INNOVATION & VOCATIONAL ENTERPRISE INSTITUTE

DEPARTMENT OF TELECOM. ENGR. TECH

SCHOOL OF TECHNOLOGY
MATAN FADA ROAD
KANO STATE POLYTECHNIC
SEMESTER SESSION 2020/2021
TET 113 WORKSHOP PRACTICE
BY
ENG IBRAHIM MUSA BELLO

3.1 Types of insulating and

conducting materials

Types of insulating and conducting materials.

NO TYPES OF INSULATING MATERIAS TYPES OF CONDUCTING MATERIALS

1 PLASTIC BRASS
2 RUBBER ALUMINIUM
3 WOOD BRONZE
4 GLASS STEEL
5 PAPER METAL SLUDGE
6 CERAMIC COPPER
7 MICA CAST IRON
8 AIR ALLOY

3.2 Conductor and Insulator.

ARE AS FOLLOWS

NO INSULATORS
1 Those substances through which electricity
cannot flow are called insulators.
2 Electrons are strongly help by nuclei of their
atoms in insulators.
3 Free electrons are not present.
4 Insulations does not allow electric chargers
to flow through it.
5 Example, Glass, Paper, Cotton. etc.
6 Most of the non-metals are insulators.
7 Conductors have low resistances.
8 Insulators does not allow heat to be
transmitted through them.
CONDUCTORS
Those substances through which electricity can
flow are called conductors.
Electrons are loosely held by nuclei of their
conductors.
Free electrons are present.
Conductors allows electric chargers to flow
through it.
Example, Silver, Copper, Aluminum. etc.
Most of the metals are conductors.
Insulators have high resistances.
Conductor allow heat to be transmitted through
them.

3.3 Advantage and Disadvantage when using P.V.C

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 NO ADVANTAGES
1 Its impervious to water, oil and gas
2 It is pest proof, meaning no risk of
rodent damage.
3 Can withstand substantial stress and
current load without electrical failure.
4 Also has a decent mechanical
strength, especially when looked at in
comparison to its relatively low
weight.
5 PVC cable is an environmentally
friendly material.
6 Fire Resistant and Easy to install.
7 PVC is very resistant to corrosion,
impact, abrasion, weathering, and
even chemical rotting.
8 Resistance to chemical stress cracking.
9 Low thermal conductivity.
10 Requires little to no maintenance.
DISADVANTAGES
PVC, Polyvinyl Chloride has very poor heat stability.
Polyvinyl Chloride emits toxic fumes when melted
or subject to a fire
The price is relatively high, which is 2-5 times
higher than that of ordinary flame-retardant cable.
Additives that stabilize the material at higher
temperatures are typically added to the material
during production
When burned it produces thick, toxic, black smoke
which can be health hazard.
The flexibility is not good, because it uses metal
tube sheath, can increase the impact resistance
The quality of small factories cannot meet the
standard, because the process is difficult and
costly.
Polyvinyl Chloride has very poor heat stability.
It’s widely though that harmful by-products are
created as a result of the chemical composition of
PVC.
Not suitable for medium voltage and high voltage
cables.

Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)

PVC is an acronym that stands for Polyvinyl Chloride. A PVC Cable essentially refers to any electrical
cable whose wire insulation or cable jacket is Polyvinyl Chloride material. This type of electrical cable is
currently widely used in various electrical applications because PVC has several idyllic properties.
Economical, versatile polyvinyl chloride (PVC, or vinyl) is used in a variety of applications in the
building and construction, health care, electronics, automobile and other sectors, in products ranging
from piping and siding, blood bags and tubing, to wire and cable insulation, windshield system
components and more.
Uses of PVC (Polyvinyl chloride):

 It is used for making bottles.

 It is used for making material for pipes.
 It is used for making handbags.
 It is used for making electric cable insulation.
 It is used for making high-quality furniture.
 It is used for making ropes.
 It is used for making toys.

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There are two common types of PVC pipe – schedule 40 PVC and schedule 80 PVC. Schedule 40 PVC
is usually white in color and schedule 80 is usually a dark gray (they can also be found in other colors).
Their most important difference, though, is in their design. Schedule 80 pipe is designed with a thicker
wall.

P.V.C – Insulated metals heated cables.

