light railway system, with 20 trolleys for ease of
out on behalf of the Australian Sugar Producers' handling. running through the house.
Association. lt is considered that an expansion of the
use of chopper harvesters needs to be considered with * * *
caution because of the cane deterioration factor. Water hyacinth eradication programme stepped up.
With whole-stalk harvesters a reduction in the growing ANON. S. African Sugar J .• 1966, 50, 379.- It is
of brittle cane, such as Q 58 and Pindar. may be ad- hop~d to obtain com;:>lete eradication of the water
visable. The position in various Queensland districts hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) from the cane belt or
is discussed. warm~r parts of Natal, where the weed may occur,
* * * especially in dams. This South American weed has
Starch content of N:Co 310. ANON. Producers' Rev.. been present about 30 years. Mechanical and chemical
1966, 56, (3), 43.- lt is pointed out that this variety, means of eradication (2,4-D at the rate of 2lb of acid
which has a high starch content. is second in import- equivalent per acre) are to be used.
17
Practical trials on the control of the eelworm Dit y/en- Field trials of sugar beet varieties grown in Switzerland.
chus dipsaci on sugar beet in Switzerland. H. HoHENER F. VOGEL. Agric. Romande, Ser. A, I 965, 4 , 52- 55:
and S. BuRGI. Zucker, 1966, 19, 225-232. -Field through Plant Breeding Abs., 1966, 36, 576.- This
trials showed conclusively that this eelworm or refers to I 964 trials of six normal and four segmented
nematode may be controlled on sugar beet with seed polyploid varieties. With the former, highest
"Ekatox". In trial plots with heavy infestation yields of roots and sugar were obtained with " Poly-
"Ekatox" granules, containing 5% "Parathion", kuhn" and "Maribo Continenta-Poly", and with the
reduced total damage of over 90% to a very low latter the highest yields were from "Mono-polybeta".
percentage. For maximum effectiveness the appli- Germination tests were also carried out.
cation rate would need to be 60-80 kg/ha. Very early
application is needed, the first treatment being at the * * *
primary leaf stage and the second at the 2-4 leaf stage. Observations on breeding for production of sugar beet
seed in Italy. A. ALFERO. Sementi e!ette, 1966, 12,
* * * 22-28 ; through Plant Breeding Abs., 1966, 36, 577.
Results of two years' tests on fertilizing sugar beet
Reference is made to the need to reconcile growers'
leaves. F. L<lCHER. Zucker, 1966, 19, 253-255.-The
demands for large roots giving high yields per hectare
trials were carried out with two proprietory fertilizers
with those of the factory for smaller roots with hi gh
and urea at several centres. The two seasons were
sugar content. The work of the Centro Seme (Seed
not normal in that 1964 was unusually hot and dry
Centre) in selecting genealogical lines possessing
and 1965 unusually cool and wet. However, the
certain desired characteristics as female parent
results, shown by means of graphs and charts, were
lines is described.
encouraging and demonstrated that increased yields
may be obtained in this way.
* * *
* * * Varieties of sugar beet. ANON. Farmers' Leaflet,
The effects on growth, development and yield of sugar (Nat. lnst. Agric. Bot.), 1965, (5); through P..'alll
beet of extension of the growth period by transplanta- Breeding Abs. , 1966, 36, 577.-Descriptions are given
tion. R. K. Scorr and P. M. BREMNER. J. Agric. Sci., of sixteen recommended varieties.
1966, 66, 379-388.-A series of three field experiments
during 1962-1964 is reported. Seedlings were raised * * *
in small paper pots in a heated glasshouse and later On transplanting sugar beets in warm regions. II.
transplanted in the field. Results showed that this Root components of sugar beets as related to the size
extension of the growth period may greatly increase of seedlings. T. OSAKI and S. HA v ASH I. Sci. Rep.
crop yield. Root yield increased with advance in Hyogo Univ. Agric. (Agric.), 1964, 6, (2), 155-158 :
planting date from 4 to 10 tons per acre. The trans- through Field Crop Abs. , 1966, 19, 205.-Roots from
planted beets were rounder and more fanged or large seedlings gave a higher total yield of sugar than
branched than the field-sown beets and more likely those from small seedlings when harvested at the
to be adversely affected by dry spells or lack of soil optimum time (January-February).
moisture, probably having a shallower root system.
* * * * * *
Aspects of sugar beet seed production. Management
The time of flight and the relative importance of M yzus and storage of stecklings. Management of overwintered
persicae and Aphis jabae in relation to the incidence beet seed crops. J. KUIZENGA. Medel. 103, Proefsta.
of beet yellows as shown by trap catches at Rothamsted Akker-en Weideb., 1965, 33 pp.; through Field Crop
and Broom's Barn. G. D. HEATHCOTE. Bull. Ent. Abs., 1966, 19, 205.-Management practices for
Res., 1966, 56, 473-480; through Rev. Appl. Ent., growing sugar beet for seed, with and without trans-
1966, 54, Ser. A, 446.-Sticky traps were operated planting, are described .
over sugar beet crops at various centres for five years
to gain information about the flight of the aphids * * *
that transmit beet yellowing viruses and to aid in the Suitable methods for manuring [sugar beet] with
spray warning scheme for sugar beet growers. The straw. J. KoHNLEIN and H. VEITER. Z. Acker-u.
numbers of aphids caught per week are given. Figures Pflbau, 1965, 122, (3), 225-235; through Field Crop
relating to records kept at Rothamsted over a period Abs., 1966, 19, 206.-Depth and incorporation of
of 23 years are also given. There was no repeating straw in the soil and their effects on sugar beet were
pattern of aphid abundance from year to year. investigated.
IS
The analogue computation of pressures developed by ma5ma crystal content and through the scale of
feeder rolls. T. J. SOLOMON. Proc. 33rd Conf Queens- average magma crystal length to a non-graduated
land Soc. Sugar Cane Tech., 1966, 157-162. -An perpendicular. A straight line is then drawn from the
analogue computer was used to solve the differential point on the scale denoting target crystal size to the
equation for calculation of the delivery pressures point on the non-graduated perpendicular and
available from feeder rollers of a cane mill. The continued to the scale indicating on one side the
answers obtained agreed to within 1% with those volume of footing required for A-massecuite and on
calculated manually. Curves showing the effects of the other side the volume required for B-massecuite.
the compression ratio, preparation, roller diameter Two nomograms are given, one for high-grade
and the coefficient of friction on delivery pressure footings and the other for low-grade footings. The
were plotted directly as output from the computer. crystal lengths predicted by these nomograms
It is emphasized that the answers given are only as compared favourably with published results for high-
good as the theory on which they are based and the grade massecuites. Methods of rapid evaluation of
data used for their calculation. The delivery pressure crystal content and length are briefly described.
calculated is the maximum which might be expected They involve the use of a centrifuge, in which a magma
to develop under given conditions and is the pressure made from sugar and syrup of known weights is
built up just before the roller starts to slip on the cane spun at 3880 g to give a factor for conversion from
blanket. While the two constants describing a particu- ml of crystal to crystal content by weight, and the
la r cane preparation were determined for compression use of a projection microscope to obtain the average
under conditions of uni-axial compression, it is crystal length.
considered preferable to use cane compression
consta nts determined under conditions of triaxial Factory testing of a pan * *
* boiling additive in low-grade
compression. massecuite. P. G. ATHERTON. Proc. 33rd Conf
Queensland Soc. Sugar Cane Tech., 1966, 197-200.
* * *
The geometry, mechanics and performance of some It was found in tests that the average viscosities of
hydraulically-loaded mills. W. R. CRAWFORD. Proc. low-grade massecuite and molasses were not greatly
33rd Con{ Queensland Soc. Sugar Cane Tech., 1966, lowered when "Pan-Aid" was added at the rate of
163- 172.- A survey is presented of the geometry and about 25 p.p.m. The viscosity of a 64°Bx refined
mechanics of three types of hydraulically-loaded sugar solution was also not significantly lowered.
cane mill: (i) with top roller loading, (ii) with delivery While molasses losses were lower during the period
roller loading and (iii) with top and delivery roller when "Pan-Aid" was applied, the difference was
loading. The Scriven self-setting design' is also regarded as fortuitous and was attributed to higher
considered . An attempt is made to answer two purity raw material entering the factory.
questions arising from the discussion. In answer to
•he first , the author considers that mills with constant
*
* *of electrification in the
Thoughts on the rationalization
work ratios offer no advantages in extraction perform- sugar industry. G. FORBES-SMITH. Proc. 33rd Conf
ance over the conventional top hydraulic mill or the Queensland Soc. Sugar Cane Tech., 1966, 201-205.
mill with delivery hydraulics. ln answer to the second, A call is made for rationalization of sugar factory
it is considered !hat the self-setting mill offers ad- electrification in Queensland, including the formation
vantages over the other types: it permits the best of a body of experts to lay down general principles
conditions to be readily obtained for any set of of factory electrification, preparation of specifications
circumstances, since it will ensure independent and covering the main items of electrical plant, electrical
constant loading on feed and delivery nips and permits testing methods, investigation into new methods,
the loading to be varied very easily. standardization, costing, etc.
'l· * * * * *
Mechanization of tramline relaying. A. RosF' .ER and
Pan footing volumes. G. P. JAMES. Proc. 33rd Conf M . RoBERTS. Proc. 33rd Conf. Queensland !:lot·. Sugar
Queensland Soc. Sugar Cane Tech ., 1966, 185-189. Cane Tech. , 1966, 207-210.-The various stages in
Nomograms are presented for determining the volume replacing old tramlines with new ones at Mossman
of footing required to yield a massecuite containing sugar factory are described. All sections were built
crystals of a predictable size at a pre-set dropping in the factory yard, transported to the site and
volume. The method is claimed to apply to most laid with a crane.
conditions encountered in normal raw factory practice.
A straight line is drawn from the scale denoting the 1
J.S.J., 1962, 64, 302.
111
- - --- t
Some effects~f crushing bagasse at elevated tempera- Diffusion applied to sugar cane. W. M. DE OLIVEIRA
tures. G. E. RussELL. Proc. 33rd Con{ Queensland and J. DE A. P. MELLO. Brasil Ac:uc. , 1966, 67,
Soc. Sugar Cane Tech., 1966, 211 - 214.-Bagasse 264-277.- The extraction of sucrose from cane by
containing an average of 23% fibre, 60% moisture milling is discussed and its limits noted . The principles
and 16·4°BX was crushed, mixed with maceration of true diffusion are explained and the practical
liquor of 180°F and pressed until the first juice began technique of "lixiviation-diffusion" described, with a
to flow, after which it was held for 10 min during detailed account of the DDS unit at Tanganyika
which time its average temperature rose to )70°F. Planting Co. Ltd . and its operation.
"Cold" tests were also carried out. Values of maxi-
mum press load, Brix extraction and imbibition * * *
coefficient (defined as the ratio between actual Brix Where should the downtake be? D. HULETT. Proc.
extraction and the Brix extraction that would result 39th Congr. S. African Sugar Tech . Assoc., 1965,
if the imbibition liquor and juice in the feed bagasse 30- 33.- Design criteria for a vacuum pan are pre-
were mixed perfectly) were determined and analysis sented and aspects of the compromises necessary
of variance determined for each s\:: of results. These are presented. With respect to good circulation,
show that the effects of crushing at higher tempera- friction in the tubes is shown by means of Poiseuille's
tures are significantly smaller than expected. Although equation to be the controlling factor and hence
a hydraulic press was used , it is considered likely better circulation will be achieved with a greater
that the trends found could be applied to normal tube area and tube diameter; and these will be achieved
milling. with a circular sectional downtake, rather than an
annular downtake.
* * *
Design and operation of the low-grade station at * * *
Kalamia. B. J. RUTHERFORD. Proc. 33rd Conf The significance of stage efficiency in a cane milling
Queensland Soc. Sugar Cane Tech ., 1966, 215-220. tandem. E. J. BUCHANAN. Proc. 39th Congr. S.
Details are given of the modified layout and new African Sugar Tech . Assoc. , 1965, 34-45.-Milling is
equipment installed in the low-grade station designed considered in chemical engineering terms, i.e. as "a
to handle the C-massecuite from 220 t.c.h. with continuous multistage countercurrent leaching with
possible expansion to over 300 t.c.h. Among the variable underflow preceded by size reduction".
advantages of the new station was an apparent purity The results of several Natal mills and an Australian
of less than 30, i.e. a 2-3 unit reduction from the tandem are analysed by construction of modified
average for the previous 4 years. Purity drop from Ponchon-Savarit diagrams and it is shown that the
the pans averaged 15 units and that from the crystalliz- stage efficiency is as low as 25%. indicating poor
ers 12 units. Operation of the continuous centrifugals mixing. Thus diffusion must be incorporated if !he
provided with resistance heaters was trouble-free as number of stages is to be reduced without increasing
was that of the heaters, which operate at 240 V and losses, i.e. lowering overall extraction efficiency.
heat 240 gal of massecuite from 100° to IIO- II5°F/ Since dilution is the most important factor at the
hr and 300 gal from 105° to 120- 125°F/hr. Higher last mill, a pressure feeder applied here is unlikely
voltages are to be applied and a greater increase in to reduce losses significantly. A two-stage counter-
temperature from 100°F is anticipated . Steam usage current diffuser with an intervening mill is suggested.
in the pan station increased and the fines content of
the shipment sugar was reduced. * * *
A comparison between factory and laboratory boiled
* * * raw sugars. K. DOUWES DEKKER and D. E. WARNE.
Refractometric determinations aid granulation by Proc. 39th Congr. S. African Sugar Tech. Assoc.,
seeding. R. E. DIAGO. Sugary Azucar, 1965, 60, (10), 1965, 61-68.- Comparison between sugar boiled in
69-71.- The data and equation of BIRKETT' are used factory pans with sugar boiled using the same syrup
to calculate a table of Brix of saturated solutions of in the S.M.R.I. laboratory pan'. showed that the
various purities, apparent and real, at 62°C. From laboratory boiled sugar was of much higher and
this, actual Brix values at 62°C can be related to consistent filtrability, greater purity and lower
supersaturation of the solution if the purity is known; crystal size, although the crystals were more uniform
tables list these values for true purity ranges of 78-80, and "clearer". No firm reasons for this can be
82-84 and 86- 88 for syrup and 68- 70, 72- 74 and advanced except for the obvious differences in boiling
76-78 for molasses. The Brix measurement may be conditions. The variation in starch content in factory
made readily using a pan refractometer while a ther- sugar boiled with the same syrup indicates that there
mometer should also be employed so as to be able to are unknown factors which affect the degree of syn-
correct the supersaturation by a factor of 0·013 per crystallization ; if these could be identified and
°C. A technique is described for seeding a pan with governed to reduce the starch in the sugar crystals
powdered sugar as a slurry in an organic solvent, this would be a major advance in improving the
when the syrup supersaturation reaches 1·15- 1·18 ; refining quality of Natal sugar.
the supersaturation is then maintained at 1·14-1·21 1
l.S.J., 1935, 37, 95-97.
until crystals become apparent. 2
J.S.J., 1965, 67, 380.
20
Sugar balance with recycling of press water. F. resin columns in series. A total of 10 columns were
NEUBRUNN. Zucker, 1966, 19, 242-245.- Expressions used, of which 5 were regenerated in series and the
are derived for calculating the various factors in- last was sweetened-off for regeneration. At each
volved in a sugar balance for diffusion when press change in the battery cycle the 10 columns were
water is returned. The balance is based on the differ- connected in series and water was substituted for the
ence between the quantity of sugar returned in the influent juice; an amount of water equal to the juice
water and the extra quantity remaining in the ex- volume of one column was then passed through the
hausted cossettes as a result of a reduction in the system, the contents of each column being thus dis-
difference between the sugar concentration in the placed into the next column. The 1st juice column
cossettes and in the extraction liquor. Also involved was then sweetened-off, and the I st regeneration
is the increased quantity of organic substances in the column became the 4th juice column. The process
press water (considered quantitatively but not achieved 95% removal of alkali cations and 90%
qualitatively). A worked example is given. The utilization of resin capacity.
balance requires knowledge of cossette dry solids, II. Anion exchange was carried out on the juice from
quantity (%) of pulp to be dried , cossette and wet cation exchange, using a battery of 12 columns of
pulp pol, quantity of wet pulp and the juice draught. "Wofatit L-150" strongly basic resin. The optimum
temperature was 50°C (80°C for cation exchange).
* * * A higher proportion of anions were exchanged in
Possibilities of dust separation in industry. H. ANDERS.
Zucker , 1966, 19, 255- 257.- Various possible means more concentrated juices. The juices from cation
of dust separation in industry are considered, in- exchange were normally concentrated to 33-36°Bx.
cluding the cyclone (particularly the so-called "multi- Battery operation doubled the % utilization of the
clone" battery), the acoustic dust separator and the resin compared with single-column operation, and
turbo-exhaust unit. halved the quantity of NH,OH needed for regenera-
tion. The deionized juice was treated with an equiva-
* * *
The application of basic bricks in the lining of a lime
lent amount of Na+ and K + salts (from the cation-
exchange regeneration eflluent) to prevent loss of
kiln. 0. ADRIAENSEN. Suer. Beige, 1966,85, 313-318. alkalinity in evaporation. Thin juice was decolorized
Tests during two campaigns showed that basic and deionized to 98·0 purity by the combined process.
refractories in a lime kiln are technically more The ammonia recovery scheme is briefly described.
suitable than silico-aluminous refractories since they
have greater thermal conductivity, contain constituents * * *
(CaO, MgO and Cr,03 ) having higher melting points, Application of ion exchange in the Hungarian food
and the MgO and Cr,Os do not react with CaO. industry. II. Problems of the industrial realization
Although the silico-aluminous refractories are of ion-exchange processes. A. ZsiGMOND, V. GRYLLUS
cheaper, their maintenance is such that the price and K. MAGYAR. Elelmezesi !par, 1965, 19, 65-73 ;
difference is eliminated after three years. Experience through S.I.A., 1966, 28, Abs. 123.-The design and
at sugar factories in Germany and Austria has shown dimensioning of an industrial ion-exchange installa-
that a lining of basic refractories requires very little tion is discussed with special reference to thin juice
maintenance over 7-10 years. softening or decolorization. The use of the counter-
current resin column' enables the NaCl consumption
* * *
Demineralization of sugar juices. I. Cation removal. in regeneration for de-liming to be reduced from 600%
II. Anion removal. S. ZAGRODZKI, H. ZAORSKA and (on exchanged ions) to 350%. The column design
A. SOKOLOWSKI. Roczniki Techno!. Chern. Zywnosci, has since been modified by shortening the outer
1965, 11, 5- 22, 23-40; through S.I.A ., 1966, 28, concentric layer of resin towards the upper part of
Abs. 121. the column, so that the outer ring height is reduced
to 15-25 em. The pebble layer below the resin is
I. A battery system of cation exchange in an amm- retained to prevent resin Joss during draw-off of
onium cycle was developed, using "Wofatit KPS- liquid. A further reduction in salt consumption
200" strongly acidic cation-exchange resin. The juices (to 250-260%) is obtained by two-stage regeneration,
(beet products) were first de-limed by adding a K,C0 3 whereby once-used regenerant is passed through the
solution and filtering; this method was most effective resin before fresh regenerant; the quantity of waste
with juices of approx. 50°Bx, e.g. evaporator "middle"
juice. The de-limed juice was then passed through 4 1 l.S.J., 1964, 66, 363.
21
effluent is alj.o decreased. The two-stage regeneration Control of refined sugar massecuite boiling by deter-
is particularly suited to anion-exchange resins used mining temperature depression. G. A. SoKOLOv.
for syrup decolorization, since the removal of colour Sakhar. Prom. , 1966, 40, (5), 37--41.- Graphs of
by I% NaOH takes place more slowly than the anion boiling point elevation vs. time were prepared fro m
exchange; only 2 column volumes of regenerant are experimental data from boilings of Ist refined and
needed in place of 3 volumes in one-stage regeneration. lump massecuite. They demonstrate how the ri se
Additional pipes and valves are needed for two-stage and fall in the boiling point are maintained within
work. A diagram is given of an installation of three upper and lower limits for normal satisfactory boiling.
counter-current columns, of which one is regenerated The sli"i kcs w~.-~ conirol kcl by m:ans of the p: ck ct
at a time. All solutions are fed by gravity: the total slide-r ule designed by SOKOLOV 1, which is thus shown
height is 14-16 em. A back-washing column for to be suitable for this purpose without the need for
removing fines from long-used resin is also briefly laboratory analy1is.
described.
* * * * * *
(Sugar factory operation) Without evaporator boiling- The work of efficiency experts at Ramon' sugar
