EDUCATION IN INDIA

 The gurukula' was a type of education system in ancient India with shishya
(students) living with the guru in the same house.
 Nalanda was the oldest university-system of education in the world.
 In the past, economists believed that the rate of economic growth of nations could
be increased only by increasing investment in physical capital.
 But since 1960s they have realized that investment in human capital is as important
as investment in physical capital.
 Of all the factors that increase human capital, education is considered very
important.
 We have now a separate branch known as economics of education.
 Its birth was announced by Schultz in 1960 in his survey on Human Capital
Theory.
 Harbison and Myers have given the following as human resource indicators.
 They are :
 1. Number of teachers (first and second levels) per 10,000 population ;
 2. Engineers and scientists per 10,000 population :
 3. Physicians and dentists per 10,000 population.
 4. Number of People Involved
 Higher levels of education correlates more significantly with measures of economic
development than one based on the lowest level of education.

Educational Development in India since 1951

 Before we launched our Five Year Plans, only about 1.2 percent of GNP was
invested in education.
 But now the public investment increased to about 1.6 percent of GNP.
 Earlier the goal was universalization of primary education by 1960, that is, within
ten years from the commencement of the Constitution.
 But, not achieved.
 Child labour is one of the important reasons for not achieving the goal of
universalization of primary education.
 And majority of the children drop out from schools because of this.
 The National Policy on Education (NPE) 1986 of the Government of India gave
first priority to Universal Primary Education (UPE).
 The UPE goal aimed at achievement of Education for All (EPA) covering only
classes I and V.

Non-Formal Education and Adult Literacy

 1. Total Literacy campaign (TLC),

 2. Post - Literacy campaign and
 3. Continuing Education
 All these measures come under Arivoli Iyakkam (Light of Knowledge movement).
 In this movement, an adult is defined as one in the age group 15-35.
 Since 1979, the Government of India has been running the NFE scheme with the
help of state governments and voluntary agencies.
 In view of the high dropouts in the 6-14 age group, the government has introduced
non-formal education for the benefit of working children, girls and those children
who cannot attend full time schools owing to many socio-economic conditions.
 Special Health Programme : The Government proposed to implement from 1999 a
special school health programme called Vazhvoli Thittam (which literally means
light of life Scheme, referring to good health).
 Under the scheme, a field officer from the health department will visit schools once
in a week and examine the children.
 Literacy rate in India as per Census 2011: 74%.
 Literacy rate: Male: 82.1%; Female: 65.5% Kerala tops the rankings, followed by
Delhi, Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu.
 Bihar is the lowest among states, followed by Arunachal Pradesh, Rajasthan,
Jharkhand etc., however, they are improving their position.
 Bihar has a literacy rate of 63.8%, and that of women is 53.3%..
 India is still lagging behind the world literacy rate of 86.3%(UNESCO 2015).

Indian Education System: The Present Pyramidal Structure

 The Indian education system can broadly be considered as a pyramidal structure:

 Pre-primary level: 5-6 years of age.
 Primary (elementary) level: 6-14 years of age.
 The elementary-level education is guaranteed by our constitution under Article 21
A.
 For this level, the government has introduced Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) under
the Right To Education(RTE) Act.
 Secondary level: Age group between 14-18. For this level, the government has
extended SSA to secondary education in the form of the Rashtriya Madhyamik
Shiksha Abhiyan.
 Higher education: generally of three levels: UG PG MPhil/PhD.
 To cater to the requirements of higher education, the government has introduced
Rashtriya Uchchatar Shiksha Abhiyan(RUSA).

Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) related to Education

 Education for all – ensures equitable, inclusive and quality education along with
the promotion of lifelong learning opportunities for all by 2030.
 Part IV of Indian Constitution, Article 45 and Article 39 (f) of Directive Principles
of State Policy (DPSP), has a provision for state funded as well as equitable and
accessible education.
 The 42nd Amendment to the Constitution in 1976 moved education from the State
to the Concurrent List.
RTE ACT 2009

 86th Amendment Act 2002 introduced Article 21-A, which provides for free and
compulsory education of all children in the age group of six to fourteen years as a
Fundamental Right.
 The Right of Children to Free and Compulsory Education (RTE) Act was enacted
to implement this fundamental right.

