!

,'ight
. Light and its sources
LIGI{T AND ITS SOURCES r Rectilinear propagation of li$ht
Light is o form of energy, Light con frovel r Formation of shadows
through completely oirless spoce, i,e., ii r Eclipse

does not require o medium to trovel,Thot

is how we receive sunlight, Any object
thot produces light is known os o source Bioluminescence
of light. There ore two types of light The producfion or emission of light by a
sources: noturol ond ortificiol, Noturol living organism as a result of some chemical
sources of light exist in noture on their energy getting converted into light energY
own, i,e., they ore not mode by humons, is called bioluminescence. The nome
The sun is o noturol source of light, Oiher originotes from the Greek word bios for
stors, lightning, ond fires due to noturol "living" ond the Lotin word lumen for "light".
couses ore olso nofurol sources of light, Fireflies ore insects thot give off o pole,
Some other sources of light such os greenish-yellow light, which floshes or
electric bulbs, fluorescent iubes, ond glows in the dork. Certoin jellyfishes,
condles ore mon-mode.These ore colled living deep inside the seo, ore olso
ortificiol sources of light, bioluminescent (Fig. 5. I ),
Objects oround us con be clossified os
luminous ond non-luminous on the bosis
of their obility to emit light. The obiecfs
thof give ouf light of fheir own are called
Iuminous objects.Thus, oll the objects
mentioned obove, i,e,, noturol ond
ortificiol, ore luminous objects,
The objects thot do not give out light
of fheir own ore called non-luminous
objects. For exomple, choir, poper. trees,
Fig. 5.1 Bialuminescence in ielly fish
ond pen ore non-luminous objects. Some
non-luminous objects, when heoted to o
ls moon o luminous objecl?
high temperoiure, emit light ond become
luminous, For exomple, when metols cre On o full moon night, we hove enough
red hot, they stort emitting light, light to wolk on o dork street. Does this
meon thot the moon is o luminous
object? No, becouse ihe moon does not
hove ony light of its own.lt gets its light It'bedomes tronslucent, ollowing only
o port of light to poss through. Similor[,
from the sun,The moonlight thot reoches
tronslucent frosted gloss windows ore
the Eorth is octuolly the reflected light of
usedin hornes so thot only sorne light is
the sun,ln the some woy, oll plonets ore
non-luminous objects. However the moon
ond plonets ore illuminoted objects os
they get light from other sources of light.
When light folls on ony object, the object
becomes illuminoted or visible, A medium that allows most of the light to pass
through it is called a fiansparcnt medium.
Examples are clear glass, clear water, air,
and clear plastic. We can see through
Tro nspo rent, tro nsl ucent" o nd any transparent medium clearly. A totally
opoque mqteriols transparent object is invisible.

According to the omount of light eoch

moteriol ollows to poss through it, we con
clossify them os tronsporent, opoque,
ond tronslucent moteriols (Fig, 5.2).
We use the word "medium" to denote
moteriol here,
A medium that allows only a part of the light
to pass through it is called a Uanslucent
medium. Examples are frosted glass,
lampshade, butter paper, mist, fog, beeswax,
and certain coloured bottles. We cannot see
clearly through a translucent medium.

FTITHT
Greenhouses ore strUctures built: with
gloss or tronsporent plostic frcr growing
plonts;They qre, used in areos: Mth, very
cold,winter.s,They trop heot inside. ln
summeti:fo reskictthe lighi folling,on the
plonts, o' greenhouse is whitewoshed.
A medium that does not allow any li{ht to
pass through it is called an opaque medium.
Examples are wood, stone, metals, and
book. We cannot see through an opaque
object. Opaque objects, when kept in the
path of light, cast a shadow.
Fig. 5.2 Three types of materials

Nqme the following

l. A luminous objeci which gives light for you to reqd this book
2. A nonluminous objeci
3. A bioluminescent orgonism
4. An illuminoted object
5. A tronslucent medium

*i
Cr:-, ."-r
sijg
RECTILINEAB PROPAGATION OT LIGI{T
Light trovels in oll directions from o light
source but if some light posses through
o hole, it con be seen to trovel in stroight
lines, For exomple, when sunlight shines
through o smqll goP in the clouds, it
forms o brood beom of light with stroight
edges. So, we con conclude thot light
trovels in stroight lines.
lf light could bend oround corners, we
would hove been oble to see whot is
hoppening upstoirs in the bedroom
while we ore stonding downstoirs in the
gorden. The property of light trovelling in
sfraighf lines in o medium is called fhe
rectilinear propcrgqtion of light.
A set-up to demonstrote the rectilineor
propogotion of light is given in Figure
5,3, Out of oll possible poths, i.e., to 9o
from one point to onother light tokes o
poth thot requires the shortest time.Thot
poth is o stroight line. Ihls is colled the
principle of leasf fime.
Since we know thot light trovels in
stroight lines, we represent it with the help
of roys.