out. N. D. TANTSYURA. Sakhar. Prom., 1966, 40, factory. V. N. TRET'YAKOV. Sakhar. Prom. , 1966,
(5), 23-25.- A bifurcated pipe with electric wire 40, (5), 43- 48.- Some of the measures recommended
wound around the outside acted as a magnet, and by efficiency experts at this factory are described.
was used as juice feed line to the Ist evaporator These cover modifications to an SO, purifier-
effect. However, the amount of scale formed in the cooler, to specific pumps, to the supports in the DDS
evaporator was reduced only very slightly. Other diffuser, and to a lime slaker, a control for pulp feed
measures adopted at Alma-Ata factory had a more to the press and regulation of the degree of pressi ng,
positive effect. These included installing an extra dust separation from 11 pulp dryer and modifications
juice heater, replacing filter-presses with vacuum to a~beet 1 piler.
filters, using juice of instead of highly alkaline water
to limit the thick juice Brix to 55- 60° in the evaporator, * * *
maintaining a remelt liquor Brix of 70° (giving a Dependence of juice quality on the method of water
sulphitated standard liquor of 65°Bx), and intro- preparation for cossette extraction. S. ZAGRODZK I,
ducing automatic control of level in the evaporator H. ZAORSKA, A. SoKOLOWSKI and J. SoKOLOWSKA.
and of the temperature of steam fed to the Ist effect. Gaz. Cukr., 1966, 74, 83-88.-An experimenta l
During 1964/65 the heating surface in the Ist effect unit, incorporating a resistance-heated steel col umn
was clean after 70 days, while there was only a thin in which sugar was extracted from cossettes under
film of friable scale in the 5th effect. controlled temperature conditions, was used in tests
to determine the effect of treatment of conden ~a te
* * *
Causes of blade fractures in a tower diffuser. E. T. used for diffusion on the raw and thin juice qualities.
KOVAL', V. YA. VAILOV and V. G. YARMILKO. The best results were obtained by treating the con-
Sakhar. Prom. , 1966, 40, (5), 25-30.-Static investi- densate with a cation exchange resin to remove the
gations with electric strain gauges showed that the ammon ia. Slightly poorer results were given by
working loads on the rotating blades of a KDA-25-59 neutralizing the condensate with chlorine and SO,,
tower diffuser were far smaller than those at which respectively. Untreated condensate gave the poorest
elastic deformation of the blades would occur. juice quality. Treatment was found to red uce the
Blade fracture was found to be chiefly a result of pectin and colloid contents. Increasi ng the diffusion
insufficient space between the blades and the pivoting time at 80°C from 60 to 90 min reduced purity by
baffles fixed to the wall of the tower, so that if the one unit and increased the pectin and colloid contents.
baffles were deflected they could come into contact
with the rotating blades. It is recommended that the
baffles should be fixed at a required angle.
* * *
Fuel economy in pulp drying. B. NOWAKOWSKI. Gaz.
* * *
Efficient design for a lst carbonatation juice clarifier.
Cukr. , 1966, 74, 88- 92.- The main requirements for
an efficient heat economy in pulp dryers are given
I. M . GuROVICH. Sakhar. Prom., 1966,40, (5), 31-33. as: maintenance of uniform loading corresponding
The views of CHUGUNOV and of PELETMINSKII on to an optim um length of drum ; efficient heat insulation
clarifier design and results obtained at Zherdevka of the dryer; sealing of the drum to minimize the
sugar factory with clarifiers built accord ing to their intrusion of air; maintenance of highest possible flue
suggestions are discussed. The most efficient design gas temperature at entry into the drum ; and mixing
is considered to be that in which the clarified juice is of the flue gases from the dryer with boiler room
withdrawn through four concentric tubes, placed at flue gases in a special chamber before the drying drum
regular intervals between the centre and the outside to which the mixed gas is then fed. The meas ures
of the clarifier (as suggested by PELETMINSKII), and is are discussed in turn and reference is made to the
discharged from these tubes into two or three tanks Buckau-Wolf dryer which incorporates two drums in
placed regularly around the outside of the clarifier. series.
The mud is discharged from each compartment
separately, as suggested by CHUGUNOV. 1
l .S.J., 1961 , 63, 182.
22
The quantitative determinatioa of organic acids by the cultures could not produce nitrites from nitrates
ion-exchange chromatography and coulometric titration. and 77% gave only little H,S on thioglycollate broth.
S. E. BORODKIN and P. D. BERGER. Proc. Tech. Preliminary studies on refinery process liquors
Session Cane Sugar Refining Research, 1964, 58-68. indicated that 85% were contaminated with a lactate-
A method is described for separation and quantitative fermenting anaerobe, both lactic and acetic acids
determination of small amounts of organic acids in (which are essential for butyric acid production by
all refinery products from molasses to granulated lactate fermentation) being found in most samples.
sugar. The sample (e.g. 1 g of raw sugar or 10 g of
granulated sugar in water) is passed through a column * * *
Progress in research on the soluble polysaccharides
of "Dowex 1-X8" anion exchange resin in formate of sugar cane. E. J. RoBERTS, J. T. JACKSON and
form and the adsorbed acids eluted with formic ]. H. VANCE. Proc. Tech. Session Cane Sugar Refining
acid of increasing concentration. The eluate is auto- Research, 1964, 76-84.-Polysaccharides were precipi-
matically collected in 4-5 ml fractions and the formic tated from dilute molasses and mixed juice samples
acid removed by azeotropic distillation with chloro- with 75% alcohol and the precipitate dialysed,
form. The acids in the residue are determined by decolorized on a cellulose column and hydrolysed
coulometric titration in 70% isopropyl alcohol, before analysis by ascending paper chromatography,
containing a little potassium bromide, at pH 9. using 4 :1:5 vfvfv n-butanol :acetic acid :water as
A silver anode and a platinum coil cathode are used. developer. Glucose, fructose, arabinose, xylose,
The acids are identified by thin-layer chromatography rhamnose, fucose and galactose were found in all
with I :2 pyridine :toluene as solvent for liquid organic cases. Further studies showed that the fructose was
acid separation and 67 :78:22 isobutanol:water:9N part of a heterogeneous polysaccharide molecule and
formic acid as solvent for solid acid separation. was not derived from a fructan. The tabulated
Bromocresol purple is used as spray reagent for the specific rotations, as determined with an ETL-NPL
liq11id acids and 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol for polarimeter, varied between + 66° and + 161 °;
the solid acids. Elution profiles are presented of the glucose and fructose contents were respectively
known mixtures of acids and of raw sugar, sweet- 36·4-57·8% and 2·6--19·2%. On the other hand, the
water, liquid sugar and a Bacil/u$ stearothermophilus specific rotations of polysaccharide precipitates
culture in 10% affination syrup. Aspartic, lactic, from fresh juice were similar at -45·0° to -47·1 °,
levulinic, butyric, succinic, trans- and cis-aconitic, The molecular weight was found, from turbidity
malic, propionic, tartaric, pyruvic, citric, malonic, measurements, to be of the order of about 6 million
acetic, fumaric and maleic acids have been detected. in water, but about 0·5-1 million in 20% CaCI,
and about 1·5 million in IN KOH as a result of
* * *
The significance of the lactate-fermenting anaerobic greater dispersion. Filtration through progressively
bacteria in sugar refining. I. The isolation and identi- finer membrane filters gave progressively lower
fication of a lactate-fermenting bacterium commonly average molecular weights. The estimated particle
found in raw sugar and commercial corn starch. A. B. size was 0·05--0·lfL. Osmotic pressure measurements
RIZZUTO, R . D. SKOLE and S. E. BoRODKIN. Proc. gave M.W. values similar to those obtained by measur-
Tech. Session Cane Sugar Refining Re$earch, 1964, ing turbidity. Studies in which the polysaccharide
68- 75.-Raw sugar and corn starch samples (3 g) fraction in molasses was separated on a carbon-
were inoculated into 30 ml of sterile tomato juice "Celite" column revealed two distinct polysaccharide
broth and incubated for 72 hr at 37°C. Those samples fractions : one is alcohol-precipitable but non-dialys-
which produced gas were then incubated for 48 hr able, while the other is not alcohol-precipitable but
at 37°C in a tomato juice broth to which agar had is.. dialysable. These two fractions constitute two-
been added. Representative isolates from these thirds and one-third respectively of the polysaccharide
cultures were incubated for 7 days at 37°C in a culture complex in mixed raw juice and clarified juice. Both
containing lactic acid. All the corn starches contained fractions yield the same products on hydrolysis.
a lactate-fermenting anaerobe (indicated by the
production of butyric acid), as did 41% of the Louisi-
* * *
The sugar technologist can play a more effective dUe.
ana raw sugars and 32% of the foreign raw sugars. C. B. KELLY. Proc. 23rd Conf Queensland Soc. Sugar
Taxonomic analysis revealed that the micro-organisms Cane Tech. , 1966, 21-24.-Deficiencies in the system
isolated from the cultures strongly resembled Clostrid- of cane payment as practised in Queensland are dis-
ium butyricum in most properties, although 70% of cussed, including use of an empirical formula (the
23
c.c.s. formul~) which is inadequate for factory control, thermometer. The test sample is split into two
unsatisfactory methods of measuring cane quality, streams, one of which is steam-heated in the coil
absence of a sound basis for taking account of extrane- heater while the other by-passes the heater. Both
ous matter (e.g. tops and trash), and lack of a satis- streams are fed to the mixer and thence to the sampling
factory test for cane staleness. In this connexion, the chamber, after which the sample is returned to the
author calls for a methodical technological approach pipeline. The temperature of the medium in the
to the relationship between field and factory costs sampling chamber is varied by regulating the pro-
and asks whether the present cane payment system portions of "hot" and "cold" product fed to the
provides the necessary incentive for optimum future mixer. Before the mixer each product passes through
developments in Queensland field and factory a valve controlled by the programming regulator.
practices. The temperature of the medium is automatically
* * * registered by a single-point recording unit, in which
Refractometer Brix in relation to grammg. J. L. one arm of the measuring bridge is the temperature
CLAYTON. Proc. 23rd Conf Queensland Soc. Sugar resistance in the sampling chamber, whiletheresistance
Cane Tech ., 1966, 191- 195.- While the proposed acting as the other arm balances the bridge at 100°C,
method of DIAGO' for obtaining the supersaturation any deviation being automatically compensated
coefficient from the relationship between refracto- through a slide-wire rheostat. The density/viscosity
metric Brix and solubility at a given purity and is registered by an automatic potentiometer in the
temperature is considered worth testing, the use of a unit at a given moment when the temperature is
regression formula to calculate the solubility coeffi- balanced. The complexity of the scheme makes it
cient from true purity' is regarded as a practical unsuitable for routine work .
limitation . * * *
* * * Determination of sodium and potassium in sugar
Kinetics of sucrose decomposition. S. E. KHARIN and factory products by flame spectrophotometry. S. KH .
R. A. KoLCHEVA. Sakhar. Prom., 1966, 40, (5), SHEREMET'EV. Sakhar. Prom., 1966, 40, (6), 26-30.
17- 22.- The effects of concentration, pH and tem- Sodium and potassium have been determined by
perature on sucrose destruction were studied with flame spectrophotometry, using a methane-air flame ,
sucrose solutions of 0·5, 1·0 and 2·0 mole/litre con- in A-massecuite, affined sugar and yellow sugar to
centrations. The pH was varied by adding HCI or within ± 5% relative error. The tests were conducted
NaOH and the value measured at 20°C and at 70, 80 on about 100 samples of 0·5- 6·6°St colour content
and 90°C. In the alkaline range the sucrose content and minimum K and Na contents of7·8 and 2·6 p.p.m.
was determined polarimetrically or by the method respectively. Tests to determine Ca by the same
of SPENGLER & TooT 3 , while in the acid range an method gave a negative relative error of - 21 %.
iodometric method was used. The amount of acid For Ca determination it is necessary to add 8-hydro.xy-
formed as a result of sucrose decomposition was quinoline or other agents to prevent the considerable
found from the difference between the amounts of reduction in emission caused by phosphate and
HCI required for neutralization before and after sulphate anions as found by CAROLAN'.
heating. Experimental data were used to calculate * * *
rate constant K ; it was shown that concentration has A simple method for the estimation of glucose and
no effect on the value of K, unlike temperature, fructose in a mixture. S. BosE, S. MuKHERJEE and
increase in which caused the value of pH,.;,. (the pH A. N. SHRIVASTAVA. Sharkara, 1965, 7, 10-16.
at which K is minimal) to fall . The greatest effect on Fructose and glucose in factory products were
K was that of the hydrogen and hydroxyl ions, the determined separately by deducting the glucose
relationship between pH and log ~ (the coefficient content from the total reducing sugars content as
corresponding to OW) being almost inversely pro- determined by the Luff-Schoorl method. The glucose
portional. Calculated values of pH ..;,. at constant was determined by modifications of the ERIKSSON
and variable values of~ are given for 70, 80 and 90°C. method'. For glucose concentrations below 0·5
The activation energies were calculated as 24,300 gflOO mi. the greatest accuracy is obtained by carrying
cal at 70- 80°C and 24,080 cal at 80-90°C. out the oxidation of the glucose with hypoiodite at
* * * 5-8°C instead of room temperature. For higher
Temperature control and withdrawal of samples glucose concentrations, the best results are obtained
during automatic measurement of density and viscosity by oxidizing at room temperature but using 35 ml
of products. L. N. Kuz'MENKOV, M. f. KONDRATENKO of iodine solution instead of 30 ml and a volume of
and S. S. PALLEI. Sakhar. Prom. , 1966, 40, (6), 20-22. sodium carbonate equal to 5 times instead of 2 ~
A unit for automatic adjustment of the temperature times the volume of iodine. The ideal reaction
of samples taken for density or viscosity measure- times are 40 min for the lower concentrations and
ments, and which has been tested with sugar syrups 10 min for the higher concentrations.
and corn starch suspensions, consists of a mixer, a
coil heater and a sampling chamber in which are 1 Sugar y A:1icar, 1965, 60, (10\, 69- 7 1.
2 BIRKETT: f.S.J., 1935, 37, 95.
immersed a temperature bulb connected to a pro- 3 Z eitsch. Wirtscha{tsgruppe Zuckerind. , 1942, (92).
gramming regulator located apart from the chamber, 4 J.S.J. , 1959,!61, 103- 106.
a density/viscosity sensing element and a resistance ' !.S.J., 1956,~58, 344.
24
Influence of biotin, pantothenic acid and inositol in and space velocity 4 through columns of " Dowex
molasses on the yield and quality of baker's yeast. SOW x 12" and " !MAC C-12" (strongly} acidic
C. CoJOCARU and C. FocsA. Ind. Alimentara, 1965, cation exchangers), and "I mac A-17P" (intermediately
16, 354-359 ; through S.l.A. , 1966, 28, Abs. 25. basic anion exchanger) resins. At the point where
Samples of beet molasses from 4 Rumanian factories the pH level of the effluent from the first column
were supplemented with (unspecified) amounts of rose, the resins in the first and third columns were
biotin, inositol or pantothenic acid, individually or regenerated with 10% H,SO, and 4% NaOH , respect-
combined. The addition of biotin alone led to in- ively, while the resin in the second column was washed
creases of 60- 100% in the yield of yeast obtained by with water. After regeneration the flow of molasses
fermentation of the molasses, and to an improvement was continued until the pH level of the effluent from
in its quality. The other growth factors were individu- the second column rose, i.e. when the betaine leakage
ally much less effective than biotin, but when com- commenced. The resin was then washed with water
bined with biotin gave further increases in yeast to remove any remaining sugar and four volumes of
yield, inositol being more effective than pantothenic 6% ammonia solution passed through the second
acid . It is recommended to add 40-60 kg of a 50°BX column at space velocity 2. The resultant effluent
maize extract (concentrated maize steep water), was concentrated under vacuum to half-volume and
containing 60- 190 !-1-g of biotin/100 g per ton of the pH reduced to 1·0 with HCI. On cooling, betaine
molasses. hydrochloride crystallized. In the case of l5°Bx
* * * molasses 33% of the betaine originally present was
Development of the food yeast industry and the Brazilian recovered as crude hydrochloride crystals, but with
contribution. 0 . GON!YALVES DE LIMA. Brasil Afuc., 40°BX molasses the ash content was too high to permit
1966, 67, (3), 24-45.-A historical review is presented recovery of the betaine. The process, patented by
on the cultivation of yeasts for human and animal SlCAC•, is considered practical but the molasses
consumption, and the development of yeast fermenta- concentration should be low.
tion on distillery wastes, from its start in 1943, is * * *
deso/ibed. Quality improvement of bagasse particle board with
* * * low resin content. H. C. HUANG. Rpt. Taiwan Sugar
Pilot-plant production of printing papers from jute Expt. Sta., 1966, (36), 171- 178.- The minimum urea
sticks and bagasse by (a) mechano-chemical process. resin content to give good quality bagasse particle
S. R. D. GuHA, V. N. MUKHERJEE andY. K. SHARMA. board has been found to be 8%, the quality being
Indian Pulp & Paper, 1965, 19, 551 - 552 ; through little affected by conditions of mixing. The low-resin
S.l.A., 1966, 28, Abs. 138.- Chopped jute sticks or boards are swelled by soaking in water and this is
' whole bagasse (350 kg) were pulped for I hr at 95°C not ameliorated by increasing the paraffin wax con-
in a 13% aqueous NaOH solution (15% of NaOH on tent. Wheat flour as a resin extender proved ineffect-
oven-dried raw material). The pulp was then beaten ive, and sodium silicate, being water-soluble, is also
for 30 min, screened and washed. The material from unsatisfactory. The quality can be improved by
two such runs was bleached for 4 hr with 6% Cl, adding sulphur; however, 5% of sulphur is required
[as Ca(OCI), at 2·5% concentration] and washed and this entails a longer pressing time. However,
again. Yields from jute sticks were 82·9% of un- replacement of part of the resin by asphalt, i.e. 2%
bleached and 76·6% of bleached pulp ; corresponding asphalt and 6% resin, reduced the water absorption
yields from bagasse were 72-6% and 66·4%. The of the board and is economical.
bleached pulps were beaten again and blended with * * *
20 or 15% of bamboo pulp to introduce some longer Bagasse fibre board. H. C. TAO. Taiwan Sugar, 1966,
fibres ; 3% rosin soap, 9% alum and 5% china clay 13, (2), 21-25.- An account is given of the prepara-
were also added. Both pulps then produced printing tion of fibre boards from bagasse, of factors affecting
papers of good strength and brightness. A few board quality and fields of research and development
details of the processes, and properties of the pulps of the process used at Changhwa board factory in
and papers are tabulated. Taiwan. Physical properties of the grade of board
* * * made at Changhwa are tabulated~and their. appli-
Studies on betaine. Part IV. Recovery of betaine cations indicated. Production of total board m 1965
from beet discard molasses. S. lwASHI NA and Y. had increased by almost 800% on that in 1958 while
YAMAMOTO. Proc. Research Soc. Japan Sugar Re- unit costs had decreased by 22- 53%.
fineries Tech .. 1966, 17, 18- 25.- Beet molasses, of
15° and 40°Bx, was passed successively at I2°C 1 French Patents I, 195,655 and I ,248, 113.
25
UNITED KINGDOM annular duct 26 connected to the radial duct 28 in
Production of sugar. DETON A. G., of Vadu-z, Liecht- the downstream part 18 of flange 14.
enstein. 1,031,443. 4th August 1964 ; 2nd June 1966. Mounted on this part and within tube 10 is a
Ctilshed sugar-containing plant material (e.g cane) is chimney 40 provided with twelve holes 50 at its
mixed with sufficient water to give a mixture having base and with a baffie 48 spaced apart from its end
a pH different from 7 and this mixture passed con- 44 by struts 46. Sulphur dioxide is supplied through
tinuously by means of a worm conveyor into a closed pipe 30 to duct 28 and so is admitted through the
(tubular) vessel (made of synthetic resin or plastic) ends of channels 32. Syrup passing along the pipe
and exposed to the action of ultrasonic pulses gener- 34 meets with the obstruction in the form of restricted
ated by electric spark discharges. The mixture is aperture 24, causing turbulence at the point where
concurrently sterilized by the ozone produced by the the gas is admitted. The syrup then passes through
spark discharge, and is then removed continuously chimney 40, the expansion from passage 24 to 42
by means of another worm conveyor, and sent for causing a reduction in pressure inside the chimney;
further processing. this induces recirculation R of syrup through holes
50, also aided by deflection with baffie 48. The sul-
* * bucket
Tractor-mounted beet loader * control. NATIONAL phited syrup leaves through pipe 16.
REsEARCH DEVELOPMENT CORP. , of London W.l.
1,035,312. 16th November 1962; 6th July 1966. * * *
Cane mills. J. P. MUKHERJI and WALCHANDNAGAR
* * Soc.
Syrup sulphitation equipment. * SrJN, of Boulogne- INDUSTRIES LTD., of Walchandnagar, Dist. Poona,
Maharashtra, India. 1,039,885. 31st May 1963;
sur-Seine, France. 1,039,702. 18th January 1965 ; 24th August 1966.
17th August 1966.
The in-line device is in the form of a tube 10 welded The mill headstock I, at each end journal 12 of
to the flanges 12, 14, the downstream flange 12 having the top roller. houses a ram cap consisting of a liner
breech plug 2, a piston 3, a piston cylinder 4 having
an aperture equal to that of the pipe 16 to which
it is connected. The upstream flange 14 is in two