The electric heating cables are used for protection against freezing or for maintaining a stable process
temperature in piping, tanks or other equipment. They can be installed in common environments as well
as in explosion hazard environments, depending on specific properties of individual cables. Electrical
heat tracing for industrial piping and tanks in the presence of corrosive agents, marine environment or
potentially explosive atmospheres.

For example, the HTS-6, commercial grade heater cable offered by Heat Trace Specialists is
designed for use in both indoor and outdoor locations as well as for residential and commercial
freeze protection on water pipes and drain pipes. In roof and gutter applications, the HTS-6
provides a pathway for flowing water on the roof or in gutters and downspouts to safely distance
itself from the building before the opportunity to re-freeze and cause damage. E.g.

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P.V.C – Mineral-insulated sheeted cables.

Shielded cable

Description

A shielded cable or screened cable is an electrical cable of one or more insulated conductors enclosed by
a common conductive layer. The shield may be composed of braided strands of copper, a non-braided
spiral winding of copper tape, or a layer of conducting polymer. Usually this shield is covered with a
jacket.

BS 6207 MINERAL INSULATED CABLE (MICC) - FIREPROOF, PVC OR LSZH

magnesium oxide powder

Mineral-insulated copper-clad cable is a variety of electrical cable made from copper conductors
inside a copper sheath, insulated by inorganic magnesium oxide powder.

OVERVIEW
Mineral insulated cables are used to provide circuit integrity in areas such as alarm circuits,
emergency lighting and sprinkler systems. MICC cables have copper conductors, a solid copper

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sheath and are usually insulated using magnesium oxide. The features of the cable make them
more resistant to fires than plastic insulated cables due to the lack of organic material. It is for
this reason that the MICC cables are suitable for using in public areas, high fire risk areas such as
power stations and oil refineries.

CONSTRUCTION

Conductor: Solid Plain Annealed Copper Conductors

Insulation: Magnesium Oxide
Sheath: Solid Copper Sheath
Outer Sheath:
Orange, Red, White or Black - PVC or LSZH
Also available as bare copper
Voltage Rating:
Light Duty = 500 Volts grade
Heavy Duty = 1000 Volts grade
Temperature Rating:
PVC sheath -20°C to +70°C
LSZH sheath -20°C to +80°C
Minimum Bending Radius: As Per Manufacturers Datasheet Should not be installed at
temperatures below 0°C

ADVANTAGES

 High power output due to perfect thermal conductivity of the metallic sheath.

 Reduced sizes due to the high dielectric strength of the magnesium oxide while maintaining
good thermal conductivity.

 Great amount of freedom during the design phase, due to the wide range of available
resistances that offer an unlimited combination of sheath temperatures and power

Armored P.V.C and conductors

P.V.C SHEATHED CABLES

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P.V.C SHEATHED CABLES

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 Steel and P.V.C Conductors.

P.V.C trucking.

Precision Mini/Maxi Trunking Profile and Fittings are manufactured from high impact unplasticised
polyvinyl chloride (UPVC) grade material capable of withstanding the most hazardous conditions on-
site and exceeds the most stringent requirements of International standards. The product range
brings a whole new world of sophistication and convenience to home, office and commercial
establishments and is in accordance with Standards IS 14927-Part 2 and BS EN 50085-2-1. Mini
Trunking Profile are also available with self-fixing tape for instant and easy installation. Clip on lid
provides security while allowing easy maintenance.

Precision Maxi Trunking Profile Cable Management System is designed for convenience and
safety with compartments for separate wiring applications. Maxi Trunking Profile fittings are
available in moulded and fabricated form, thus adding a sleek touch to your interiors.

Application

To organize and protect cables on surface.

Features

Fast installation and easy maintenance.

Secure and elegant look.

Wide range of sizes to suit all cabling requirements.

Durable and impact resistant.

Fire retardant.

Corrosion free.

Thermal resistant from -5 C to +60 C.

16x16
16x25 25x25 Economic Pvc Trucking Sizes

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 STEEL Flexible Metal Conduit (FMC)

Well steel and PVC conduits are used for same purpose i.e. for cable routing throughout a system,
plant, industries, commercial buildings and even in our houses.

the difference is just the MOC (material of construction) steel conduits are made of SS304, SS304L,
SS316 & SS316L depending upon the application and wire or cable it is carrying in as well as outside
conditions like temperature and exposure. on the other hand, PVC conduits are simple tubes of PVC
which we use almost everywhere for carrying wires and cables. even in our building house or flat pvc
tubes are only used for carrying or routing wires inside and outside the living place.