Fig. 5.3 Rectilindar propagation of |i$ht

Roy of light lt is o poth olong which Beqm of light A collection or group

light energy trovels, lt is represented by o
stroight line with on orrow (Fig.5.4) thot
indicotes the direction in which the roy of
light is trovelling.
of roys of light is colled o beom of
light.A beom of light con be porollelr,
convergent2, or divergents.
A collection,of porollel roys of light is
colled o porollel beom of light (Fig.5,5),
A seorchlight emits o porollel beom of
light.The roys from o point on o very

lporollel: (of lines or plones) side by side ond hoving the some distonce continuously between them
2convergent:to move towords o ploce from different directions ond meet
3divergent:to seporote ond go in different directions
distont object, such os the sun, ore
considered to be porollel,
>
=
Fig. 5.5 Parallel beam of li{ht
When rays of light from a poinf diverge
in differenf directions, then such o
collecfion of roys is called o divergent
beom of light (Fig. 5.7). A lomp emits o
divergent beom of light. A condle flome
sends out roys in oll directions.

When rays of lighf from different

direcfions converge at a point, fhen
such a collecfion of rays is called o
convergent beom of light (Fig. 5.6), A
source behind o lens, os in o projection
Fig.5.7 Divergent beam of li{ht
lontern, con provide o convergent beom
of light,

Light trovels reolly fost. Nothing con trqvel

foster thon light: light trqvels qt the spged
.l08
of 3 x m/s, which is equol to 3 lokh
kilometres/second.
Fig, 5.6 Convergent beam of light

Choose the correct option to fill in the blonk.

L From o light source light trovels (in one direcfion/in oll directions).
2. Light tokes the ...,,,..,. (shortest time/longest fime) to go frorn one point to
onother,
3, When roys of ,'gll,l:T converge to o point.then they ore colled
.
_Ottu3lt,Oirections
i....... (divergeni roys/convergent roys).
4. A seqrchlight emits o .,.....,..... (convergent beom/porolbl beom) of light.
FOBMATION OF SI{ADOWS
The formotion of shodows is on effect of
the rectilineor propogotion of light, When light source
o beom of light shines on on opoque
object, the light roys ore stopped by
the object.A dork region forms behind
the object.This dork region is colled o
shodow, F
Fig. 5.8 Shadow formed by a point source of light
A
Tronslucent objects cost o foint shodow
ln the cose of o non-point source of light F
whereos tronsporent objects do not cost
(i.e,, on extended or o wide source like n
o shodow of oll becouse they ollow the
o fluorescent lomp), the shodow of on h
light to poss through them.
object hos two ports, nomely the umbro s
The following ore some chorocteristics of ond the penumbro,The penumbro is the u
shodows, port thot surrounds the umbro. Some roys o
. Shodows ore formed only in the of light foll on this region ond portiolly tr
presence of light, illuminote it,Thus, the penumbro is olso i
. Shodows ore olwoys formed on the colled the region of portiol dorkness (Fig,
opposite side of the source of light. 5.9),The wider the light source, the fointer t
The noture (clority ond size) ond the ,
is the shodow.Also, the closer the object t
position of o shodow depend on the size to the light, the lorger ond fointer is the lu
ond position of both the light source ond shcrclow h
the object. For exomple, the size, clority, penumbra ill
length, ond position of the shodow u
of on object in sunlight is different ot rffi

different times of the doy, When the sun ,o

is overheod of mid-doy, o short shodow til
is formed,When the sun is low in the right 1p
sky in the morning ond evening, o long source object u dr^ m
shodow is formed. 1il|
Fig. 5,9 Shadow formed by an extended source i(
When on opoque object is ploced
between o point source of light (i,e., fr
The noture of o shodow olso depends
o light source thot is of the size of o
pinheod) ond o screen, o shodow is on the distonce between the objecrt
or the light source ond the screen.
formed.This shodow is uniformly dork,
Thot is, the closer the object to the
shorp, ond of the some shope os the
screen, the smoller ond well-defined h
object (Fig,5,8).This dorkest port where
the shodow.
no light folls ot oll is colled the umbro.
 lf the screen is moved forther CIwoy burning candle
from the light source ond the object,
the umbro becomes smoller ond con
finolly disoppeor.The result is o lorger
ond fointer penumbro thot is hordly
visible.