parts 18, 20, separated by an annular sealing disc 22.
The upstream part 20 is recessed with a step 36 of
the same internal diameter as its connected pipe 34.
The aperture 24 is of much smaller diameter and is
connected by way of radial channels 32 with an
Copies of Specifications of United Kingdom Patents can be obtained on application to The Patent Office, Sale Branch,
Block C, Station Square House, St. Mary Cray, Orpington, Kent (price 4s 6d each). United States patent specifications are
obtainable from : The Commissioner of Patents, Washington, D.C. 20231 U.S.A. (price 50 cents each).
26
PATENTS
a liner 4a and a hydraulic inlet connexion 15. The 16 of the casing has a smaller diameter than the end
lower end of the piston 3 is hollow and is furnished portions 9 10. Cover 2 and base 3 are provided with
with a bearing insert 5 with a spherical surface outlets 17, 18 in line with annular spaces II, 12.
against which the ball 7 rests. The ball sits also on a Massecuite is admitted at the level of the centre
similar bearing insert 8 fixed on top of the pressure portion 16 and, since liquid cannot flow outwards
plate 9. This pressure plate has plenty of clearance through the drum wall, the massecuite flows uniformly
9a around it for lateral movement under the various upwards and downwards to points 19 and 20 where
stresses imposed during the working of the mill. the greater diameter marks the beginning of zones
Between the rubbing surfaces of the pressure plate of higher centrifugal force and accelerated discharge
9 and the top bearing 10 of the top roller journal 12 of molasses and faster throughput. The same effect
is provided means L1 for lubrication, which may be may be achieved by inserting a ring inside a basket
of any usual kind. The height of the top bearing 10 at a suitable central point, whereby the diameter is
is at least equal to its diameter and preferably bigger effectively reduced.
by half. On either side of the bearing I 0 are provided
smooth pads or liners II as well as means L2 and L3
for lubricating the rubbing surfaces of the bearing
* * *
Floating calandria vacuum pan. PATRICK MURRAY
and liners. Means L4 provides for lubrication of the (PTv.) LTD., of Durban, Natal, South Africa.
bearing and the journal. The usual vertical flanges 1,040,224. lith June 1965 ; 24th August 1966.
on the top bearing 10 are either dispensed with or
there is a horizontal clearance between the flanges The calandria of the pan is supported from the
and the mill headstock. outer walls 5 by four equally-spaced shielding tubes
9. Steam inlet pipes 10 pass through two opposed
tubes 9 while a steam and incondensable gas outlet
* * * II passes through each of the remaining two tubes 9.
Centrifugal drum. SALZGITTER MASCHINENBAU A.G., A dividing baffle plate 12 extends diametrically across
of Salzgitter-Bad, Germany. 1,040,223. 25th May the interior of the calandria in line with the axes of
1965; 24th August 1966.
The casing of the centrifugal drum or basket is
provided with a cover 2, base 3 and hub. The base
3 is fastened to a flange of the hub by screws. Inside
the casing is a backing screen 7, closed by a cover
screen 8 on the inside. Two axial end-portions 9, 10
17
E~U---!1
13
RV:l----9
19
7
the two steam outlet pipes II , to form four corner