In industries the wires are supposed to be of heavy duty so steel conduits are used. in skid designing
only steel conduits are used because of its robust property and there are different codes like national
electrical code and building codes to govern the use of suitable conduits, where ever applicable.

Metal conduit is a specialist tubing system designed to protect electrical wiring. It's generally used
within walls although it is also a popular option for exposed areas susceptible to impact due to its
durable construction.

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Steel conduit and electrical metallic tubing (EMT) refers to the steel-based durable enclosures that
route individual electrical wiring conductors in a building or structure and protect the wires from
impact, moisture, and chemical vapors.

Flexible cable and cord etc.

Flexible cable.

There are four common types of cable flexing movements. These include rolling flex, bending
flex or "tic-toc," torsional flex, and variable/random motion flex. These cables are meant
for repetitive motions
There are differences between Flex and Flexible Cable. ... Flexible cable is any cable that is
flexible and easy to bend while flexing cable is designed for a certain amount of flex life cycles
during an application's runtime.

Common applications include machine tools, cranes, conveyors, portable designs and
stationary heavy-duty equipment. Such cables can supply temporary ac or dc power to
motors and generators, and can operate indoors and outdoors, depending on their temperature
rating. Flexible cords and cables are used to connect electrical equipment to a power
source. Flexible cords may have an electrical plug that connects to a power source or they may
be permanently wired into a power source. Extension cords (cord sets), cables, and electrical
cords are types of flexible cords.

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There are differences between Flex and Flexible Cable. ... Flexible cable is any cable that is
flexible and easy to bend while flexing cable is designed for a certain amount of flex life cycles
during an application. There are differences between Flex and Flexible Cable. ... Flexible cable
is any cable that is flexible and easy to bend while flexing cable is designed for a certain
amount of flex life cycles during an application's runtime.

Flexible cords cables

Flexible cords are used to connect electrical equipment to a power source. Flexible cords
may have an electrical plug that connects to a power source or they may be permanently wired
into a power source. Extension cords (cord sets), cables, and electrical cords are types of
flexible cords.
With regard to electrical cables vs cords, the tendency is to use "cord" for a collection of
insulated wires intended to be handled frequently (as a lamp cord or the cord for your
earphones), and to use "cable" for a relatively fixed connection (as the wires in your walls or the
cable connecting your TV to "cable").

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3.4 Explain the general IEE regulation relative to cables and their use.

For a single-phase installation, the line conductors should be identified by the colour Red and for a
three-phase installation the line conductors should be identified by the colours of Red, Yellow and
Blue. In either case, the neutral conductor must be identified by the colour Black (Regulation 514.4. 1

The National Electrical Code recommends the voltage drop should not be exceeded more than 3 %
from the source to utility.

The Institution of Electrical Engineers (IEE) was a British professional organization of electronics,
electrical, manufacturing, and Information Technology professionals, especially electrical engineers.
Itbegan in 1871 as the Society of Telegraph Engineers.

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3.5 The Description of cables color coding commonly used in Nigeria.

Codes are for a reason. They are devised by the collective thinking and experience of people who are
experts - or at least experienced - in their field. And they are intended to protect YOU!

AC WIRING COLOR CODES COMMMONLY USED IN NIGERIA. IEC

PHASE SUPPLY WIRE& CABLE NIGERIA IEC, 240V
PHASE-1 RED
3-PHASE PHASE-1 YELLOW
PHASE-1 BLUE
COMMON NEUTRAL “N” BLACK
GROUND / EARTH ‘PG’ GREEN
1-PHASE LINL “ L” RED / BLACK
The electrical code was considered to be a compilation of “best practices” for the installation of
electrical systems in a structure. In many instances these “practices” were developed as a result of prior
unsafe practices leading to fires and/or loss of life. The standards published concerning a wide range of
electrical systems and devices, if followed, will make the installation as safe as the current state-of-the-
art permits. Failure to follow the relevant codes can destroy also an electrician’s defense in court if
something bad happens.

Like in UK the color coding is BROWN, BLACK, GRAY, for the 3-Phase and BLUE, for Neutral while for
single phase is BROWN +, BLUE -. Also in Chana WHITE or GRAY are Neutrals and BLACK +.

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