BACK GROUND OF NEP 2020

 2014 – BJP – ELECTION MANIFESTO

 Smriti Irani – HRD minister
 Committee formed - TSR Subramanian
 Submitted its report in 2016 - not implemented
 New Committee Dr K Kasturirangan (Former ISRO Chief)
 New education policy 2020
 The two earlier education policies were brought in 1968 (IG) and 1986 (RG)
 1992 (PV) Modified

National Education Policy, 2020

 With an aim to introduce several changes in the Indian education system - from the
school to college level.
 The NEP 2020 aims at making "India a global knowledge superpower".
 The Cabinet has also approved the renaming of the Ministry of Human Resource
Development to the Ministry of Education.
 Increase Governments GDP spending from 1.6% to 6 %
 Gross Enrolment Ratio in higher education to be raised to 50% by 2035.
 Also, 3.5 crore seats to be added in higher education.
 The current Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) in higher education is 26.3%

School Education:
 The current 10+2 system to be replaced by a new 5+3+3+4 curricular structure
 Earlier RTE ( 6 to 14 )
 It will bring the uncovered age group of 3-6 years under school curriculum, which
has been recognized globally as the crucial stage for development of mental
faculties of a child.
 It will also have 12 years of schooling with three years of Anganwadi/ pre
schooling.
 Vocational Education to start from Class 6 with Internships. ( China - Coding)
 Teaching up to at least Grade 5 to be . in mother tongue/regional language.
 Structure from Russia
 No language will be imposed on any student.
 Class 10 and 12 board examinations to be made easier, to test core competencies
rather than memorised facts, with all students allowed to take the exam twice.

For Teachers

 A new and comprehensive National Curriculum Framework for Teacher Education

(NCFTE) 2021, will be formulated by the National Council for Teacher Education
(NCTE) in consultation with National Council of Educational Research and
Training NCERT
 By 2030, the minimum degree qualification for teaching will be a 4-year integrated
B.Ed. degree.

Higher education

 Can select their combination of subjects, no strict barriers btw commerce science
 Sanskrit will be available at levels along with other regional languages
 Out of the box students - Academic Bank of Credits – 1 year leave - Both in UG
and PG
 Multiple entry and exit
 M Phil Discontinued
 Higher Education Commission of India (HECI) will be set up as a single umbrella
body for the entire higher education, excluding medical and legal education.
 IITs and IIMs to become Multi Disciplinary Education and Research Universities

HEALTH

 Economics of Health
 Economics of Health is similar to economics of education in many respects.
 Health improves the quality as well as the quantity of labour.
 Health expenditures contribute to economic growth by reducing mortality and
morbidity.
 There is a general consensus that health must be provided by the State according to
need and not according to ability to pay.
 This is called "Communism in health”.
 HEALTH in India is accessed in terms of HDI
 Gender related Development Index
 Human Poverty Index
 The WHO defines health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-
being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.
 The determinants of good health are: access to various types of health services, and
an individual's lifestyle choices, personal, family and social relationships.

Universal Health Coverage

 Universal health coverage include the following components:

 To ensure health services for all Indian citizens in any part of the country,
regardless of income level, social status, gender, caste or religion
 Health services must be affordable, accountable and of high quality
 UHC also should be Promotive, preventive, curative and rehabilitative
 National Health Mission After the success of the National Rural health Mission,
the National Health Mission (NHM) was announced in 2012 covering all the
villages and towns in the country.
 The National Health mission has two sub missions: 1. National Rural Health
Mission 2. National Urban Health Mission

Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana

 The Rashtriya Swasthya Bima Yojana (RSBY), introduced in 2007, was designed
to meet the health insurance needs of the poor.
 RSBY provides for 'cash-less', smart card based health insurance cover of 30,000
per annum to each enrolled family, comprising up to five individuals.
 The beneficiary family pays only 30 per annum as registration/renewal fee.

AYUSH

 AYUSH is the non-allopathic medical systems in India comprising of Ayurveda,

Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy

Hidden Hunger

 Hidden hunger is also known as micronutrient deficiency.

 It is a form of under nutrition that occurs when intake or absorption of Vitamins,
Proteins and Mineral is too low to sustain good health and development in children
& normal physical and mental functions in adults.

Medical Tourism

 Medical tourism is the travel of people to another country for the purpose of
obtaining medical treatment in that country.
 Traditionally, people travel from less developed countries to major medical centers
in highly developed countries for medical treatment that is unavailable in their
country.
 The recent trend is for people to travel from developed countries to third world
countries for medical treatments because of cost consideration.
 Another reason for travel for medical treatment is because some treatments may
not be legal in the home country, such as some fertility procedures.
 Medical tourism is a growing sector in India. India's medical tourism sector is
expected to experience an annual growth rate of 30%