spaces between the ends of the baffle plate 12 and
the inner vertical walls of the calandria. Short
perforated baffle plates 13 extend diagonally across
and define the corner spaces which communicate
with outlet pipes II , so that spent steam and incon-
densable gases which are constantly swept into these
corners are discharged through the outlet pipes II .
The calandria is provided with spaced double walls
providing an annular jacket space 14 between th~m ,
of the casing are hollowed out in the form of rings· through which air may be introduced by convectwn
The hollowed-out annular spaces 11 ,12 are filled to enter via apertures 15 in the shielding tubes sur-
with additional lower screens 13, 14, all these screens rounding the cooler spent steam and incondensable
being secured by coupling rings 15. The centre portion gas outlet pipes II , and leave via the tubes surround-
27
ing the hotter steam inlet pipes 10. The calandria 8 centrifuged. These can thus be adjusted to suit the
is provided with the usual vertical tubes 16 extending material being treated, and continuous operation can
between a flat top tu~e plate and a downwardly be achieved with the massecuite still extensively
dished bottom tube plate. Condensate is removed loaded with molasses in drum I for ease of movement
by the discharge pipe 19 projecting through plate 18 but becoming a thick layer in drum 12, giving a~
at its lowest region . excellent quality crystal and also a higher throughput
The calandria may have a stepped bottom, divided than obtained with other machines.
to give three zones with different tube lengths,
separated by means of circular wall plates and each * * *
having separate steam inlet pipes to feed steam into Production of glutamic acid. CouRTAULDS LTD. , of
all three zones. Condensate is also led away through London W.l. 1,040,562. 21st December 1962 ; 1st
separate drain tubes. Suitable baffle plates are then September 1966.- Glutamic acid is produced by
provided for even distribution of steam and to conduct fermentation of a micrococcus, designated by the
incondensable gases to collecting manifolds for classification number NCIB 9422 of the National
removal from the three zones. Collection of Industrial Bacteria, on a culture medium
comprising a carbohydrate (gl ucose, sucrose) and a
* * * source of ammonia (an ammonium salt, urea) at a
Continuous centrifugal. HEIN, LEHMANN & Co. A. G., pH of 6- 9.
of DUsseldorf, Germany. 1,040,396. 22nd August
1963 ; 24th August 1966.-A lower centrifugal drum * * *
I is connected to shaft 2, mounted in bearings 3a and Purification of beet diffusion juices. Fooo INDUSTRY
3b. The shaft has a supporting flange 4 in turn RESEARCH INSTITUTE, Novi Sad, Yugoslavia.
supported by spring groups Sa and 5b against the 1,040,981. 5th Apri l 1963 ; 1st September 1966.
driving gear housing 6 and base plate 7. On the Colloidal impurities in diffusion juice are precipitated
conically flared end of the drum I is a flange 8 in a main carbonatation stage and removed before
resiliently coupled to the flange II of a second drum intermediate and final purification stages during
12 by guide bolts 9 and springs lOa, lOb. The sealing which dissolved (colour and) non-sugars are adsorbed
between liquid chambers 14, 15 and the solids chamber (at pH 10·8- 11 ·4) and residual lime is precipitated as
16 is effected by partitions 17, 18, centrifuged liquid calcium carbonate and removed, respectively, the
being discharged through pipes 14a, 15a. Transverse colloidal impurities being removed by first stabilizing
bearing forces acting on the shaft 2 are avoided by the raw juice with a predetermined amount of precipi-
providing two driving motors 21 , 21a connected by tated calcium carbonate from the final purification
pulleys 20 to pulley 19 on the shaft 2. Vertical and stage, then subjecting the stabilized juice, mixed with
axial vibrations are given to spring groups Sa, 5b in 500-1000% by weight of unfiltered juice taken from
a conventional manner, e.g. by mechanical, electrical, the subsequent main carbonatation stage, to a short-
electro-mechanical, pneumatic or hydraulic means, term over-saturation with carbon dioxide to pH less
the magnitude of the vibrations a and b induced in than 10, thereafter adding 1-1·5% of lime on beet,
carbonatating to approximately pH 10·8 to precipitate
the colloidal impurities, and filtering the mixture.
* * *
UNITED STATES
Sugar product (fondant sugar) . D. E. TIPPENS, M. A.
COHEN and F. BUSH, assrs. AMERICAN SUGAR Co.
3,194,682. 3rd April 1963 ; 13th July 1965. A sugar
syrup [of purity about 93 (85-9 1, 91 - 93, 93-97) and
with an invert : ash ratio not more than 3·5:1] con-
taining 3- 15% by weight of non-sucrose solids
comprising invert, ash, flavour and colour melassi-
genic components of blackstrap molasses (not more
than 12% invert), is concentrated to about 95-97%
solids by weight under reduced pressure (not more
than abo ut 15 in Hg below atmospheric pressure)
and at a temperature not higher than about 130°C,
[in the presence of 0·1- 1·0% by weight on solids of a
water-soluble phosphate (Na,PO,, Na, HPO,,NaH,PO,
the drums l and 12 being inversely proportional to or H,PO,)] so that no crystallization takes place.
their weights. By selecting these weights (and thus The resulting concentrated solution is cooled with
amplitudes) and angle of inclination it is possible to simultaneous vigo rous agitation under conditions to
Vll y tile transporting speed on both drums and hence produce aggregates of fondant-sized crystals, the
to determine the residence time of material being cooling being sufficient to dissipate the heat produced
28
PATENTS
by the agitation and crystallization. From the cooling in trough lib are maintained at a predetermined
reaction is obtained a product containing about 2% level by a float control 21; this governs a pump 22
water; this product is dried and further cooled to give which sends the washings for return through pipe 12
a product containing not more than about 0·7% and also to the trough of the rotary filter 8.
moisture by weight.
* * *
* * * Cane press. A. W. FRENCH, assr. THE FRENCH OIL
Cane sugar extraction. K. HEINRICH, assr. MASCHIN- MILL MACHINERY Co., of Piqua, Ohio, U.S.A.
ENFABRIK BuCKAU R. WoLF A.G., of Grevenbroich, 3,195,446. 30th November 1962; 20th July 1965.
Germany. 3,171,758. 1st August 1963; 2nd March Sugar cane is delivered along a conveyor to a
1965. chopper device which cuts it into pieces; these are
delivered on to the inclined conveyor 19 and so into
the hopper 20. This is mounted above a cylinder
formed from vertical spaced bars 46 secured by
wedge bars 47. Through the centre of the hopper and
cylinder is a rotating shaft driven by motor 26 and
carrying a feed scroll 37 and interrupted scroll
flights 40 between breaker bars 55. The cane is
carried by the scroll into the cylinder at the bottom
of which is a restricted throat collar. This creates
a back-pressure inside the cylinder which results in
expression of juice which passes into housing 45
through the gaps between bars 46 and thence to
process.
Sugar cane, in pieces about 25 em long, is fed

