Unit 2

Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information
Candidate surname Other names
Centre Number Candidate Number

Pearson Edexcel
International
Advanced Level
Thursday 23 May 2019

Morning (Time: 1 hour 30 minutes) Paper Reference WCH12/01
Chemistry
International Advanced Subsidiary / Advanced Level
Unit 2: Energetics, Group Chemistry, Halogenoalkanes and
Alcohols
Candidates must have: Scientific calculator Total Marks
Data Booklet
Ruler
Instructions
• Use black ink or black ball-point pen.
• centre
Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
number and candidate number.
• Answer all questions.
• Answer the questions in the spaces provided
– there may be more space than you need.
Information
• The total mark for this paper is 80.
• The marks for each question are shown in brackets
– use this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.
• ability
In the question marked with an asterisk (*), marks will be awarded for your
to structure your answer logically, showing how the points that you make
are related or follow on from each other where appropriate.
• A Periodic Table is printed on the back cover of this paper.
Advice
• Read each question carefully before you start to answer it.
• Checkallyouryouranswers
Show working in calculations and include units where appropriate.
• if you have time at the end.
Turn over
P61475A
©2019 Pearson Education Ltd.
1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1/
*P61475A0128*
1
SECTION A
Answer ALL the questions in this section.
DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

You should aim to spend no more than 20 minutes on this section.
For each question, select one answer from A to D and put a cross in the box .
If you change your mind, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer
with a cross .
1 Calcium carbonate reacts with hydrochloric acid.
CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

Which factor does not affect the rate of this reaction?
A concentration
B pressure
C surface area

D temperature
(Total for Question 1 = 1 mark)
2 The rate of a reaction doubles for each 10 K increase in temperature.

If the temperature of this reaction is increased from 298 K to 358 K the rate of the
reaction increases by a factor of
A 6
B 12
C 36
D 64

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit. DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA
2
*P61475A0228* 2
3 A large amount of P is added to a small amount of Q. A reversible reaction occurs in
which P reacts to form Q.
PUQ
Which graph shows how the concentrations of P and Q change as the reaction
reaches equilibrium?
Q
Concentration
A P
Time
Concentration
P
Q
B
Time
Concentration
P Q
Time
Concentration
P
D Q
Time
*P61475A0328*
3
Turn over 3
4 Which equilibrium shifts to the right-hand side when the pressure in the system
decreases at constant temperature?

A N2(g) + 3H2(g) U 2NH3(g)
B F2(g) + H2(g) U 2HF(g)
C C6H6(g) + 3H2(g) U C6H12(g)
D 2NOCl(g) U 2NO(g) + Cl2(g)
5 Potassium chloride reacts with concentrated sulfuric acid, producing misty fumes.
It can be deduced that
A sulfuric acid is acting as an oxidising agent
B chloride ions are acting as an oxidising agent
C hydrogen chloride is formed in the reaction

D chlorine is formed in the reaction
6 The oxidation number of sulfur in the sulfate ion, SO42–, is

A −2
B +4
C +6
D +8

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit.
4
*P61475A0428* 4
7 Which of these is a disproportionation reaction?
A 2NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2H2O
B 6NaOH + 3Br2 → 5NaBr + NaBrO3 + 3H2O

C 2NaOH + 2Al + 2H2O → 2NaAlO2 + 3H2
D NaOH + CO2 → NaHCO3
8 Which of these sulfates is the least soluble in water?

A CaSO4
B BaSO4
C K2SO4
D Rb2SO4
9 Use the data shown.

CH4(g) + 2F2(g) → CF4(g) + 2H2(g) ¨H = −858 kJ mol–1
C(s) + 2F2(g) → CF4(g) ¨H = −933 kJ mol–1
What is the standard enthalpy change of formation of methane (CH4) in kJ mol–1?
A −1791
B −75
C +75
D +1791

*P61475A0528*
5
Turn over 5
10 Chlorine reacts with ethane to form chloroethane and hydrogen chloride.
Cl2 + C2H6 → C2H5Cl + HCl

Bond enthalpy
Bond
/ kJ mol–1
C—Cl 346
C—H 413
Cl—Cl 243
H—Cl 432
C—C 347
What is the enthalpy change for the reaction, in kJ mol–1?

A −1434
B −122

C +122
D +1434
11 Which equation represents the standard enthalpy change of atomisation of bromine?

A Br2(g) → 2Br(g)
B Br2(l) → 2Br(g)
C ½Br2(l) → Br(g)
D ½Br2(g) → Br(g)

Use this space for any rough working. Anything you write in this space will gain no credit. DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA
6
*P61475A0628* 6
12 In an experiment, 50.0 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm−3 HCl(aq) reacts with
50.0 cm3 of 1.0 mol dm−3 NaOH(aq).
The energy released = 2500 J.

The specific heat capacity of the mixture is 4.18 J g−1 °C−1
What temperature change occurs in the reaction?
A an increase of 6.0°C
B a decrease of 6.0°C
C an increase of 12.0°C
D a decrease of 12.0°C
13 Which of these species is not a nucleophile?

A NH4+
B CN−
C H 2O
D CH3NH2

*P61475A0728*
7
Turn over 7
14 Which of these isomers has the highest boiling temperature?
Cl

A
B
Cl
C
Cl

Cl
D

8
*P61475A0828* 8
15 A white solid, X, gives a red colour in the flame test and a cream precipitate forms
when acidified silver nitrate solution is added to a solution of X.
(a) What is the white solid, X?

(1)
A lithium chloride
B calcium chloride
C strontium bromide
D barium bromide
(b) What causes the flame colour to be red?

(1)
A electrons absorb blue and green light as they are promoted
B electrons emit red light as they are promoted
C blue and green light is absorbed as electrons return to lower energy levels
D red light is emitted as electrons return to lower energy levels
(Total for Question 15 = 2 marks)

*P61475A0928*
9
Turn over 9
16 This question is about hydrogen bonding.
(a) Which property is not due to hydrogen bonding?

(1)
A ice has a lower density than water at 0°C
B hydrogen fluoride has a higher boiling temperature than hydrogen chloride
C H—H bond enthalpy is greater than Si—H bond enthalpy
D alcohols are less volatile than alkanes with a similar molar mass
(b) Which diagram best represents a hydrogen bond between two water molecules?
(1)
180°
O
H H H
A
O

H
180°
O
H H
B H
O
104.5° H
C
O O
H H H
H 104.5°
O
H
D
H
O
10
*P61475A01028* 10
17 The graph shows how the concentration of a reactant changes with time.
d
Concentration
0
0 b a
Time
Which expression gives the best estimate for the value of the rate of this
reaction at time b?
A b÷c
B d÷a
C e÷a
D e÷b
18 Which of these carboxylic acids would be expected to have a major peak at m / z = 57

in its mass spectrum?
A CH3CH2CH2COOH
B CH3COOH
C (CH3)2CHCOOH
D CH3CH2COOH

TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 20 MARKS
*P61475A01128*
11
Turn over 11
SECTION B
Answer ALL the questions.

Write your answers in the spaces provided.
19 Iodine can be extracted from seaweed. The seaweed is heated strongly to burn off the
organic matter. The resultant ash is boiled in water to dissolve the iodide ions, and the
mixture is filtered.
(a) Acidified hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is added to the filtrate.
A redox reaction takes place with iodine and water as the only products.
(i) Write half-equations for the oxidation and reduction reactions that take place.
State symbols are not required.
(2)

(ii) Use your answers to (a)(i) to write the overall equation for this redox reaction.
(1)
12
*P61475A01228* 12
(b) The iodine is separated from the aqueous solution using solvent extraction.
The aqueous solution is mixed with cyclohexane in a separating funnel,
forming two layers.
The mixture is then shaken gently and left until the layers separate.
Most of the iodine dissolves in the cyclohexane layer.
(i) State the colour of each layer after separation.
(2)
Aqueous layer......... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................................................. ........................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cyclohexane layer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................ ................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Explain why iodine is very soluble in cyclohexane but only slightly soluble in water.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ ............................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ............................................................................................................................... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ............................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ............................................................................................................................... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ............................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ............................................................................................................................... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ............................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) The cyclohexane layer is then removed from the separating funnel and dried.
Identify, by name or formula, a suitable drying agent.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ ............................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ............................................................................................................................... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
*P61475A01328*
13
Turn over 13
20 This question is about compounds containing Group 2 elements.
(a) Hydrated magnesium nitrate has the formula Mg(NO3)2.xH2O.
A student devised an experiment to determine the value of x by leaving 5.12 g of

hydrated magnesium nitrate for several hours in a warm oven. After this time, the
solid remaining had a mass of 2.97 g.
(i) State why the student used a warm oven to remove the water from the
hydrated salt, rather than direct heating with a Bunsen burner.
(1)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ ............................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ............................................................................................................................... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ............................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Use the data obtained by the student to calculate the value of x.
You must show your working.
(4)
*P61475A01528*
15
Turn over 14
(b) Magnesium carbonate, MgCO3, is a white solid used as an additive in foods.
(i) Explain, in terms of energy changes, why magnesium carbonate is insoluble in water.

