APC Assignment-4

Q1) Enlist different Control equipment’s of Gaseous Pollutants. Explain Settling Chambers &
Wet Collectors

= Method of removal Particulate Matter

1) Gravitational Settling chamber

2) Cyclone
3) Inertial Dust Separator
4) Bag Filter
5) Electrostatic Precipitator

Removal of Gaseous Impurities

1) Adsorption
2) Absorption
3) Condensation
4) Combustion

Gravitational Settling Chamber:- This is a simple particulate collection device using the principal of
gravity to settle the particulate matter in a gas stream passing through its long chamber. This particulate
matter is then collected at the bottom of the chamber. The chamber is cleaned manually to dispose the waste

• Used to remove particles with size greater than 50 micrometer

• Velocity of flue gas reduced in large chamber
• Particles settle under gravitational force

Wet Collection Devices:- These devices remove the dust particles from gas by wetting the particles with a
liquid droplet diffusion or condensation or by implying the wetter or unwanted particles on a collecting
surface and cleaning then by a flush of liquid. In the diffusion mechanism Brownian motion becomes
significant. The dust particles by zig-zag motion in the neighbourhood of the collecting droplets diffuse to
them and are intercepted. It has been noted that Brownian motion is also taking place in forming
agglomerates and thereby simplifying the separation. There may be na interaction between a charges particle
and droplet on which the droplet charge induces a given charge

A. Cyclonic scrubbers
B. Spray Chambers
C. Venturi scrubbers
D. Packed towers

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Q2) State the advantages and disadvantages of Wet Scrubbers

= Advantages

1) Small space requirements: Scrubbers reduce the temperature and volume of the unsaturated exhaust
stream. Therefore, vessel sizes, including fans and ducts downstream, are smaller than those of other
control devices. Smaller sizes result in lower capital costs and more flexibility in site location of the
scrubber.
2) No secondary dust source, once particulate matter is collected it cannot escape from hoppers or during
transport
3) Handles high temperature, high humidity or gas streams, no temperature limits or condensation problem
occur as in bathhouses or ESP
4) Minimal fire and explosion hazardous, various dry dusts are flammable
5) Ability ti collect both gases and particulate matter

Disadvantages

1) Corrosion problems, water and dissolved pollutants can form highly corrosive acid solutions
2) Proper construction materials are very important. Also wet dry interface areas can result in corrosion
3) High power requirements, high collection efficiencies for particulate matter are attainable only at higher
pressure drops resulting in high operating costs
4) Water pollution problems ash ponds, settling ponds or sludge clarifiers may be needed to meet
wastewater regulations
5) Difficult product recovery. Dewatering and drying of scrubber sludge make recovery of any dust for
reuse very expensive and difficult

Q3) Explain
1) Absorption :- The removal of one or more selected components from a gas mixture by absorption os
probably the most important operation in the control of gaseous pollutant emissions
Absorption is a process in which a gaseous pollutant is dissolved in a liquid
As the gas stream passes through the liquid, the liquid absorbs the gas, in much the same way that sugar is
absorbed is a glass of water when stirred
Absorbers are often referred to as scrubbers and there are various types of absorption equipment
The principal types of gas absorptions equipment include spray towers, packed columns, spray chambers
and venture scrubbers
In general absorbers can achieve removal efficiencies greater than 95%. One potential problem with
absorption is the generation of waste water which converts an air pollution problems to a waster pollution
problem.

2) Adsorption :- Is a process where gases, vapour or liquid are

concentrated on solid surface as a result or chemical force. The
amount of the adsorbed substances depends directly on internal
surface area of solid and the kinetics of process
The most important adsorbents in industrial use to day are bauxite
activated carbon, activated alumina, silica gel and molecular sieve.

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3). Combustion:- The engine consists of a fixed cylinder and a moving piston. The expanding combustion
gases push the piston which in turn rotated the crankshaft. After the piston compresses the fuel air mixture,
the spark ignited it, causing combustion gases pushed the piston during the power stroke

4) Condensation:- Is the process used heavily throughout industry to convert a gas or vapour to liquid. Any
gas can be reduced to a liquid by sufficiently lowering the temperature

Q4) Explain the term Venturi Scrubber w.r.t following points

a) Principal b) Construction & Operation c) Advantages d) Disadvantages

= Venturi Scrubber mainly consist of a venturi throat through which the carrier gas pushes at a liner velocity
of 3400 to 12600 m/min. Water as the usual scrubbing liquor is added in the direction of the flow of the gas
at a rate of 0.3-1.5 litres/min of gas.