through opening Ia into the disintegrator I where
the hammers I b separate it into fibrous and medullary
cell fractions. These fall into the entry pipe ld and
are mixed with juice supplied through pipe 16,
entering the chamber 2. This chamber is separated
into a larger compartment 2a and a smaller compart-
ment 2b by a conical screen 4. This carries blades
4a and is rotated by motor 3, thereby causing a circu-
lation pattern in compartment 2a which causes separa-
tion of the fibres and pith. the latter is also drawn
by the motion of the cone screen 4 into compartment
2b and thence through pipe 5 to hydrocyclone 6.
Here the juice content is separated and sent to process The partly pressed cane falls into the chamber 72
through pipes 14 and 15, apart from the quantity through which passes a rotating shaft 85 carrying a
returned to chamber 2 through pipe 16. The pith sleeve 84. The sleeve is rotated by means of a gear
fraction solids are sent along pipe 17 to the trough 77 in gearbox 75 at a somewhat higher speed than
Sa of a rotary filter, on which they are separated and the shaft is driven by gear 76 ; thus the cane, entrained
washed by water from conduit 18. by the scroll on sleeve 84 is carried into the spaces
The fibrous material in compartment 2a is removed surrounding the shaft at a rate higher than it is
by being trapped in pockets formed by gratings 7b removed, thereby creating pressure. This is aided by
surrounding cylinder 7a. Wash water from the rotary interrupted scroll flights 87, 89, 91 , 93 and 95 and
filter 8, delivered through pipe 9, washes the fibre, pressure collars 86, 88, 90, 92 and 94, all within the
removing any loosely attached pith, which returns cage 110, also made up of screen bars. The alterna-
througll the grating to chamber 2. The fibre is carried tion of scroll flights and collars causes a sequence of
over by the rotating cylinder and falls through chute juice expressing pressures to act on the cane, alter-
I 0 onto the screen II where it is washed with recycled nating with relief of the pressures and mixing of the
liquid through pipe 12 and fresh water through pipe fibres. The juice passes through the screen bars and
13. It leaves the screen by chute !Ia and can be so to process while the fibre remaining is discharged
sent for use, e.g. for paper making. The washings through collar 96.
29
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED
Statements published under this heading are based
on information supplied by the firm or individual MATERIALS HANDLING SYSTEMS. EMI Electronics
concerned. Literature can generally be obtained Ltd., Automation Division, Hayes, Middx., England.
on request from the address given. A new brochure gives details of the different types of electronic
equipment developed for use with materials handling systems.
Raw mixed juice desanding. Dorr-Oliver inc., BEARINGS FOR ROTARY VACUUM FILTERS. Skefko
Stamford , Conn ., U.S.A. Ball Bearing Co. Ltd. , Luton, Beds., England.
Leaflet TSP 577 gives information on the various types of
A new system for removal of sand from JUICe SKF ball bearings incorporated in a TF 810 rotary drum
incorporates two pumps, specially designed for sand vacuum filter, of 23 sq.m . filter area, manufactured by Sala
and grit, and one to three "DorrClone" hydrocyclones Mask infabriks AB.
for removal of the sand and one " DorrClone" for a
final polishing stage. The system is supplied as a BMA tower diffuser.- The illustration shows a 6·8 m-dia.,
complete package, requiring only three factory 21 m high tower diffuser supplied by the makers, Braunschwcig-
piping con nexions, and can be installed without ische Maschinenbauanstalt, to the Elsdorf sugar factory of
Pfeifer & Langen in Germany. The tower has a daily throughput
interrupting mill operation. It is available in sizes of 5000 tons of beet and is to date the largest diffuser in
capable of handling the juice corresponding to Germany.
maximum mill crushing at almost all factories, and
will remove 95% of the grit and fines with a sugar loss
of less than 1% of the separated sand.
* * *
Animal fodder bonding agent. Tar R esiduals Ltd. ,
Plantation House, Mincing Lane, London
E.C.3 ; Svenska Cellulosa AB., Sweden .
" Pellbond 97" is a new bonding agent suitable for
binding feedstuffs such as beet pulp in crumb, pellet,
or cube forrn. It has a high calcium lignosulphonate
content and a sugars content 34% higher than in
most other bonding agents now avai lable, thus giving
a high proportion of digestible binder. It does not
have any adverse effect on the vitamin, mineral or
other additives in the mix. The sulphur content is low.
* * *
Renold stock pinions and wheels. Ren old Chains
Ltd., Renold House, Wythenshawe, Man-
chester, England.
Two new series of pinions and wheels have been
added to the existing R enold stock range. They are
for use with 0·50-in pitch tripl ex and 0·75-in duplex
B.S. roller chains and comprise 19, 21 , 23, 25, 38, 57,
76, 95 and 114 tooth wheels in both cases. The bosses
are on one side of the teeth as with the other pinions
and wheels in the series. The 0·50-in triplex series
extends the h.p. range in the speed band 2750- 3750
r.p.m., while the 0·75-in pitch duplex series provides
an intermediate range of h.p. between those covered
by the 0·75-in pitch simplex and triplex chains up to
2000 r.p.m. The complete range available now totals
380 different drives handling up to 430 h.p. at 900
r.p.m.
30
New U.S. beet suga r factory' .- The Great Western Sugar Cane sugar factory for lraq' .- A cane sugar factory is to be
Company announced_in October that it is to build a new sugar built at Majar AI-Kabis with a yearly production capacity of
factory to serve growers in the Tri-County area of eastern 35,000 tons of sugar. The cost will be six million dinars (approx.
Colorado and western Kansas. The new factory will be com- £6,000,000).
pleted in time to process 1968 beets. Development of irri-
gation wells from large underground water suppl ies has enabled Hurricane damagc:in· the Ryukyus•.-A-: hurricane struck the
Tri-County growers to expand sugar beet acreage from 560 island of Miyako in the Ryukyus, causing great damage to
acres in 1957 to 19,621 in 1966. The site of the new factory sugar cane. The island's production for 1966/67 had been
has not yet been determined, but it is to be equipped with est imated at 51,480 metric tons, raw value, but this is likely
the most advanced processing facilities, with a pulp dryer and to be decreased to about 29,000 tons.
bin storage for bulk refined sugar. It will also be designed
to permit slicing capacity to te increased as expansion in the
area continues. The company later announced' that beet Hurricane damage in Guadeloupe 10 .- Damage caused by
processing at its Windsor, Colorado, factory is to cease after hurricane Inez in Guadeloupe has resulted in a reduction of
the current crop, owing to reduced beet acreage in the district. the crop estimate from 200,000 metric tons to 110/ 120,000 tons.
D(Smet cane diffuser exports.- Orders for three cane diffusers