(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ ............................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ............................................................................................................................... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ............................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ............................................................................................................................... .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ............................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) The Hess cycle and data to calculate the enthalpy change for the thermal
decomposition of MgCO3 are shown.
Mg(s) + C(s) + 1½O2(g) MgCO3(s)

MgO(s) + CO2(g)
Compound ¨f H 9 / kJ mol–1
CO2(g) −394
MgO(s) −602
MgCO3(s) −1096
Calculate the enthalpy change for the thermal decomposition of MgCO3 .

(2)
16
*P61475A01628*
I
29
I I I
30
I
31
I
32
U
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
H H H H H H
δ+
H C C H H C C H H C C H
Cl – Cl Cl
Cl δ + Cl:
Cl δ –
43
44
45
46
•
47
48
49
50
51
52

Pearson Edexcel
International
Advanced Level
Thursday 16 January 2020

Morning (Time: 1 hour 30 minutes) Paper Reference WCH12/01
Chemistry
International Advanced Subsidiary/Advanced Level
Unit 2: Energetics, Group Chemistry, Halogenoalkanes and
Alcohols
Candidates must have: Scientific calculator Total Marks
Data Booklet
Ruler
Instructions
• centre
Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
Information
• ability
In the question marked with an asterisk (*), marks will be awarded for your
to structure your answer logically, showing how the points that you make
are related or follow on from each other where appropriate.
Advice
• Checkallyouryouranswers
Show working in calculations and include units where appropriate.
• if you have time at the end.
Turn over
P60464A
1/1/1/1/1/
*P60464A0128*
53
SECTION A

If you change your mind, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer
with a cross .
1 Which equation represents the standard enthalpy change of formation, ǻfH 9 , of

hydrogen iodide?
A H(g) + I(g) → HI(g)
B H2(g) + I2(s) → 2HI(g)
C ½H2(g) + ½I2(g) → HI(g)
D ½H2(g) + ½I2(s) → HI(g)

2 When 50 cm3 of hydrochloric acid of concentration 2.0 mol dm−3 is added to 50 cm3 of
sodium hydroxide solution of concentration 2.0 mol dm−3, the temperature increase is 13.0 qC.
HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq) NaCl(aq) + H2O(l)
The experiment is repeated using 25 cm3 of the same hydrochloric acid and 50 cm3 of
the same sodium hydroxide solution.
What is the temperature increase?

A 4.9 qC
B 6.5 qC
C 8.7 qC
D 13.0 qC DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

2
*P60464A0228* 54
3 Nitrogen reacts with hydrogen to form ammonia.
N2(g) + 3H2(g) U 2NH3(g) ǻrH = −92 kJ mol−1

Bond Bond energy / kJ mol−1

N N 945
H H 436
What is the mean bond energy, in kJ mol−1, for the N H bond?

A 246
B 360
C 376
D 391

4 How many moles of CO2 are formed when 3.0 mol of chloroethene, C2H3Cl, is mixed
with 10.0 mol of oxygen and react as shown?
2C2H3Cl + 5O2 → 4CO2 + 2H2O + 2HCl

A 3.0
B 4.0
C 6.0
D 8.0
5 Which compounds are arranged in order of decreasing boiling temperature?

A CH3CH2CH2CH3 > CH3CH2CH2CH2CH3 > CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
B CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3 > (CH3)2CHCH2CH2CH3 > (CH3)3CCH2CH3

C CH3CH2CH2OH > CH3CHOHCH2OH > CH2OHCHOHCH2OH
D CH3Cl > CH3Br > CH3I
*P60464A0328*
3
Turn over 55
6 Chlorine is added to 2 cm3 of a dilute solution of potassium iodide.
The equation for the reaction between chlorine and iodide ions is

Cl2(aq) + 2I−(aq) → I2(aq) + 2Cl−(aq)
(a) Which statement is correct?

(1)
A iodide ions oxidise chlorine
B iodide ions reduce chlorine
C chlorine reduces iodide ions
D chlorine is neither oxidised nor reduced
(b) When the reaction is complete, 10 cm3 of cyclohexane (density = 0.79 g cm−3) is added.
The mixture is shaken and left to settle into two layers.
Which description of one of these layers is correct?
(1)

A the upper layer is purple
B the lower layer is purple
C the upper layer is brown
D the lower layer is brown
7 Going from calcium to barium in Group 2, which property changes as stated?
A ionic radius decreases

B first ionisation energy decreases
C melting temperature increases
D reactivity with water decreases

4
*P60464A0428* 56
8 The properties of Group 2 compounds change down the group from magnesium
to barium.
Which statement is correct?

A solubility of Group 2 sulfates increases
B solubility of Group 2 hydroxides decreases
C thermal stability of Group 2 nitrates increases
D thermal stability of Group 2 carbonates decreases
9 Iodine reacts with hot sodium hydroxide solution.
a NaOH(aq) + b I2(aq) → c NaI(aq) + d NaIO3(aq) + e H2O(l)

What are the coefficients (a, b, c, d and e) needed to balance this equation?
a b c d e
A 2 1 1 1 1
B 4 2 3 1 2
C 4 1 3 1 1
D 6 3 5 1 3

*P60464A0528*
5
Turn over 57
10 Aqueous sodium iodide reacts with aqueous silver nitrate to form a precipitate of
silver iodide.
NaI(aq) + AgNO3(aq) → NaNO3(aq) + AgI(s)

Mr values: 149.9 169.9 85.0 234.8
(a) Which is correct for silver iodide?
(1)
Solubility in concentrated
Colour of precipitate
aqueous ammonia
A yellow insoluble
B yellow soluble
C cream insoluble
D cream soluble
(b) What is the percentage atom economy by mass for the production of silver iodide
in this reaction?

(1)
A 29 %
B 37 %
C 50 %
D 73 %

6
*P60464A0628* 58
11 Ethanol can be prepared by reacting chloroethane with aqueous potassium hydroxide.
(a) What type of reaction occurs in this preparation?

(1)
A addition
B elimination
C reduction
D substitution
(b) How do the boiling temperatures of ethanol and chloroethane compare, and
what is the reason for the difference?
(1)
Comparison of boiling
Reason for the difference
temperature
A ethanol is higher ethanol molecules form hydrogen bonds
B ethanol is higher ethanol molecules have more atoms
C ethanol is lower ethanol molecules have fewer electrons
D ethanol is lower ethanol has a lower molar mass
(c) Bromoethane and chloroethane react with aqueous potassium hydroxide at

different rates.
Which is correct?
(1)
Difference in rate Reason for difference
A bromoethane is faster C Br bond is less polar than the C Cl bond
B bromoethane is faster C Br bond is weaker than the C Cl bond
C bromoethane is slower C Br bond is less polar than the C Cl bond

D bromoethane is slower C Br bond is stronger than the C Cl bond

*P60464A0728*
7
Turn over 59
12 Butanol burns completely in oxygen.
C4H9OH(l) + 6O2(g) → 4CO2(g) + 5H2O(l)

⎣
⎡ Mr butanol = 74.0 ⎢
⎢ Molar volume of a gas at room temperature and pressure (r.t.p.) = 24.0 dm3 mol–1 ⎡
⎣
7.40 g butanol was burned completely in 16.0 dm3 oxygen and the mixture of gases
produced was cooled to r.t.p.
(a) What is the final volume of the mixture of gases in dm3 at r.t.p.?
(1)
A 9.60
B 11.2
C 21.6
D 23.2

(b) If the final mixture of gases is passed through a U-tube containing sodium hydroxide,
what is the final volume of gas in cm3?
(1)
A 0.0
B 1600
C 9600
D 12000

8
*P60464A0828* 60
13 A halogenoalkane is dissolved in aqueous ethanol. When aqueous silver nitrate is
added, a white precipitate forms immediately.
What is the halogenoalkane?

A 1-chlorobutane
B 2-chlorobutane
C 1-chloro-2-methylpropane
D 2-chloro-2-methylpropane
14 Propanal (CH3CH2CHO) and propanone (CH3COCH3) are isomers.

(a) Which m / z peak would not be expected in the mass spectrum of propanone?
(1)
A 15
B 29
C 43
D 58
(b) Propanal and propanone can be distinguished by chemical tests.

Which pair of observations is correct?
(1)
Observation with Observation
Test
propanal with propanone
A warm with Fehling’s solution no change red precipitate
B add solid phosphorus(V) chloride no change misty fumes

C warm with acidified potassium dichromate(VI) turns green no change
D add sodium hydrogencarbonate fizzes no change
*P60464A0928*
9
Turn over 61
SECTION B
Answer ALL the questions.