Pinhole comero , Fig. 5.10 Formation of imaSe in a pinhole camera

A pinhole comero is the simplest comero . lt is inverfeda,

possible, lt works on the principle of the
rectilineor propogotion of light, Usuolly, it
is in the shope of o closed box, On one
side of the box, there is o pinhole through
which light enters ond forms on imoge
on the other side of the box, Since light
frovels in stroight lines, we con get the
imoge of on object on o screen,
Chorocteristics of imoges formed
by o pinhole comero
Let AB be o condle kept in froni of the
hole of the comero,The roys of light from
the condle flome go in oll directions, Here
we consider only those roys thot poss
through the hole ond foll on the screen
os shown in Figures 5,.l0 ond 5,.l 1 Note
thoi the roys intersect or meet of the
pinhole. Since the roys cross over of this
point, the top of the object oppeors ot
the bottom of the imoge ond the bofiom
of the object oppeors ot ihe top.Thus,
A B' is the inverted imoge of the condle.
Chorocteristics of on imoge formed by o
pinhole comero ore os follows.
. Since it con be obtoined on o screen,
it is o reol imoge,
. The size of the imoge con be
diminisheds or enlorged,
The size of the imoge formed by o
pinhole comero depends on the
distonce between the object ond the
pinhole, Figure 5.11 gives o simple roy
diogromo to show the formotion of on
imoge by o pinhole comero, Here,AB
represents the object, AB' represents
the imoge formed, d is the distonce of
the object from the pinhole, ond s is the
distonce of the screen from the pinhole.
A
B
Fig. 5.11 Ray diagram of image formed by a
pinhole camera

ainverted:upside down or in the opposite position

sdiminished:to moke or become slowly
less or smoll (in size)
6roy diogrom:o diogrom
in which the poth of light roys is represenied by lines to exploin how mirrors
ond lenses form imoges
 Aim:To clossify objects os tronsporent, tronslucent, or opoque
Materials required:Objects such os pencil, steel spoon, mirror, cellophone poper, gloss.
trocing popel lomp, torch, stone, wcrter in o gloss bowl, thin cloth, thick cloth, etc.
l. Toke the objects one by one ond hold them ogoinst o source of light,
2, Clossify the objects os tronsporent, tronslucent, or opoque using the following toble
formot.
Obseruation ond conclusion:

Aim:To show thot light trovels in stroight lines

Mqterials required:fhree squore sheets of cord poper or index cqrds, modelling cloy or
wooden stonds, o torch, o hole puncher; ond o ruler
Procedure:
1 Punch holes ln the middle of the cords.To do this drow diogonol lines from the
corners of the cord.The hole should be punched where the lines meet.
2. Use modelling cloy or stonds to moke the cords stond upright qs shown in the figure.
Moke sure thot the bose of the cord is resting
on o toble.
3. To ensure thot the cords qre in o stroight line,
look fhrough the cords.You should be to see
through them.
4. Shine the torch on the hole in the first cord.
Note your observotion.
5. Shift the position of the second cord. (
Obsewotion'When the cords ore in o stroight line,light goes through the holes ond I
folls on the woll beyond the lost cord.When the second cord is shified,light does not go
fhrough the cords ond foll on the woll. A

Conclusian; Light trqvels in stroight lines.