Philippines sugar production 1965/663 .- Final output from to be supplied to sugar factories in 1967 have been received
the 1965/66 crop in the Philippines reached a total of 1,545,000 by Extraction De Smet S.A. They include a 2500 tons/day
short tons. Comparative data on production, cane area and unit for Andhra Sugars Ltd., of Tanuku, South India, a 4000
sugar yields over the past five campaigns, as published by the to ns/day unit for Agro Industrial Development Co. of Silay
Philippine Sugar Association, are reproduced below: Saravia, Philippines, and a 2500 tons/day unit for Central
Sugar per Sugar Tocuyo, Tocuyo, Venezuela. The first two will be preceded
hectare production by pre-extraction mills but in the case of the Venezuela diffuser
Crop Area (short (short Yield the cane supply will be prepared only by two sets of knives
year (hectares) tons) tons) (%J and a shredder.
1961 /62 216,484 7-47 1,617,113 12·34
1962/63 246,336 6·96 1,714,006 12.06 Sugar in Spain.- The present per caput consumption of sugar
1963/64 282,410 6·57 1,855,850 11 ·29 in Spain, which has a population of 31 million, is 23 kg per
1964/65 327,610 5·24 1,717,112 10·53 annum, according to a recent survey by E. B. PETZALL 11 • The
19li5/66 297,597 5·19 1,545,000 11 ·64 beet sugar industry provides 500,000 tons per year and the
cane sugar industry 35,000-40,000 tons, while the remaining
Crushing of the 1966/67 crop has commenced and by 16th 165,000 tons or so is met by importing sugar. Since annual
October sugar production had totalled 30,983 short tons. consumption is expected to rise to 31 kg per caput by 1967,
The official preliminary estimate of production from the giving a total requirement of 1,000,000 tons of sugar, the
current season stands at 1,853,000 short tons. problem of how to meet these requirements is an important
one for the Spanish authorities. While imports are regarded
by the Government as one way of preventing price speculation
Zambia sugar factory contract' .- A contract has been signed on the domestic market, the total cost of the imports, which
in Lusaka for plant and machinery for a £3,000,000 raw sugar will have risen by 300% since 1965, are not easily met and im-
factory fo r the Zambia Sugar Co. Ltd . which is developing ports might have an adverse effect on beet sugar production.
estates in sout hern Zambia. Work on the new plant has
already begun and it should be finished in April. The contract
was signed with A. & W. Smith & Co. Ltd ., of Glasgow, who U .S.S.R.-Finland trade agreement" .- Under the terms of a
are supplying the machinery. trade agreement between Finland and the U.S.S.R., the latter
is to supply 130,000 tons of unrefined sugar to Finland in each
of the years 1966, 1967 and 1968, and to supply 135,000 tons
Managing agent system to go in lndia.- According to a press in 1969 and 1970. It is expected that most of the sugar will
report', the managing agency system in five established be of Cuban origin.
industries, including the sugar industry, is to go the abolition to
be effected within three years. ' Barbados sugar crop,1966 13 .- The 1966 Bar bados sugar crop
yielded 149,059 tons of sugar, all of which was shipped to
Canada and Britain.
Lebanon sugar plans'.- The supply of machinery for a sugar
factory at Akkar in northern Lebanon has been undertaken ' Willett & Gray, 1966, 90, 421.
by a French firm at a cost of approximately £1,800,000, accord- 'ibid., 446.
mg to a report reproduced by B.I.E.S. Further east at Bekaa 3
C. Cz~ rnik ow Ltd ., Sugar Revie w, 1966, (79 1), 227.
a second factory is to be constructed, on the co~pletion of ' The Tunes, 6th December 1966.
5
which it is hoped that the Lebanon will be self-sufficient in Indian Sugar, 1966, 16, 31 I.
sugar. :C. Czarnikow Ltd., Sugar Review, 1966, (784), 192.
Suer. Beige, 1966, 86, 26.
8
Zeitsch. Zuckerind., 1966, 91, 538.
Belgian sug~r factories for Iran'.- The Belgian Company • Willett & Gray, 1966, 90, 393.
UCMAS (Umon des Constructeurs Belges de Material pour "11 C. Czarnikow Ltd., Sugar Review, 1966, (784), 193.
Sucrerie) have reached agreement with the Iran Government Zucker, 1966, 19, 286- 287.
for the supply of three ·•turn-key" sugar factories, the contract 12
C. Czarn ikow Ltd., Sugar Re1•iew, 1966, (785), !96.
havmg a value of 1800 million Belgian francs. 13
Overseas Re••iew (Barclays D.C.O.), October 1966, p.70.
31
U.S . Sugar Supply
Quota 1967
Proposed quotas Short tons, raw value
Domestic Beet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,025,000
~:~~~n~.~a·n·e·. :: ::::: :: ::::::::::::: : ::: ::~~:~
Puerto Rico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1, 140,000
Virgin Islands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,000
Cane cultivation trials in Morocco.- Trials undertaken in Philippines . .. . .. .. . . . .. .. . . . .. .. .. . .. . .. 1,104,300
the Loukos and Sebou river valleys, feeding into the Atlantic, Argentina .. ................... •. 48,425
and in the Moulouya valley, feeding into the Mediterranean, Australia . . . .. • .. .. . . .. . . .. . .. .. .. . . .. .. . 171r,618
have proved that sugar cane can be cultivated profitably in Bolivia . . . ..... ....... .... .. .... . 4,687
the littoral regions in the north of Morocco'. The lnstitut de Brazil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393,648
Recherches Agronomiques in Raba t, which published this British Honduras . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,916
report, underlines the fact that sugar is a basic ingredient in British West Indies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149,841
Morroccan diet and the economy of the country could be Colombia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,656
helped considerably if sugar cane production were undertaken Costa Rica . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47,697
on a large scale. Cane was grown in Morocco in the thirteenth Dominican Republic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393,648
century in the Sous valley, but was abandoned at the end of Ecuador . . ....... .. .. .... .. .. .. . 57,277
the eighteenth century by reason of the competition from Fiji .. .. .. .. .. .. .. 39,197
sugar produced in the French and British colonies. French West Indies . . . . .. . . . • . .. . . . . . .. .. 47,136
Silver ring diffusers for Venezuela and Mexico2 .- Silver

