Field Training

ELEN 399

Dr. Hassan Mohamed Wedaa-Elrab Abdel-Daiem

Electric Power Generation System

Definitions
❑ Low Voltage (LV):
A class of nominal system voltages of 1000 Volts or less.
❑ Medium Voltage (MV):
A class of nominal system voltages greater than 1000 Volts but less
than 100 kV.
❑ High Voltage (HV):
A class of nominal system voltages of 100 kV or greater, but equal
to or less than 230 kV.
❑ Extra High Voltage (EHV):
A class of nominal system voltages greater than 230 kV, but less
than1000 kV.

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 ❑ Generation System:
It is a part of the power system which is used to produce the
electrical power at power stations where a form of primary energy
is converted into electricity.

❑ Transmission System:
It is a part of the power system which is used to transfer electrical
power, in bulk, between sources (generation) and the distribution
system. Transmission systems typically operate at voltages in the
high voltage range.

❑ Distribution System:
It is a part of the power system which is used to transfer electrical
power to the consumers . Distribution systems typically operate at
voltages in the medium and low voltage ranges.

Figure (1): Electric power system

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 Growing Demand for Electricity in Saudi Arabia

Figure (2): Peak load and the total generation capacity for
Saudi Arabia
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Development of SEC's Generation Capacity (MW) During (2000 – 2015)

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 Steam Power Station (Thermal Power Station)

Figure (3): Steam power station

Gas Turbine Power Station

Figure (4): Gas turbine power station

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 Combined-Cycle Power Station

Figure (5): Combined-cycle power stations have achieved efficiencies

approaching 60%.
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Solar Energy-Concentrated Solar Power (CSP)

Figure (6): Concentrated Solar Power

(CSP)

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Figure (7): Concentrated Solar Power
(CSP)

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Solar Energy-Photovoltaic (PV)

Figure (8): Photovoltaic (PV) power station

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Wind Energy

Figure (9): Wind farms

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Control Room of Electric Power Stations

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 Balancing Electricity Supply and Demand
Since the frequency of the power generated is proportional to
the generator’s rotor speed, increasing the real power of the
load results in a drop in frequency.
The simple analogy shown in Figure (10) suggests thinking of
electricity supply as being a set of nozzles delivering water to a
bathtub that is constantly being drained by varying amounts of
consumer demand. Using the water level to represent grid
frequency, the goal is to keep the water at a nearly constant
level corresponding to grid frequencies that typically are in the
range of about 59.98– 60.02 Hz. If the frequency drops below
about 59.7 Hz emergency measures, such as shedding loads
(blackouts) may be called for to prevent damage to the
generators.
An increase in the reactive power of the load is accompanied by
a drop in the terminal voltage magnitude. Thus, the generator
field current is increased to raise the generated voltage.
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Figure (10): A simple analogy for a grid operating as a load-

following system in which the supply is continuously varied to
maintain a constant water level representing frequency.
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Figure (11): Frequency is automatically controlled with a governor that
adjusts the torque from the turbine to the generator.

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 Substations
GIS (Gas Insulation Substation)

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AIS (Air Insulation Substation)

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Types of transformers in the electric power system:

1- Power transformer
2- Distribution transformer
3- Measuring transformers (CT,VT)

Parts of a power transformer

1- Transformer Tank
2- High Voltage Bushing
3- Low Voltage Bushing
4- Cooling Fins/Radiator
5- Cooling Fans
6- Conservator Tank
7- Surge Arresters

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Figure (): Parts of a power transformer

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A transformer located directly next to a generator is
called GSU (Generator Step-up). A GSU transform increases the
voltage of the electric power from the medium voltage of the
generators to the high voltage transmission level.

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Cooling of transformers is in two stages depending on the amount

of electric loading.

1- ONAN (Oil Natural Air Natural): Cooled by oil and natural air.
This is the simplest way.
2- ONAF (Oil Natural Air Forced): Same as the previous method
but the fans are pushing the air.
3- OFAF (Oil Forced Air Forced): The pumps push the oil, and the
fans push the air to cool.

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