15 This question is about hydrated salts.

(a) The enthalpy change for the conversion of anhydrous copper(II) sulfate, CuSO4 , to
the hydrated form, CuSO4.5H2O, can be found using Hess’s Law.
ǻrH
CuSO4(s) + 5H2O(l) CuSO4.5H2O(s)
A student carried out experiments to determine the value of the enthalpy change, ǻrH.
Known masses of anhydrous and hydrated copper(II) sulfate were dissolved separately
in water in insulated containers, and the temperature changes measured.
The results are shown in the table.
Mass Volume of water used Temperature change ǻ solnH

Compound
/ cm3 / kJ mol−1

/g / °C
CuSO4.5H2O(s) 12.5 45.5 −3.0 +12.6
CuSO4(s) 8.00 50.0 +16.0
(i) State why different volumes of water are used in the two experiments.
Justify your answer.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ ................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ ................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ ................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10
*P60464A01028* 62
(ii) Calculate the enthalpy change of solution, ǻsolnH, in kJ mol−1, for the
anhydrous salt, CuSO4 .
⎣
⎡ Assume: heat capacity of the solution = 4.2 J g−1 °C−1 ⎢
⎢ density of solution = 1.0 g cm−3
⎡
⎣
(3)
*P60464A01128*
11
Turn over 63
(iii) Complete the Hess cycle by adding two arrowheads.
(1)

ǻrH
ǻsolnH(CuSO4) ǻsolnH(CuSO4.5H2O)
CuSO4(aq)
(iv) Calculate the value for the enthalpy change ǻrH, in kJ mol−1, for the conversion of the
anhydrous salt to the hydrated salt.
Use the value from the table for ǻsolnH (CuSO4.5H2O), the value for ǻsolnH (CuSO4)
calculated in (a)(ii) and the completed Hess cycle in (a)(iii).
(2)

12
*P60464A01228* 64
(b) The hydration of anhydrous copper(II) sulfate is reversible.

The forward reaction is exothermic. The temperature changes for both the
forward and reverse reactions are difficult to measure.
Suggest a reason in each case.
(2)
Forward ......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................. ........................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ ................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reverse ......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ................................. ........................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . ................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) Describe the processes that occur when solid copper(II) sulfate dissolves in water.
(2)
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ ................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ ................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............ ................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........... ................................................................................................................................. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

*P60464A01328*
13
Turn over 65
(d) Hydrates of sodium carbonate may be represented by the formula Na2CO3.xH2O.
The value of x can be found by making up a solution of sodium carbonate and

titrating this with a solution of hydrochloric acid of known concentration.
A known mass of Na2CO3.xH2O was dissolved in water, made up to the mark in a
250.0 cm3 volumetric flask and mixed thoroughly.
25.0 cm3 portions of the solution were titrated with 0.0900 mol dm−3 hydrochloric acid
using methyl orange indicator. The mean titre was 25.60 cm3.
The equation for the neutralisation reaction is
Na2CO3(aq) + 2HCl(aq) 2NaCl(aq) + CO2(g) + H2O(l)

(i) Calculate the amount, in moles, of sodium carbonate in the 250.0 cm3 of solution.
(2)

14
*P60464A01428*
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95



<



96
97
98
99
100
101
102
Pearson Edexcel Centre Number Candidate Number

International
Advanced Level
Thursday 14 January 2021

Afternoon (1 hour 30 minutes) Paper Reference WCH12/01
Chemistry
Unit 2: Energetics, Group Chemistry, Halogenoalkanes
and Alcohols
You must have: Total Marks
Scientific calculator, Data booklet, Ruler
Instructions
• Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
centre number and candidate number.
• Show all your working in calculations and include units where appropriate.
Information
• – usemarks
The for each question are shown in brackets
this as a guide as to how much time to spend on each question.
• toIn the question marked with an asterisk (*) marks will be awarded for your ability
structure your answer logically, showing how the points that you make are
related or follow on from each other where appropriate.
Advice
• Try to answer every question.
• Check your answers if you have time at the end.
Turn over
*P67748A0128*
P67748A
1/1/1
103
SECTION A
For each question, select one answer from A to D and put a cross in the box . If you change
your mind, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with a cross .
1 The energy profile for a reaction is shown.
Energy X products
reactants
Progress of reaction
What is the minimum energy needed for this reaction to occur?
A X
B Y
C X−Y
D X+Y
2 Which of these isomers with the formula C8H18 has the lowest boiling temperature?
A CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH2CH(CH3)CH3
B CH3CH(CH3)CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
C CH3C(CH3)2CH2CH(CH3)CH3
D CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH2CH3
2
*P67748A0228* 104
3 Which of these pure compounds has hydrogen bonding in the liquid state?
A 1,1,1-trichloroethane, CH3CCl3
B trimethylamine, (CH3)3N
C hydrogen fluoride, HF
D hydrogen sulfide, H2S
4 The hydrogen ion, H+, bonds to a water molecule forming an H3O+ ion.
For H3O+, what shape and H-O-H bond angle are predicted by the
electron-pair repulsion theory?
A trigonal planar 120°
B trigonal planar 117.5°
C trigonal pyramidal 107°

D trigonal pyramidal 104.5°
3
*P67748A0328* Turn over 105
5 The viscosities of four liquid organic compounds are compared by placing the liquids
in separate identical tubes, each with an air bubble at the top.
Air bubble
Liquid
The tubes are inverted, and the times measured for the air bubble to travel the length
of the tube.
For which compound does the air bubble take the longest time?
A
OH
OH
OH
OH

B OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH
OH

C
OH
OH
OH
OH
HO
HO
HO
HO OH
OH
OH
OH
D O
OO
O
O
OO
O
O O
OO
O OO
O
O O
OO
O OO
O
4
*P67748A0428* 106
6 This question is about the reaction of potassium iodide with concentrated sulfuric acid.
(a) Which of these would not be seen?
(1)
A misty fumes
B black solid
C yellow solid
D dense white smoke

(b) One of the reaction products is the gas H2S.
What is the change in oxidation number of sulfur as H2S forms?
(1)
A −8
B −6
C −2
D +6
7 Iodate(V) ions, IO3−, oxidise dithionate ions, S2O62−, according to the equation
x IO3− + y S2O62− + 4H2O → z SO42− + 8H+ + I2
What are the balancing numbers x, y and z?
x y z
A 2 1 2
B 2 2 4
C 2 5 5
D 2 5 10
5
*P67748A0528* Turn over 107
8 Magnesium reacts with hydrochloric acid.
Mg(s) + 2HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + H2(g)

Which statement about this reaction is correct?
A magnesium atoms act as oxidising agents
B hydrogen molecules act as reducing agents
C hydrogen ions act as oxidising agents
D chloride ions act as oxidising agents
9 Which of these compounds does not produce a colour in a flame test, and produces
an alkaline gas when warmed with sodium hydroxide solution?
A Ca(OH)2
B Mg(OH)2
C NH4Cl
D BeCl2
10 Which of these increases as Group 7 is descended?
A oxidising ability of the molecular halogens
B reducing ability of the halide ions
C electrostatic attraction between the nucleus and outer shell of electrons
D electronegativity of the halogen atoms

6
*P67748A0628* 108
11 The table shows the amount of energy released per gram when some alkanes are
burned in excess oxygen under standard conditions.
Energy released
Alkane
/ kJ g−1
methane 55.6
ethane 52.0
propane 50.4
butane 49.6
Which alkane has a standard enthalpy change of combustion of −2877 kJ mol−1?
A methane
B ethane
C propane
D butane
12 The enthalpy changes for two reactions are shown.

H+(aq) + OH−(aq) → H2O(l) ΔrH = −57.2 kJ mol−1
CH3COOH(aq) + OH−(aq) → CH3COO−(aq) + H2O(l) ΔrH = −56.0 kJ mol−1
What is the enthalpy change for the dissociation of CH3COOH(aq) into CH3COO−(aq)
and H+(aq) ions, in kJ mol−1?
A +113.2
B +1.2
C −1.2
D −113.2
7
*P67748A0728* Turn over 109
13 What is the skeletal formula of 2-chloro-4,4-dimethylhexane?
A
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
B
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
C Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl

Cl
D Cl
Cl

8
*P67748A0828* 110
14 Some alcohols react with concentrated phosphoric(V) acid, H3PO4 , to form alkenes.
(a) What type of reaction occurs?
A addition
B elimination
C hydrolysis
D substitution
(b) The structure of 2-methylpentan-3-ol is shown.
CH₃
H₃C CH₃
OH
This alcohol reacts with concentrated phosphoric(V) acid.

How many different alkenes can form?
A one
B two
C three
D four

9
*P67748A0928* Turn over 111
15 Magnesium nitrate decomposes on heating.
2Mg(NO3)2 → 2MgO + 4NO2 + O2

What is the total volume of gas formed at room temperature and pressure (r.t.p.)
when 0.005 mol of magnesium nitrate decomposes completely?
[Molar volume of a gas at r.t.p. = 24 000 cm3 mol−1]
A 600 cm3
B 300 cm3
C 240 cm3
D 120 cm3
16 How many moles are there in 15.1 cm3 of liquid propan-1-ol?