~~i~~em~la.. .' .' .' .' .' .' .' .' .' .' .' .' .' .' .' .' .' .' .' .' .' .' .' .' .' .' .' .' .' .' ~?:Ji6
India .. .. .. . . .. .. . . .. .. . .. .. .. . . . .. . . 71,447
Engineering Works Inc. is constructing two cane diffusers, Ireland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . . 5,351
each of 3600 tons per day capacity, which are to be supplied Mal agasy . . .. . . .. . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . .. . . 8,435
to lngenio Eldorado, Culiacan, Mexico and Central Cuman- Mauritius . . . . . .. . . . . . .. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,374
acoa in Venezuela. Mexico . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402,500
Nicaragua . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . • . • . . . . . • . . . . . 47,697
British Honduras sugar crop 19663 .- The sugar crop in British Panama . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 29,159
Honduras ended in September with a total of 411,354 tons Peru . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 313,982
of cane delivered to the facto ry and total production of 43,454 El Salvador . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,476
tons of sugar, 8000 tons more than in 1965. The average sugar South Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52,594
recovery corresponded to 9 47 tons of cane per ton of sugar. Swaziland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,450
Taiwan .............. .... .. ............ 74,424
Thailand .. .. .. .. . .. . . .. • . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. 16,374
East German sugar conference'.- At a conference held in Venezuela . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,786
Leipzig in July 1966, attended by beet farmers and sugar in- Held in Reserve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,450
dustry representatives, it was proposed, among other things,
that beet payment should be on the basis of sugar content as 10,200,000
well as weight, and that permanent beet storage sites suitable
for large quantities of beet should be established.
El Salvador sugar production' .- The Comisi6n Nacional de Bagasse paper plans for Bolivia' .- The French Government
Defensa de Ia Industria Azucarera has stated that production has given Bolivia a credit of about 823,000,000 of which
this year amounted to 240,000 metric tons against domestic $4,400,000 is for a paper factory which is to use bagasse as
consumption of 190,000 tons. Negotiations are being under- raw material. Natural gas is produced ncar the Guabira and
taken with the U.S.A. for a larger import quota. La Belgica sugar factories so that the bagasse from these
factories can be utilized for paper or board.
Uruguay sugar plans• .- Annual sugar consumption in Uru-
guay is 90-95,000 ton, of which 60% is imported. Of the Bulk handling plans for Colombia•.-The U.K. Board of
remainder, 30,000 tons per year is produced by three raw sugar Trade announced recently that a tender is being held in Col-
factories located in the extreme north of the country. The ombia for the supply and installation of bulk sugar handling
sugar price is so fixed that the higher costs of home-produced equipment at the port of Buenaventura. Among other items,
sugar are balanced by the lower costs of refining imported loading equipment with a capacity of 600 tons per hour is being
raws. Although the cane yield per hectare has been doubled sought, together with bulk storing facilities for 20,000 tons
in recent years, from 25 to 50 tons, beets are more profitable of sugar. Bids are invited from countries which are members
and cheaper to grow. In 1965 Uruguay anticipated production of the International Monetary Fund .
of 51,400 tons of sugar and, according to plans for the period
1965- 1974, this should be increased to 71,000 tons by 1970.
A further six projects are to be completed by 1974 to give a Italian sugar factory closure 10 .- The sugar factory at Ponte-
total production capacity of 142,300 tons of sugar, which lagoscuro, near Ferrara, which belongs to the Societa Eridania
will considerably exceed home consumption. Zuccherifici Nazionali S.p.A., was to be closed at the end of
October. No reasons for the measure have been announced .
1 Agence France-Presse, 24th September 1966.
French sugar and beet diversion'.- The French authorities
have agreed to invite applications for subsidies for sugar • Sugar y Azticar, 1966, 61, (10), 46.
which will be used as cattle feed. For export to West Germany 3 Overseas Review (Barclays D.C.O.), October 1966, p. 78.
4 Die Lebensmittelind., 1966, 13, 322.
55,000 tons of sugar are to be made available with a subsidy
of Fr. 66 per I 00 kilos, while 20,000 tons of sugar will be made • Fortnightly Review (Bank of London & S. America Ltd .),
available to the French cattle feed industry at a subsidy of 1966, 31, 433.
6 Die Lebensmillelind. , 1966, 13, 349.
Fr. 60·75 per 100 kilos. Manufact ure of an additional quantity
1 C. Czarnikow Ltd ., Sugar Review, 1966, (787), 203.
of alcohol from sugar beet is to be permitted in France from
8 Zeitsch. Zuckerind., 1966, 91, 605.
the 1966/67 campaign. The quantity involved will reduce the
9 C. Czarnikow Ltd ., Sugar Review, 1966, (787), 207.
possible output of sugar this season by about 35,000 tons,
white value. °
1 F. 0. Licht, International Sugar Rpt., 1966, 98, (30), 13.
32