Aim:To moke o pinhole comero ond use the pinhole comero to obtoin different kinds of
imoges by chonging the distonce between the condre ond the pinhole
Msterials required: An empfy rectongulor/long cordboord box. o tissue poper, odhesive
tope or rubber bond, o pin, o condle, ond o motchbox
Procedute:
Moking the pinhole comero:
l. Toke the empty box ond remove its cover from one of the shorter sides,
2. Use the tissue poper to cover the shoebox from where the cover hos been token off,
Attoch it to the box with the help of odhesive iope or rubber bond,This side will be t
the screen of the cqmero. I
2
 3' Moke o hole in the centre with o pin on the
opposite side (opposite to the side from
where the cover hos been token off) of the
shoebox.The pinhole comero is reody.
4. Keep the comero in o room which is dimly light.
obtoining different kinds of imoges using tne pinnob
camero:
l ' Meosure the distonce between ihe pinhole
ond the screen of the comero, which is
the length between the side with the pinhole
ond the tissue poper side. Let us denoie
it by s ond suppose s 30 cm,
=
2' Ploce o lighted condle (object) in front of the pinhole cCImero
such thot its distqnce
(d) from the pinhole is greoter thon the lengih
of the cCImero. Here it should be more
thon 30 cm.
Adjust the pinhole comero till you get o cleqr
imoge on the screen.
the size of the imoge of the condte,bo ir for
one more distonce greorer
i[:: Ta":sure
5' Ploce the condle of q dislonce thqt is equol to fhe distonce
of the cqmero from the
pinhole (here 30 cm), Note the size of the imoge
of the condre.
6" Ploce the condle of o distonce less thon the distonce
of the comero from the
pinhole. Here, it should be less thon
30 cm, Note the size of the imoge.
Observotion:
l ' when d>s' the imoge is smoll in size (Fig.A).Thot
is, when the distonce of the object
thon the distonce of the."L"n (s) from the pinhote,
rhe size of rhe imoge
l?Jtfitre
2' when d -- s' the imoge is of the some size os ihe object
(Fig. B).Thot is, when the
distonce of the object (o) is equol to the distonce
of the screen (s) from the pinhole,
the size of the imoge is the some os the size
of the object.
3' When d<s. the imoge is rorger in size thon
the object (Fig, c).Thqt is, when the
distonce of the object (o) is less thon the distonce
of the screen (s) from ihe pinhole,
ihe size of the imoge becomes lorge.
The size of the imoge depends on the posrion
of rhe objecr with respecilo
fi:t:'"T:",J;