[Density of propan-1-ol = 0.80 g cm−3 Mr of propan-1-ol = 60]
A (0.80 × 15.1) ÷ 60
B 0.80 ÷ (60 × 15.1)
C 60 ÷ (0.80 × 15.1)
D (60 × 15.1) ÷ 0.80
17 The oxidation of propan-1-ol by acidified potassium dichromate(VI) forms

propanoic acid with a yield of 36 % by mass.
What mass of propan-1-ol is needed to form 37.0 g of propanoic acid in this reaction?
[Mr of propanoic acid = 74 Mr of propan-1-ol = 60]
A 10.8 g
B 36.0 g
C 40.8 g
D 83.3 g
10
*P67748A01028* 112
18 Barium chloride solution, BaCl2(aq), reacts with gallium sulfate solution, Ga2(SO4)3(aq)
to form a precipitate of barium sulfate, BaSO4(s).
What is the minimum volume of 0.100 mol dm−3 barium chloride needed to precipitate
all the sulfate ions in 200 cm3 of 0.05 mol dm−3 gallium sulfate?
A 100 cm3
B 200 cm3
C 300 cm3
D 400 cm3
11
*P67748A01128* Turn over 113
SECTION B
Answer ALL the questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided.
19 Ethanol can be made in industry by the reaction of ethene with steam, using
a phosphoric(V) acid catalyst.
CH2=CH2(g) + H2O(g) ⇌ CH3CH2OH(g) ΔrH = −45 kJ mol−1

The reaction is carried out at 300°C and 60 atm. An initial yield of 5 % is achieved
when the ethene and steam first pass through the reactor.
*(a) Explain the chemical reasons for the conditions used and why such a
low initial yield is acceptable in the industrial process.
(6)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
*P67748A01228* 114
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
13
*P67748A01328* Turn over 115
(b) The product of the reaction is a mixture of ethanol and water.
Explain why ethanol and water mix together fully.
You may find it helpful to draw a diagram.
(3)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) Ethanol can be oxidised using a solution of acidified potassium dichromate(VI),

K2Cr2O7(aq).
Ethanoic acid and another organic compound, Y, are both possible products.
(i) Draw the structure of Y.
(1)
(ii) State the conditions needed to maximise the yield of each product.
(2)
Conditions for maximum yield of Y
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Conditions for maximum yield of ethanoic acid
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
*P67748A01428* 116
20 The compound DMAA was originally synthesised as a decongestant.
NH2 NH2
DMAA DMAA
A suggested synthetic route for DMAA is shown.

OH Step 1 OHCl Step 2
Step 1 Cl NH2 2
Step
conc. NH3 / heat conc. NH3 / heat

high pressure high pressure
compound A compound A
(a) (i) Give the systematic name of compound A.

(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Identify, by name or formula, a suitable reagent for Step 1.

(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) Give the mechanism for the reaction in Step 2.

Include curly arrows, and any relevant dipoles and lone pairs.
(4)
16
*P67748A01628* 117
(b) DMAA is only slightly soluble in water but dissolves readily in hydrochloric acid to
form an aqueous solution.
NH2 +
NH3
+ HCl −
+ Cl
DMAA
(i) Explain the type of bonding that occurs between the nitrogen atom and the
hydrogen ion, when the positive ion forms.
(3)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Complete the diagrams to show how the ions formed in the reaction between
DMAA and hydrochloric acid interact with water molecules.
(3)
17
*P67748A01728* Turn over 118
21 This question is about ethanoic acid and some related salts.
(a) A test to confirm the presence of an aqueous acid is adding a small amount of
solid sodium carbonate to the solution.
Describe two observations you would see in this test.
(2)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Sodium ethanoate is a component of reusable hand warmers.

In use, a supersaturated solution of sodium ethanoate recrystallises to form
solid hydrated sodium ethanoate, releasing energy.
CH3COONa(aq) + 3H2O(l) → CH3COONa.3H2O(s) ΔrH = −19.7 kJ mol−1
A hand warmer has a mass of 63.2 g and forms 20.1 g of
hydrated sodium ethanoate on recrystallisation.
Calculate the maximum temperature reached by the hand warmer if its initial
temperature is 5.0°C.
[Specific heat capacity of the hand warmer = 3.0 J °C−1 g−1]
(5)
18
*P67748A01828* 119
(c) Ammonium ethanoate, CH3COONH4(s), is used to control the pH of foods.
It can be formed by the reaction of pure ethanoic acid, CH3COOH(l), with
ammonium carbonate, (NH4)2CO3(s).
Calculate the standard enthalpy change for this reaction by completing the
Hess cycle and using the data shown.
(5)
Compound Enthalpy change of formation / kJ mol−1
CH3COOH(l) −484.5
(NH4)2CO3(s) −939.9
CH3COONH4(s) −586.3
CO2(g) −393.5
H2O(l) −285.8
19
*P67748A01928* Turn over 120
(d) Ammonium carbonate, (NH4)2CO3 , is an ingredient in cleaning solutions for
camera lenses.
These are aqueous solutions which contain no more than 1.8 g of
ammonium carbonate in 100 cm3 of solution.
Calculate the maximum concentration, in mol dm−3, of ammonium carbonate in
such a solution.
(2)
TOTAL FOR SECTION B = 38 MARKS
20
*P67748A02028* 121
BLANK PAGE
21
*P67748A02128* Turn over 122
SECTION C
22 Potassium chlorate(V), KClO3 , is a crystalline solid used in fireworks.
It is produced by the Liebig Process in two stages.
Stage 1 Chlorine gas is passed through hot calcium hydroxide solution forming
calcium chlorate(V), Ca(ClO3)2 .
6Ca(OH)2(aq) + 6Cl2(g) → Ca(ClO3)2(aq) + 5CaCl2(aq) + 6H2O(l)

Stage 2 Potassium chloride solution is then added to form potassium chlorate(V).
Ca(ClO3)2(aq) + 2KCl(aq) → 2KClO3(aq) + CaCl2(aq)

The solution is heated to reduce its volume and then allowed to crystallise.
The crystals are filtered off.
The remaining filtrate is evaporated further to obtain more crystals.
(a) (i) Write the overall equation for the Liebig Process.
(1)
(ii) Calculate the overall atom economy by mass for the production of
potassium chlorate(V), KClO3 , using your equation in (a)(i).
(3)
22
*P67748A02228* 123
(b) Explain the type of reaction that takes place in Stage 1 of the Liebig Process, using
oxidation numbers.
6Ca(OH)2(aq) + 6Cl2(g) → Ca(ClO3)2(aq) + 5CaCl2(aq) + 6H2O(l)

(3)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) The crystals of potassium chlorate(V) formed also contain some

halide ion impurities.
(i) Describe a chemical test on a solution of these crystals to confirm that the
impurities present are chloride ions rather than bromide ions.
Include the expected results.
(3)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
*P67748A02328* Turn over 124
(ii) 1.52 g of impure potassium chlorate(V), formed in the Liebig Process, was
heated until the mass of solid remaining was constant at 1.02 g.
The reaction that occurred was
2KClO3(s) → 2KCl(s) + 3O2(g)

The impurities present did not decompose on heating.
Calculate the percentage purity of the sample.
Give your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.
(5)
24
*P67748A02428* 125
(d) In fireworks, potassium chlorate(V) decomposes. This thermal decomposition
takes place in two stages with a solid catalyst.
4KClO3 → KCl + 3KClO4
KClO4 → KCl + 2O2
(i) Give the systematic name of KClO4 .

(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) A student investigated the role of the catalyst in this reaction.

Procedure
Step 1 Heat a sample of KClO3 , in a test tube, with a known mass of insoluble
catalyst until the mass remains constant.
Step 2 Mix the contents of the test tube with water.
Step 3 Filter the mixture and rinse with deionised water.
Step 4 Dry the remaining solid.
Step 5 Measure the mass of the dry solid.
Explain how each of the steps in this procedure is needed to show that the
catalyst is not used up in this reaction.
(4)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
25
*P67748A02528* Turn over 126
(e) Explain, using the diagram, how a catalyst speeds up a chemical reaction.
(2)
Number of
particles
with
energy, E
Energy, E
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TOTAL FOR SECTION C = 22 MARKS

TOTAL FOR PAPER = 80 MARKS
26
*P67748A02628* 127
28
*P67748A02828* 128
Pearson Edexcel Centre Number Candidate Number

International
Advanced Level
Time 1 hour 30 minutes

Paper
reference WCH12/01
Chemistry
UNIT 2: Energetics, Group Chemistry,
Halogenoalkanes and Alcohols