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THE

A TECHNICAL AND COMMERCIAL PERIODICAL

A. CARRUTHERS, former Director of Research, British Sugar Corporation Ltd.

ERRATA AND CORRIGENDA

MADE AND PRINTED IN ENGLAND

Soc:ar Notes and Comments

U.S. Sugar Supply Quota 1967 .. 32

SOMMAIRES ZUSAMMENFASSUNGEN SUMARIOS

International Society of Sugar Cane Technologists, XIII Tagung, Taiwan. Seiten 8- 9

Staubkontrolle in einer Rtibenzuckerfabrik. Teil I. T. RoDGERS, P. SwtFT und J. J. GILBERT. Seiten 9- 14

Sucar Notes and Comments 33

Editor and Manager: Dust Control in a Beet Sugar Factory .. 39

F. M. CHAPMAN, Sugar beet agriculture .. 49

N. J. KING . New books 55

0. WIKLUND, Laboratory methods and chemical reports 56

SOMMAIRES ZUSAMMENFASSUNGEN SUMARIOS

Bagasse Products Co. Ltd. Pages 43-44

Bagasse Products Co. Ltd. Seiten 43-41

Investigaciones sobre cai\a de azucar en Hawaii. Pag. 44-46

Snc:ar Notes and Comments 65

Edilor and Manager: Dust Control in a Beet Sugar Factory .. 68

Agricui/Ural Edilor: Sugar Cane Research in Trinidad .. 72

[Summaries of the above articles in French, German

J. EISNER , Cane sugar manufacture . . 83

Published by Commission International Technique de Sucrerie . . 94

Brevities I . 79, 94-96

Eisensulfat als Entfiirbungsmittel fUr Zuckerprodukte. S. G. SMART. Seiren 65- 68

Su;:ar Notes and Comments 97

J. EISNER, Cane sugar manufacture 116

O. _WIKLUND, By-products 122

Trade Notices .. 125

Notes and Comments 129

Calculations on the Combined Milling-Diffusion

Sugar Mill Research in Natal during 1965. . 136

A. CARRUTHERS , Sugar Cane Agriculture in Mauritius .. 138

K~ DOUWES DEKKER, Sugar cane agriculture .. 140

0 . WIKLUND, Laboratory methods and chemical reports !51

L'agriculture de canne a sucre il Maurice. p. 138- 139

Zuckcrrohrlandwirtschaft in Mauritius. S. 138- 139

Investigaciones sobre operaciones de fabrica en Natal en 1965. Pdg. 136-138

Notes and Comments 161

Assistant Editor: A Procedure for Computing and Determining

Water Hyacinth Control 172

1. ElSNER, Cane sugar manufacture . . 177

SOMMAIRES ZUSAMMENFASSUNGEN SUMARIOS

Explosion de sucre en Hollande. p. 169-172

Controle de Ia jacinthe d'eau (Eichhornia crassipes). p. 172

Staubexplosion in den Niederlanden. S. 169-172

Kontrolle von Wasserbyacinthe (Eichhornia crassipes) S. 172

Explosion azucarera en Holanda. Pag. 169-172

Control del jacinto de agua (Eichhornia crassipes). Pdg. 172

Notes and Comments 193

Sugar Cane Research in Queensland 202

K. DOUWES DEKKER, Sugar beet agriculture . . 208

0. WIKLUND, Laboratory methods and chemical reports .. 215

Le developpement de l'industrie sucriere en Bolivie. H. KAMPF.

Die natiirlicbe KUblung von FiiUmassen in KristaUisatoren. H. J. SPOELSTRA. S. 195-197

Eotwicldung der Zuckerindustrie in Bolivien. H . KAMPF. S. 197-198

Zuckerrobrerforschungsarbeiten in Queensland. S. 202-204

El enfriamiento de masas cocidas en cristalizadores. H. J. SPOELSTRA. Ptig. 195-197

Desarrollo de Ia industria azucarera Boliviana. H . KAMPF. Ptig. 197-198

Investigaciones sobre Ia calla de azucar en Queensland. Ptig. 202-204

.Journal Notes and Comments 225