Fig. B
Fig. c

write T for True snd F for Fqrse. correct the forse stqtemenrs.
I ' when lightfoils on o tronsporent object, shodows
ore formed.
2. Shodows ore olwoys equol in size to the
object,
ECLIPSE
An eclipse ison osfronomicolT evenf thot
occurs when one celesfiols objecf moves
into fhe shodow of anofher An eclipse
is o result of the rectilineor propogotion
of light, Depending upon the positions of
the sun, the moon, ond the Eorth, there
ore two types of eclipses: lunor ond solor.
Lunqr eclipse
We know thot the Eorth goes oround
the sun ond the moon goes oround the
Eorth.As the Eorth revolves oround the
sun, it moves beiween the sun ond the
moon.These three objects moy come
in o stroight line of some point of time.
When this hoppens, the Eorth being on
opoque object blocks light from the
sun ond costs o shodow on the moon.
Hence. people living on thot side of the
Eorth ore not oble to see the moon for
some time. Since the moon remoins
hidden from our eyes, it is colled o lunor
eclipse (Fig,5,.l2).
Fig. 5.12 Lunar ec/ipse
Tostronomicol:of or reloting to ostronomy, i.e., the scientific study of sun, moon, plonets, stors, etc.
8celesiiol:of or reloting to the sky or outer spoce
A lunor eclipse tokes ploce only on o full
moon doy, Every yeor, of leost two lunor
eclipses occur.They do not hoppen every
month becouse the Eorth's orbit oround
the sun is not in the some plone os the
moon's orbit oround the Eorth.A lunor
eclipse losts for obout three hours,
Astronomers clossify eclipses into three
types depending on the position of the
moon within the umbrol ond penumbrol
regions of the Eorth's shodow,
. Penumbrol lunor eclipse occurs
when the moon crosses the Eorth's
penumbro.These ore difficult to
observe os only some dorkening/
shoding of the moon occurs,
. A portiol lunor eclipse hoppens when
the Eorth portiolly covers the moon.
Hence, only o portion of the moon
posses through the Eorth's umbrol
region, So the moon con be portiolly
seen. ln this eclipse the sun, Eorth, ond
moon ore not exoctly in o stroight line,
. Totol lunor eclipse occurs when the
moon is in the umbrol region of the
Eorth, ond the moon does not receive
ony sunlight. Hence, the moon is not
visible to the people living on thot
port of the Eorth,
Solor eclipse
As the moon goes oround the Eorth,
it moves between the Eorth ond the
sun,These three objects moy position
themselves in o siroight line. When this
hoppens, the light from the sun gets
blocked by the moon, thus costing o
shodow on the Eorth,Therefore, people
living on thot side of the Eorth ore not
oble to see the sun for some time,This is
colled o solor eclipse (Fig.5.l3), A solor
eclipse tokes ploce only on o new moon
doy.They do not hoppen every month
becouse the Eorth's orbii oround the sun
is nof in the some plone os the moon's
orbit oround the Eorth. A solor eclipse
con lost of the most for only for 7.S
minutes,
Fig. s.Lg So/ar ec/ips
The moon's shodow is not big enough to
cover the entire plonet, so the shodow is
olwoys limited to o certoin oreo.This oreo
chonges during the eclipse becouse the
moon ond Eorth ore in constont motion.
There ore four types of solor eclipses,
which ore os follows:
. Portiol solor eclipse occurs when the
view of the sun is portiolly blocked by
the moon, ln this eclipse, the sun, the
moon, ond the Eorth ore not exocfly
in o stroight line,The port of ihe Eorth
thot folls under the penumbro region
hos o portiol solor eclipse.
Totol solor eclipse occurs when the
view of the sun is completely blocked
by ihe moon, Only thot port of the
Eorth which folls in the umbro hos
o totol solor eclipse.Areos outside
the umbro moy hove o portiol solor
eclipse.
Annulor meons ring-shoped. Annulor
solor eclipse occurs when the sun
oppeors os o block disc surrounded
by o ring of light.An onnulor solor
eclipse hoppens when the moon is
too for from the Eorth, ond hence
covers only the sun's center; leoving
the sun's visible outer edges to form o
"ring of fire" oround the moon.
Hybrid solor eclipse occurs when
people on some port of the Eorth con
see o toiol solor eclipse ond people
on onother port con see on onnulor
solor eclipse,
We must not look of the sun with noked
eyes, ond never during the solor eclipse
os it con domoge our eyes. pinhole
imoges ollow the sofe viewing of eclipses
becouse the viewer sees the pinhole
imoge ond not the eclipse itself.
 Nqme the following-
1 An ostronomicol event thot occurs when one celestiol object moves into the shodow
of qnother
2. The only doy o lunor eclipse con toke ploce
3, The sun is hidden by the moon

The property of light trovelling in stroight lines in o medium is colled ihe rectilineor
propogotion of light.A pinhole comero works on the principle of the rectilineor
propogofion of light.
When light is blocked by on opoque body. o shodow is formed,The dorkest port of
the shodow is colled the umbro region qnd the region of portiol dorkness is colled
the penumbro.The noture of o shodow depends upon the position of source, object,
screen, ond olso on the size of the light source.
An eclipse is on ostronomicol event thot occurs when one celestiol object moves into
the shodow of onother,
The oecurrence of lunor eclipse ond solor eclipse ore the consequences of the
formotion of shodows by celestiol objects.
Lunor eclipse hoppens when the Eorth comes in between the sun ond the moon, ond
they ore oll in the some plone. Solor eclipse occurs when the moon comes in between
the sun ond the Eorth, ond they ore in the some plone.