Scientific calculator, Data Booklet, ruler
Instructions
• Use black ink or ball-point pen.
• Fill in the boxes at the top of this page with your name,
centre number and candidate number.
Information
• Instructure
the question marked with an asterisk (*) marks will be awarded for your ability to
your answer logically, showing how the points that you make are related or
follow on from each other where appropriate.
Advice
• Try to answer every question.
• Good luck with your examination.
Turn over
*P64624A0128*
P64624A
1/1/1/1/1/1/1/1
129
SECTION A
Answer ALL questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided.
1 Which is the correctly labelled reaction profile for an exothermic reaction?
Enthalpy
Ea
Reactants
A
∆H
Products
Reaction pathway
Enthalpy
∆H
Reactants
B
Ea
Products
Reaction pathway
Enthalpy
Ea
Products
C
∆H
Reactants
Reaction pathway
Enthalpy
∆H
Products
D
Ea
Reactants
Reaction pathway
2
*P64624A0228* 130
2 The equation for a reaction is
2C(s) + O2(g) → 2CO(g)
Which is the correct symbol for the enthalpy change for this reaction?
A ΔatH
B ΔcH
C ΔfH
D ΔrH
3 The graph shows how the concentration of iodine changes with time in a reaction.
0.30
0.25
0.20
[I2] 0.15
/ mol dm–3
0.10
0.05
0.00
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
Time / s
What is the value for the rate of reaction, in mol dm−3 s−1, at 8 seconds?
A 0.01
B 0.02
C 0.03
D 0.25
*P64624A0328*
3
Turn over 131
4 The solid line on the graph below shows the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution for an
uncatalysed reaction. Ea is the activation energy of this reaction.
X
Number of
particles with
energy, E Y
W Ea Z
Energy / E
Which row shows the correct Maxwell–Boltzmann curve and activation energy for the
reaction at a higher temperature with a catalyst?
Maxwell-Boltzmann curve Activation energy
A X W
B X Z
C Y W
D Y Z
5 What is the oxidation number of chromium in Na2Cr2O7?
A +1
B +2
C +3
D +6
4
*P64624A0428* 132
6 In an oxide of nitrogen, the oxidation number of nitrogen is +4.
Which is the formula of the oxide?
A N2O
B N2O3
C N2O4
D N2O5
7 Hydrogen peroxide, H2O2 , breaks down into water and oxygen.

In terms of oxidation and reduction, how do hydrogen and oxygen change
in this reaction?
Hydrogen Oxygen
A oxidised reduced
B oxidised and reduced unchanged
C reduced oxidised
D unchanged oxidised and reduced
8 Several factors may affect ionisation energies:

I) the number of protons increases
II) the outer electron is further from the nucleus
III) the amount of shielding increases
IV) the number of unpaired outer electrons increases
Which factors explain the decrease in ionisation energy as Group 1 is descended?
A I and II
B II and III
C III and IV
D I, II, III and IV
*P64624A0528*
5
Turn over 133
9 Separate samples of some halogenoalkanes were dissolved in ethanol and a few
drops of silver nitrate solution added. The faster the reaction of the halogenoalkane,
the quicker a precipitate forms.
(a) Which of these halogenoalkanes reacts the fastest?
(1)
A CH3CHICH3
B CH3CHBrCH3
C CH3CHClCH3
D CH3CHFCH3
(b) Which of these halogenoalkanes reacts the fastest?
(1)
A CH3CHBrCH(CH3)CH3
B CH3CH2CBr(CH3)CH3
C CH3CH(CH2Br)CH2CH3
D CH3CH2CH2CH2CH2Br
10 What is the structure of 2-bromo-3-chloro-2-methylbutane?
Br Cl
A H3C C C H
CH3 CH3
Cl
B
Br
Br Cl
C H3C C C CH3
CH3 CH3
Br
D
Cl
6
*P64624A0628* 134
11 Which structure represents a primary halogenoalkane?
Cl
Cl
B
C
Cl
D
Cl
*P64624A0728*
7
Turn over 135
12 Which could be the infrared spectrum of CH2=CHCH2OH?
100
A % Transmittance 50
0
4000 3000 2000 1500 1000 500
Wavenumber / cm–1
100
B % Transmittance 50
0
4000 3000 2000 1500 1000 500
Wavenumber / cm–1
100
C % Transmittance 50
0
4000 3000 2000 1500 1000 500
Wavenumber / cm –1
100
D % Transmittance 50
0
4000 3000 2000 1500 1000 500
Wavenumber / cm–1
8
*P64624A0828* 136
13 The mass spectrum of propanone is shown.
100
80
60
Relative
intensity
40
20
0
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60
m/z
Which fragment is most likely to produce the peak at m / z = 43?
A CH3CH2CH2+
B CH3CO+
C CH2CHO+
D CHCH2O+
14 A 4.00 mol dm−3 solution of an acid is used to prepare dilute solutions of the acid.
What volume of water is required to make up 150 cm3 of 0.35 mol dm−3 solution of
the acid?
A 13.1 cm3
B 52.5 cm3
C 97.5 cm3
D 136.9 cm3
*P64624A0928*
9
Turn over 137
15 (a) A pellet of sodium hydroxide has a mass of 0.700 g.
Some pellets were dissolved to make 350 cm3 of 0.25 mol dm–3 solution.
[Mr value: NaOH = 40]
How many pellets were dissolved?
(1)
A 4
B 5
C 8
D 125
(b) 25.0 cm3 of the sodium hydroxide solution prepared in (a) was placed in a conical
flask and titrated with sulfuric acid.
2NaOH + H2SO4 → Na2SO4 + 2H2O
Calculate the number of moles of sulfuric acid that reacted.
(1)
A 0.0031
B 0.0063
C 0.013
D 0.044
(c) Phenolphthalein indicator was used for the titration in (b).
What was the colour change at the endpoint?
(1)
A colourless → pink
B pink → colourless
C orange → yellow
D yellow → orange
10
*P64624A01028* 138
16 Which silver halides are soluble in concentrated aqueous ammonia?
A AgBr and AgI
B AgCl and AgI
C AgCl and AgBr
D AgCl only
17 What volume, in dm3, of hydrogen gas will be produced when 3.00 g of lithium is
reacted with water at room temperature and pressure (r.t.p.)?
2Li + 2H2O → 2LiOH + H2
[Molar volume of gas at r.t.p. = 24.0 dm3 mol–1]
A 0.217
B 0.435
C 5.22
D 10.4
*P64624A01128*
11
Turn over 139
SECTION B
Answer ALL questions.
18 1-bromopropane is used for spot removal when ‘dry cleaning’ clothes.
(a) 1-bromopropane does not occur naturally but can be made from propan-1-ol.
Identify the reagent or reagents you would use to make 1-bromopropane
from propan-1-ol.
(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Some reactions of 1-bromopropane are shown.
propylamine
ammonia
potassium
hydroxide reaction C
propene 1-bromopropane propan-1-ol
potassium cyanide
product B
(i) Give the conditions for the formation of propene.

(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Give the molecular formula of product B.

(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) Name the type and mechanism of the reaction taking place in reaction C.
(2)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12
*P64624A01228* 140
(iv) Complete the mechanism for the reaction that occurs between ammonia and
1-bromopropane to form propylamine, CH3CH2CH2NH2 .
Include curly arrows, and relevant lone pairs and dipoles.
(4)
H H H
H C C C Br
H H H
*P64624A01328*
13
Turn over 141
19 Magnesium reacts with sulfuric acid in an exothermic reaction.
(a) Write an equation for the reaction.
Include state symbols in your answer.
(2)
(b) A student carried out an experiment to determine the enthalpy change of

the reaction.
A sample of 0.50 g of magnesium powder was added to
25 cm3 of 0.20 mol dm−3 sulfuric acid.
Calculate the number of moles of magnesium and of sulfuric acid that reacted.
(3)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
*P64624A01528*
15
Turn over 142
(c) (i) The results obtained are given in the table.
Plot the results on the grid.
(2)
Time Temperature
/ minutes / °C
0 22.2
1 22.0
2 22.0 Mg added
3 39.6
4 41.8
5 40.8
6 40.2
7 39.4
8 38.6
16
*P64624A01628* 143
(ii) Use your graph to determine the maximum change in temperature.
You must show your working on the graph.
(2)
ΔT = ......................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(d) Calculate the standard molar enthalpy change for the reaction, using your
answers to (b) and (c)(ii).
Include a sign and units in your answer.
[Specific heat capacity of solution = 4.18 J g–1 °C–1]
(4)
*P64624A01728*
17
Turn over 144
20 This question is about the forces between molecules and ions.
*(a) Some data for three small molecules are shown.
Boiling temperature
Molecule Mr
/ °C
Fluorine 38.0 −188
Hydrogen chloride 36.5 −85
Methanol 32.0 65
Explain the large variation in boiling temperatures, given the small range in
Mr values.
Detailed descriptions of the forces involved are not required.
(6)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ........................................................................................................................................... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18
*P64624A01828* 145
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
*P64624A01928*
19
Turn over 146
(b) Calcium chloride is soluble in water.
Complete the diagram to show how water molecules interact with each ion.
You may use to represent a water molecule.
(2)
Ca2+ Cl–
(c) Explain why bromine is a liquid but iodine is a solid at room temperature.
Detailed explanations of the forces involved are not required.
(2)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
20
*P64624A02028* 147
21 Magnesium oxalate, MgC2O4 , decomposes on heating to form magnesium carbonate
and carbon monoxide.
MgC2O4(s) → MgCO3(s) + CO(g)
(a) A 6.0 g sample of magnesium oxalate was heated for three minutes but the
decomposition was only 70 % complete.
Calculate the total mass of solid that remains.
(4)
(b) In practice, magnesium carbonate also decomposes on stronger heating.