a) Principal
In the venturi scrubber, gas with particulate matter passes through a constricted section of the scrubber
where scrubbing liquid and gas reach high velocities, resulting in high turbulence in the liquid and gas
streams, which causes liquid droplet- particle contact. The scrubbing liquid hence removes the pollutant
from the gas stream.

b) Construction & Operation

1) venturi scrubber is a venturi shaped chamber with converging and diverging sections. It consists of a
third section called the throat section
2) The scrubbing liquid is introduced at the entrance to the converging section through a nozzle
3) The inlet gas stream enters the converging section and as the area decreases gas velocity increases
4) The inlet gas, which is forced to move at extremely high velocities in the small throat section, shear
the liquid from its walls, producing a tremendous number of very tiny droplets
5) In the throat section, particle and gas pollutant removal occurs as the inlet gas stream mixes with the
fog of tiny liquid droplets

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 6) The inlet stream then exists through the diverging section,

where it is forced to slow down

c) Advantages
1) Relatively little maintenance
2) High disposal efficiency
3) Simple and compact construction
4) No mechanical components
5) Gaseous components are absorbed
6) Require no aerator

d). Disadvantages
1) Large pressure drops
2) Signs of erosion when scrubbing abrasive mediums

Q5) State the phenomenon of absorption and adsorption.

Absorption:- It is a chemical or physical phenomenon in which the molecules, atoms and ions of the
substance getting absorbed enters into the bulk phase ( gas, liquid, or solid) of the material in which it is
take.

Adsorption:- It is a mass transfer process that is the phenomenon of sorption of gases or solutes by solid or
liquid surface. The adsorption on the solid surface is that the molecules or atoms on the solid surface have e
residual surface energy due to unbalanced forces

Q6) Explain in detail Adsorption process of control of gaseous pollutants

= Adsorption is a mass transfer process in which a porous solid comes in

contact with a liquid or gaseous stream to selectively remove pollutants
or contaminates by depositing (adsorbing) them onto the solid. The
contaminates being removed are referred to as the adsorbate, and the
solid doing the adsorbing is called the adsorbent.
Adsorption devices are commonly used in many industrial applications.
In general, certain organic and inorganic compounds with a molecular
weight greater than 45 are likely to be a good adsorbate. Adsorption is
often used in applications where recovery of the adsorbate is desired or if
the concentration of the adsorbate is very low and other types of pollution
treatment would be cost prohibitive. Some common industrial operations
in which organic emissions and odours can be effectively controlled by
adsorption include dry-cleaning, degreasing, surface coating, rubber
processing, gravure printing, and others. Adsorption can also be used to
purify intake or circulating air streams and in fractionation of certain gas

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Q7) State & Explain design considerations of Absorption and Adsorption units.
= Absorption
• The removal of one or more selected components from a gas mixture by absorption is probably the most
important operation in the control of gaseous pollution emissions
• Absorption is a process in which a gaseous pollutant is dissolved in the liquid
• Water is the most commonly used absorbent liquid
• The invert material helps to max the absorption capacity of the column. In addition of the introduction of
the gas & liquid at opposite ends
• One of the potential problem with absorption is the generation of waste water which converts an air
pollution problem to a water pollution problem

Adsorption
• The pollutant gas is incombustible or difficult to burn
• The pollutant is sufficiently valuable to recovery
• The pollutant is very dilute to concentration in the exhaust system
• Physical adsorption:- is a simple approach, which attaches the target substance on a chip as a result of
hydrogen bonding, van Der Waals, electrostatic forces and hydrophobic interactions
• Chemical adsorption:- also known as chemisorption on solid materials is achieved by substantial sharing
of electrons between the surface of adsorbent and adsorbate to create a covalent or ionic bond

Q8) How the incineration process affects on air pollution?

= Incineration is a method of reducing gases, liquid and solid waste streams by chemically altering the
pollutant species once they are formed
• Air pollutant such as particulate matter, which cause lung and heart disease
• Heavy metal such as lead and mercury which cause neurological disease
• Toxic chemicals such as PFAS & dioxin which cause cancer & other heart problem
• Increase of toxic gases in air
• Rapid change in AQI
• Rapid increase in carbon monoxide in air , thus lead to increase in health issue

Q9) Write short note on Control of SOx and NOx ?

= Industry left huge amount of smoke in the environment which cause the air pollution, this smoke is came
out from the boiler chimney in the form of waste gases which are generated from the combustion of fuel.
These gases contain sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxide which cause the air pollution and also affect the
human life also

Methods used to connect SOx

1. Switching lower sulphur fuel
2. Combustion Control technique

Methods used to control NOx

1. Humid Air Method 4. Cylinder Lubrication
2. Exhaust Gas Recirculation 5. High Scavenge pressure & compression
3. Water Injection & Water emission

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