Section I

A. H<rme lhe following.

l. Objects which give out light on their own
2. A mediurn thot ollows only o port of the light to poss through
3. The property of light to trovel in stroight lines
4. The region of portiol dorkness in o shodow
5. The light from the sun gets blocked by the moon, thus costing o shodow on the Eorth
 B. Choose lhe correel oplion.
l. The moon is on exomple of o
o. luminous object b non-luminous object
c. bioluminescent orgonism d. none of these
2' objects thot cost o shodow by brocking the poth of right
o. Tronsporent b. Tronslucent c. Opoque d. All of these
3. Shqdows ore formed
o. in the obsence of light
b, in the presence of light
c. on the some side os the light source
d, by tronsporent objects
4' when the view of the sun is portioily brocked by the moon, it is coled o
o. portiol solor eclipse b, totol solor eclipse
c, onnulor solor eclipse d. hybrid solor eclipse
5. Lunor eclipse occurs on
o, every new moon doy b. certoin new moon doys
c. every full moon night d. certoin full moon nights
c. write T for True ond F for Folse. correcl lhe fslse slalemenls.
1 Light con trovelthrough o completely oir less spoce,
2' The roys from the sun ore considered to be divergent roys.
3. The imoge formed by o pinhole comero is reol.
4' When on opoque object is ploced between o point source
of light ond o screen, no
shodow is formed.
5. Solor eclipses hoppen on o new moon doy,
D. Moteh the following.
l. Butter poper i, New moon doy
2. Sun ii. Full moon doy
3. Solor eclipse iii, Tronslucent
4. Lunor eclipse iv. Artificiol light
5. Condles v. Noturol light
Section ll
E. Give reqsons for the fcllowing.
1 The moon is clossified os o non-luminous object.
2. Shodows ore formed by opoque objects,
3. The imoge obtoined in o pinhore comero is inverted.
4. Lunor ond solor eclipses do not hoppen every month.
F. Distinguish belween lhe following.
l. Tronsporent qnd tronslucent objects
2. Umbro ond penumbro
3. Convergent beom ond divergent beom
4. Solor eclipse ond lunor eclipse
G. Short onswer queslions.
l. Whot do you meon by rectilineor propogotion of light?
2. Whot do you meon by principle of leost time?
3. How is o shodow formed?
4. On whot foctors do noture ond position of shodows depend on?
5. Whot ore the chorocteristics of on imoge formed by o pinhole comero?
H. long onswer queslions,
l. Distinguish between tronsporent, tronslucent, ond opoque objects with exomples
2. Describe on experiment to show thot light trovels in stroight lines. Use o diogrom to
help exploin fhis phenomenon.
3, Exploin solor ond lunor eclipses with the help of diogroms,
4. Describe briefly the three kinds of lunor eclipses.
5. Describe briefly four kinds of solqr eclipses

PICTURE STUDY
l. An exomple of q shodow being formed by on extended light source is given here.
Complete the diogrom by continuing the light roys,
o, Compqre the regions A, B, ond C in terms of brightness.
b, Whot ore the regions B ond C colled?
2' Lobel the picture given berow using the
words-right source, object, shodow

The picture shows o cot pouncing on

o mouse.The shodow
is directly berow the cot, During
which port of the doy wourd
the shodow look like this.Tick the correct
option,
o. The evening
b. The middte of ihe doy
c. Eorly morning

Look of ihe diogrom given olongside.

Here S is the sun. M is the moon. ond
E
isthe Eorth.
o. Whot would be seen of X?
b. Whot would be seen oty?

Two light roys hove been left ouf

in the
diogrom olongside. Complete the
diogrom.The diogrom in e 4 con
help you.
o. Whot would be seen of X?
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\
A. Think obout ffi ,}

An object being photogrophed in o studio, is T

I
well lit by the light. However, the photogropher
3', :

q
uses bocklights to light the screen behind the
backlight I
object, Why do you think so? M
(Hint:Whaf hoppens when light folls on
opoque objects) r I W
M
B. Tryout I Pli
l. Whot ore the kinds of motion the Eorth hos ond whot ore their effects? Also, find
I ln
out how seosons occur on the Eorth. ry e\r
gr
2. Moking o sun diql
'Sundiols ore one of ihe eorliest timekeeping devices, they iell the time by the
I Sc
lTlr
position of the shodow of o pointerl
iro
Materials required: A stroight stick or o pencil obout 30-40 cm long, o hondful of tl'r
pebbles, ond o wotch isr
Procedure: M{

t. Look for o ploce thot gets full sun exposure oll doy long. Push one end of the
or
stick into the gross or use ploydough to moke it stond on the Eorth, ot
th
2. Stort of 7 om,when the sun hos risen completely. Use o pebble to mqrk the
Le
ploce where the shodow folls on the ground.
ml
3. At 8 om, use onother pebble to mork where the stick's shodow folls on the
ground. Use cholk to mork eoch pebble with the exoct time you ploced it on
{ DI
the ground.
Th
I 4. Do the some thing of every hour until there is
no more sunlight left in the doy,Your sundiol is
bo

{ completed, As long os the sun is shining, you Tfi

con use this simple device to tellwhot time of fro
( th(
the doy it is,
sh(
I Nofe; Toke the hetp of a few friends.
on
inl
'" "tlr"'I,q:i-rlrPr-Irs"1"+'1t-'i'j:4": we
Thi
tith
sto