Describe and explain the trend in the thermal decomposition of Group 2 carbonates.
(3)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
*P64624A02128*
21
Turn over 148
(c) Suggest why a pure sample of magnesium carbonate will not be produced from
the decomposition of magnesium oxalate even if the sample is heated for longer.
(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
*P64624A02228* 149
SECTION C
Answer all the questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided.
22 Phosgene (COCl2) is a colourless gas used in the pharmaceutical industry.
Phosgene has a boiling temperature of 8 °C and is extremely toxic.
(a) Complete the dot-and-cross diagram to show the bonding in phosgene.
(2)
C
Cl Cl
(b) Phosgene can be formed from carbon monoxide and chlorine, using a catalyst of
activated carbon.
CO(g) + Cl2(g) ⇌ COCl2(g) ΔrH = –107.6 kJ mol–1
(i) State and explain how the reaction conditions could be changed to maximise
the equilibrium yield of phosgene in this reaction.
(4)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
*P64624A02328*
23
Turn over 150
(ii) The standard enthalpy change of formation for phosgene is
Δ f H = –220.1 kJ mol–1.
Complete the Hess cycle and determine the standard enthalpy change of
formation for carbon monoxide. Use the data from (b)(i).
Include state symbols in your cycle.
(4)
CO(g) + Cl2(g) COCl2(g)
24
*P64624A02428* 151
(c) The mass spectrum of a sample of phosgene is shown.
The peak at m / z = 65 has been omitted.
100
80
60
Relative
intensity
40
20
0.0
20 40 60 80 100 120
m/z
(i) Give the reason for the ratio of peak heights at m / z values of 102, 100 and 98.
(2)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Suggest an identity for the peak at m / z = 63.

(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) The peak at m / z = 65 has been omitted.

Draw on the mass spectrum the peak at m / z = 65, showing its
relative intensity.
(1)
(d) Use your Data Booklet to suggest the wavenumber of a strong absorbance you
would expect to see in the infrared spectrum for phosgene. Justify your answer.
(2)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
*P64624A02528*
25
Turn over 152
(e) In UV light, trichloromethane (CHCl3 , boiling temperature 61°C) reacts with
oxygen to form phosgene and hydrogen chloride.
(i) Write an equation for this reaction.
(1)
(ii) In a closed bottle, the rate of this reaction decreases with time.
Give a reason for this.
(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) Suggest a precaution that should be taken when opening a

bottle of trichloromethane.
(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iv) Trichloromethane can be used as an anaesthetic.

Suggest whether an old bottle of trichloromethane can still be used for
medical treatment, giving a reason for your answer.
(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

26
*P64624A02628* 153
28
*P64624A02828* 154
Pearson Edexcel International Advanced Level

Paper
reference WCH12/01
Chemistry
 

Scientific calculator, Data Booklet
Instructions
• centrethe
Fill in boxes at the top of this page with your name,
Information
• Into the question marked with an asterisk (*) marks will be awarded for your ability
Advice
Turn over
*P67128A0128*
P67128A
E:1/1/1/1/1/1/E2/
155
SECTION A
If you change your mind, put a line through the box and then mark your new answer with
a cross .
1 The infrared spectrum of an organic compound is shown.
100
% Transmittance
50
0
4000 3000 2000 1500 1000 500
Wavenumber / cm–1
Which of these compounds would give this infrared spectrum?
A hexanal
B hexane
C hexanoic acid
D hexan-1-ol
2 Which of these compounds does not react with acidified potassium dichromate(VI)?
A CH3CH2OH
B CH3CHOHCH3
C CH3CH2CHO
D CH3COCH3
2
*P67128A0228*  156
3 Which of these compounds is a tertiary alcohol?
A 2-methylpropan-2-ol
B 3-methylbutan-2-ol
C 2,2-dimethylpropan-1-ol
D 3,3-dimethylbutan-2-ol
4 In a mass spectrum, the molecular ion is the ion which always has the
A greatest abundance
B greatest stability
C highest charge
D highest mass/charge ratio
5 Butan-1-ol and butan-2-ol are isomers.

Which m / z value would be expected to have a significant peak in the mass spectrum
of butan-1-ol but not that of butan-2-ol?
A 15
B 29
C 43
D 57
3
 *P67128A0328* Turn over 157
6 Which of these isomers has the highest boiling temperature?
4
*P67128A0428*  158
7 Organic reactions can be classified in different ways.
(a) How should the reaction shown be classified?
(1)

A addition
B oxidation
C polymerisation
D substitution
(b) How should the reaction shown be classified?

(1)
OH O

A addition
B oxidation
C reduction
D substitution
5
 *P67128A0528* Turn over 159
8 Data for some Group 1 and Group 2 cations are shown in the table.
Cation Ionic radius / nm Ionic charge
W 0.100 +2
X 0.138 +1
Y 0.113 +2
Z 0.149 +1
Which cation would be expected to form the nitrate with the greatest
thermal stability?
A W
B X
C Y
D Z
9 The equation for the complete combustion of propan-1-ol is shown.
C3H7OH(l) + 4½O2(g) ® 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(l)
2.00 × 10−3 mol of propan-1-ol undergoes complete combustion.

What mass of carbon dioxide is formed?
A 0.0293 g
B 0.0880 g
C 0.132 g
D 0.264 g
6
*P67128A0628*  160
10 This question is about the reaction shown.
2KMnO4 + xH2C2O4 + yH2SO4 ® 2MnSO4 + K2SO4 + 10CO2 + zH2O
(a) What values of x, y and z are needed to balance the equation?

(1)
x y z
A 5 6 8
B 10 3 4
C 5 3 8
D 10 6 4
(b) What is the reducing agent in the reaction?

(1)
A H+
B C2O42–
C MnO4–
D SO42–
11 What is the oxidation number of phosphorus in the phosphate ion, PO43– ?
A –3
B +3
C +5
D +7
12 Which reaction is not a redox reaction?
A 4KClO3(s) ® 3KClO4(s) + KCl(s)
B 2HCl(aq) + Ba(OH)2(aq) ® BaCl2(aq) + 2H2O(l)
C Zn(s) + CuSO4(aq) ® ZnSO4(aq) + Cu(s)
D Cl2(g) + H2O(l) ® HCl(aq) + HClO(aq)
7
 *P67128A0728* Turn over 161
13 A student is provided with 25.0 cm3 of 1.00 mol dm–3 hydrochloric acid.
What volume of distilled water should the student add to this solution to make a
0.0500 mol dm–3 solution?
A 25.0 cm3
B 50.0 cm3
C 475 cm3
D 500 cm3
14 Which statement about the Group 7 elements chlorine, bromine and iodine is
not correct?
A boiling temperature increases down the group
B reactivity increases down the group

C first ionisation energy decreases down the group
D electronegativity decreases down the group
15 When iodine is dissolved in a non-polar organic solvent, the solution formed is
A purple
B orange
C colourless
D brown
16 Which row shows the hydrogen halides in order of increasing boiling temperature?
Lowest Highest
A HF HCl HBr HI
B HI HBr HCl HF
C HCl HBr HI HF
D HF HI HBr HCl
8
*P67128A0828*  162
17 Solid potassium bromide reacts with concentrated sulfuric acid.
Which of these substances does not form?
A bromine
B hydrogen bromide
C hydrogen sulfide
D sulfur dioxide
18 10.00 g of hydrated magnesium sulfate, MgSO4.7H2O, is heated to remove the

water of crystallisation.
What mass of anhydrous magnesium sulfate, MgSO4 , is formed?
[ Molar mass of MgSO4.7H2O = 246.4 g mol−1 ]
A 2.84 g
B 4.89 g
C 5.11 g
D 7.16 g
9
 *P67128A0928* Turn over 163
SECTION B
19 This question is about enthalpy changes.
(a) An experiment was carried out to determine the enthalpy change of combustion
for ethanol.
C2H5OH(l) + 3O2(g) ® 2CO2(g) + 3H2O(l)
1.19 g of ethanol was burned in a spirit burner. The heat energy from this
combustion raised the temperature of 100 g of water from 21.6 °C to 63.9 °C.
(i) Calculate the number of moles of ethanol in 1.19 g.
[ Molar mass of ethanol = 46.0 g mol−1 ]
(1)
(ii) Calculate the heat energy required to raise the temperature of 100 g of water
from 21.6 °C to 63.9 °C.
[ Specific heat capacity of water = 4.18 J g−1 °C −1 ]
(2)
10
*P67128A01028*  164
(iii) Use your answers to (a) (i) and (ii) to calculate a value for the
enthalpy change of combustion of ethanol.
Give your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures
and include a sign and units.
(3)
(iv) The value of the enthalpy change of combustion from this experiment was
very inaccurate.
Give two reasons why this value was so inaccurate, apart from heat loss.
(2)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
 *P67128A01128* Turn over 165
(b) Mean bond enthalpies can be used to calculate a value for the enthalpy change of
combustion of a compound.
(i) Give the meaning of the term ‘mean bond enthalpy’.
(2)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Calculate a value for the enthalpy change of combustion of methanol, using
the information in the table and the equation shown.
(3)
CH3OH + 1½O2 ® CO2 + 2H2O
C–H C–O O–H O=O C=O
Mean bond enthalpy

413 358 464 498 805
/ kJ mol−1
12
*P67128A01228*  166
(c) Enthalpy changes of combustion can be used to calculate the enthalpy change of
formation of a compound.
Standard enthalpy change of combustion,

Substance
∆c H / kJ mol−1
C(s,graphite) –394
H2(g) –286
CH3CHO(g) –1167
Complete the Hess cycle and use it to calculate the standard enthalpy change of
formation for ethanal, CH3CHO.
(3)
2C(s, graphite) + 2H2(g) + ½O2(g) ® CH3CHO(g)
13
 *P67128A01328* Turn over 167
20 This question is about halogenoalkanes.
(a) The rates of hydrolysis of 1-chloropropane, 1-bromopropane and 1-iodopropane
in reactions with aqueous silver nitrate solution were compared.
(i) State what would be measured in the experiment to compare
the rates of hydrolysis.
(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) State which of these halogenoalkanes would hydrolyse the fastest.

(2)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) The equation for the hydrolysis of 1-chloropropane by aqueous hydroxide ions
is shown.
CH3CH2CH2Cl + OH− ® CH3CH2CH2OH + Cl−
Give the mechanism for this hydrolysis.

Include curly arrows, and relevant dipoles and lone pairs.
(2)
14
*P67128A01428*  168
(c) The boiling temperatures of some halogenoalkanes are shown.
Boiling temperature
Halogenoalkane
/ °C
1-chloropropane 47
1-bromopropane 71
1-iodopropane 103
Explain the trend in boiling temperature of these halogenoalkanes by comparing

the intermolecular forces involved.
Detailed explanations of the forces involved are not required.
(4)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
 *P67128A01528* Turn over 169
(d) In another experiment, 2-bromobutane is heated with
ethanolic potassium hydroxide and an elimination reaction occurs.
Draw the skeletal formulae of the three possible organic products, giving
their names.
(3)
Skeletal formula Name
16
*P67128A01628*  170
21 This question is about Group 1 metals.
(a) When potassium is placed into a beaker of cold water, potassium hydroxide and
hydrogen are formed.
(i) Write the equation for this reaction. Include state symbols.
(2)
(ii) This is a redox reaction.

State which element is oxidised and which is reduced.
Justify your answer by giving the initial and final oxidation numbers of any
element that changes oxidation state.
(2)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(iii) The reaction of potassium with water is very vigorous and a flame is seen.
State the colour of the flame.

(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
 *P67128A01728* Turn over 171
(b) The label has come off a bottle known to contain M, a Group 1 metal which is
stored in oil.
A student carried out an experiment to determine the identity of M.
Procedure
Step 1 A small piece of M was wiped with tissue paper to remove the oil.
The piece of M was weighed and placed in a beaker of distilled water.
Step 2 After the reaction had finished, the contents of the beaker and washings
were transferred to a 250.0 cm3 volumetric flask. The solution was made
up to the mark with distilled water and mixed thoroughly.
Step 3 A pipette was used to transfer 25.0 cm3 portions of this solution to
conical flasks. Each portion was then titrated with hydrochloric acid of
concentration 0.400 mol dm–3 .
Results
Mass of metal, M 0.37 g
Mean titre of hydrochloric acid 12.80 cm3
The reaction taking place is shown.
MOH(aq) + HCl(aq) ® MCl(aq) + H2O(l)
(i) The indicator used was phenolphthalein.

State the colour change at the end-point.
(2)
from . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .................................... to .............................................................................................
18
*P67128A01828*  172
(ii) Calculate the relative atomic mass of M and use it to identify the Group 1
metal, M.
(4)
(c) Another student repeated the experiment, using a different sample of metal M,
but did not wipe off the oil before weighing it.
State how this would change the calculated value of the relative atomic mass
of M. Justify your answer.
(2)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19
 *P67128A01928* Turn over 173
SECTION C
22 This question is about ethanol and bioethanol.
The main fuel used as a petrol substitute is bioethanol. Bioethanol is ethanol that
has been produced by fermentation. The starting material is usually some form of
plant material rich in starch, such as wheat, maize or potatoes. Enzymes in yeast
convert this material to simple carbohydrates such as glucose (C6H12O6 ) and then to
ethanol and carbon dioxide.
C6H12O6 ® 2CH3CH2OH + 2CO2
The mixture is left for several days until fermentation is complete.

The percentage of ethanol is never greater than 15 % because higher concentrations
of ethanol kill the yeast.
A common blend of fuel is 95 % petrol and 5 % bioethanol. The engine does not need
to be modified for this mixture.
(a) Give one advantage and one disadvantage of using bioethanol in petrol.
(2)
Advantage
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Disadvantage
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) Suggest why this fermentation must be carried out in the absence of air.
(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) Suggest how the ethanol can be obtained, after filtering the
fermentation mixture.
(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
 *P67128A02128* Turn over 174
(d) Ethanol is hygroscopic, which means it readily absorbs water from the air.
(i) Give a possible reason why ethanol is able to absorb water.
(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Suggest a problem arising from the hygroscopic nature of ethanol when using
this fuel in a motor vehicle.
(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(e) Ethanol can also be produced by the hydration of ethene.
CH2 = CH2(g) + H2O(g)  CH3CH2OH(g) ∆H = − 45 kJ mol−1
*(i) Typical conditions are 300 °C and 60 atm with a catalyst of phosphoric acid.
Explain why these conditions are used, by describing the effect of changing
the temperature and pressure on rate of reaction, equilibrium yield and cost.
(6)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
*P67128A02228*  175
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
 *P67128A02328* Turn over 176
(ii) The rate of this reaction is increased by using a catalyst of phosphoric acid.
Label the axes on the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution curve and use it to
explain how a catalyst increases the rate of reaction.
(4)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
24
*P67128A02428*  177
(f ) Catalysts such as phosphoric acid are bonded to a support material that contains
lots of pores.
support material
pores
(i) Suggest the advantage of using support materials containing lots of pores.
(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Under these conditions, only about 5 % of the ethene is converted into
ethanol as it passes over the catalyst.
Suggest how the overall yield of this process can be improved to make it
economically viable.
(2)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25
 *P67128A02528* 178
BLANK PAGE
26
*P67128A02628*  179
28
*P67128A02828*  180
Pearson Edexcel International Advanced Level

Paper
reference WCH12/01
Chemistry
 

Scientific calculator, Data Booklet, ruler
Instructions
• Use black ink or black ball‑point pen.
• centrethe
Fill in boxes at the top of this page with your name,
Information
• Into the question marked with an asterisk (*) marks will be awarded for your ability
Advice
Turn over
*P69501A0128*
P69501A
L:1/1/1/
181
SECTION A
1 Which are correct for the reaction shown?
CH3COOH + KOH → CH3COO−K+ + H2O ΔH = –55.8 kJ mol−1
Type of reaction Type of enthalpy change
A endothermic formation
B endothermic neutralisation
C exothermic formation
D exothermic neutralisation
2 Which equation does not represent a standard enthalpy change of atomisation?
A Mg(s) → Mg(g)
B Cl2(g) → 2Cl(g)
C ½O2(g) → O(g)
D Hg(l) → Hg(g)

2
*P69501A0228*  182
3 5.20 g of sodium hydrogencarbonate is added to an excess of acid.
The temperature increases and the energy change is calculated to be 1030 J.
What is the enthalpy change per mole of sodium hydrogencarbonate?

[Mr NaHCO3 = 84.0]
A –12.3 kJ mol−1
B –16.6 kJ mol−1
C –63.8 kJ mol−1
D –16 600 kJ mol−1
4 The equation for the complete combustion of methanal is shown.
C + O O → O C O + O ΔH = –591 kJ mol−1
H H H H
Some bond enthalpy data are shown.
Bond Bond enthalpy / kJ mol−1
C H 413
O O 498
C O in CO2 805
O H 464
What is the C O bond enthalpy in methanal?
A 623 kJ mol−1
B 678 kJ mol−1
C 805 kJ mol−1
D 1036 kJ mol−1
3
 *P69501A0328* Turn over 183
5 Which sequence shows the molecules in order of increasing boiling temperature?
A H2O < Br2 < Cl2 < CH4
B Br2 < CH4 < Cl2 < H2O
C Cl2 < CH4 < H2O < Br2
D CH4 < Cl2 < Br2 < H2O
6 Which is not correct about ice?
A ice has a lower density than water
B H2O molecules are further apart in ice than in water
C the H−O−H bond angle is the same in ice and in water
D H2O molecules in ice are held together by hydrogen bonds
7 Which intermolecular forces exist between the molecules of the compound shown?
HO O
A hydrogen bonding and London forces only
B hydrogen bonding and permanent dipole‑permanent dipole forces only

C London forces and permanent dipole‑permanent dipole forces only
D h
ydrogen bonding, permanent dipole‑permanent dipole forces and
London forces

4
*P69501A0428*  184
8 This question is about alkanes.
(a) Which of these alkanes has the highest boiling temperature?

(1)
A butane
B hexane
C pentane
D propane
(b) Which of these alkanes has the lowest boiling temperature?

(1)
9 Which solvent dissolves the greatest amount of hydrocarbon C35H72 ?
A butan‑1‑ol
B ethanoic acid
C hexane
D water

5
 *P69501A0528* Turn over 185
10 Which reagent would convert an alcohol into an alkene?
A acidified potassium dichromate(VI)
B anhydrous calcium sulfate
C concentrated phosphoric acid
D ethanolic potassium hydroxide
11 Which name is correct for the ion SO42− ?
A sulfate(II)
B sulfate(IV)
C sulfate(VI)
D sulfate(VIII)
12 In which compound is the oxidation number of nitrogen +5?
A Ca(NO3)2
B Mg3N2
C N2O3
D NaNO2
13 In which reaction is the copper species acting as an oxidising agent?
A Cu2+ + 2Ag → 2Ag+ + Cu
B 2Cu+ + O2– → Cu2O
C 3Cu + O2 → Cu2O + CuO
D Cu + Hg2+ → Hg + Cu2+

6
*P69501A0628*  186
14 Two half‑equations for a reaction are shown.
Cu → Cu2+ + 2e−
NO3− + 4H+ + 3e− → NO + 2H2O
What is the overall ionic equation for this reaction?
A Cu + NO3− + 4H+ → Cu2+ + NO + 2H2O
B 2Cu + NO3− + 4H+ → 2Cu2+ + NO + 2H2O
C 3Cu + 2NO3− + 8H+ → 3Cu2+ + 2NO + 4H2O
D 6Cu + 2NO3− + 8H+ → 6Cu2+ + 2NO + 4H2O
15 A titre of 13.25 cm3 was obtained using a 50 cm3 burette.

What is the percentage uncertainty in the titre?
[Each reading of the burette has an uncertainty of ± 0.05 cm3]
A ± 0.38 %
B ± 0.75 %
C ± 1.5 %
D ± 7.5 %
16 Barium hydroxide reacts with sulfuric acid as shown.
Ba(OH)2(aq) + H2SO4(aq) → BaSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)
Which is the ionic equation for this reaction?
A Ba2+(aq) + 2OH−(aq) + 2H+(aq) + SO42−(aq) → BaSO4(s) + 2H2O(l)
B Ba2+(aq) + SO42−(aq) → BaSO4(s)
C OH−(aq) + H+(aq) → H2O(l)
D Ba2+(aq) + 2OH−(aq) + 2H+(aq) + SO42−(aq) → Ba2+(s) + SO42−(s) + 2H2O(l)
7
 *P69501A0728* Turn over 187
17 Four tests used to identify ions are shown:
1 flame test
2 addition of acidified barium nitrate solution
3 addition of acidified silver nitrate solution
4 addition of sodium hydroxide solution, then testing any gas with indicator paper
Which tests could be used to positively identify the ions in ammonium chloride?
A 1 and 2
B 1 and 3
C 2 and 4
D 3 and 4
18 Which conditions give the highest yield for the forward reaction?
NH4Cl(s)  NH3(g) + HCl(g) ΔH = +176 kJ mol−1
A high temperature, high pressure
B high temperature, low pressure
C low temperature, high pressure
D low temperature, low pressure

8
*P69501A0828*  188
19 Nitrogen dioxide and dinitrogen tetroxide exist in equilibrium.
2NO2(g)  N2O4(g)
brown gas colourless gas
When an equilibrium is set up in a gas syringe, the mixture is pale brown.

When the mixture is compressed the colour becomes
A darker
B lighter
C darker and then lighter
D lighter and then darker
9
 *P69501A0928* Turn over 189
SECTION B
20 Ammonia reacts with 1‑chlorobutane.

(a) State the type and mechanism of this reaction.
(2)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) A student drew the first step of the mechanism for the reaction.
H H H H H H H H H
+
H C C C C Clδ– H C C C C N H + Cl–
H H H H H H H H H
N
HHH
(i) Identify two omissions in the student’s mechanism.

(2)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) To obtain butylamine, sodium hydroxide solution is added.

Complete the next step of the mechanism to form butylamine,
showing curly arrows, relevant lone pairs and the reaction products.
(3)
H H H H H
+
H C C C C N H
H H H H H
10
*P69501A01028*  190
(c) The reactions of ammonia and of hydroxide ions with halogenoalkanes are similar.
Compare the rate of reaction of ammonia with 1‑chlorobutane and with
2‑bromo‑2‑methylpropane.
(3)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
 *P69501A01128* Turn over 191
21 Enthalpy changes of combustion can be determined using calorimetry or calculated
using Hess cycles. Apparatus for a calorimetry experiment is shown.
thermometer
beaker
75 g water
spirit burner
2‑methylpropan‑2‑ol
A sample of 2‑methylpropan‑2‑ol was burned in a spirit burner and used to heat

75 g of water. The results are shown.
At the start At the end Change
Mass of spirit burner / g 267.35 266.78
Temperature of water / °C 19.5 65.3
(a) (i) Complete the table.

(1)
(ii) Calculate the enthalpy change of combustion, Δc H, of 2‑methylpropan‑2‑ol.
Give a sign and units in your answer.
[Specific heat capacity of water = 4.18 J g−1 °C−1 ]
(4)
12
*P69501A01228*  192
(b) The standard enthalpy change of combustion, Δc H d , can be calculated using
standard enthalpy changes of formation.
Compound ∆ f H d / kJ mol−1
2‑methylpropan‑2‑ol –359
carbon dioxide –394
water –286
(i) State why no ∆ f H d value has been given for oxygen.

(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Complete the Hess cycle.
C4H10O(l) + ...................... O2(g) ...................... CO2(g) + ...................... H2O(l)
4C(s, graphite) + ...................... + ......................
(2)
(iii) Calculate the standard enthalpy change of combustion of
2‑methylpropan‑2‑ol using the data in the table and the completed
Hess cycle.
(2)
13
 *P69501A01328* Turn over 193
(c) The value for Δc H obtained in part (a)(ii) is much less exothermic than Δc H d
calculated in (b)(iii).
Suggest two reasons for this other than non‑standard conditions.
(2)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
14
*P69501A01428*  194
22 This question is about the elements in Group 7.
(a) Use your knowledge of the trends in the properties of Group 7 elements to
predict the colour and physical state of astatine at room temperature.
(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) (i) State the meaning of the term electronegativity.

(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) Explain the trend in electronegativity down Group 7.

(2)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15
 *P69501A01528* Turn over 195
*(c) Compare and contrast the reactions of chlorine with
• water
• cold, dilute aqueous alkali
• hot, concentrated aqueous alkali
Include an equation for each reaction, stating the type of reaction and the
oxidation numbers of the chlorine involved. State symbols are not required.
(6)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
16
*P69501A01628*  196
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
17
 *P69501A01728* Turn over 197
23 Magnesium ethanedioate (MgC2O4) decomposes on gentle heating to form
magnesium carbonate and carbon monoxide.
MgC2O4 → MgCO3 + CO
(a) (i) State why the thermal decomposition of magnesium ethanedioate should be
carried out in a fume cupboard.
(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(ii) After heating a 6.0 g sample of magnesium ethanedioate for three minutes,
the decomposition was 70 % complete.
Calculate the total mass of the solid mixture that remains.
(4)
18
*P69501A01828*  198
(b) Magnesium carbonate undergoes thermal decomposition at a higher
temperature than magnesium ethanedioate.
MgCO3 → MgO + CO2
Explain the trend in the thermal decomposition of Group 2 carbonates going

down the group.
(3)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
19
 *P69501A01928* Turn over 199
SECTION C
Answer all the questions. Write your answers in the spaces provided.
24 Some diesel cars contain an extra catalytic converter for the reduction of
nitrogen oxides (NOx) in exhaust gases.
A solution of urea is used for this process.
H C H
N N
urea
H H
(a) Urea has a melting temperature of 133 °C.

Explain why this value is higher than expected for a relatively small molecule.
(3)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(b) A saturated solution of urea has a concentration of 9.07 mol dm–3 at 25 °C.
Calculate the mass of urea in 150 cm3 of a saturated solution.
(2)
20
*P69501A02028*  200
(c) State why NOx emissions are harmful to the environment.
(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(d) An infrared spectrum of urea is shown.

Refer to your Data Booklet.
100
Transmittance
50
/%
0
4000 3000 2000 1500 1000 500
–1
Wavenumber / cm
(i) Draw a circle around an absorption in the spectrum that could be due to the
stretching of the N H bond.
(1)
(ii) Identify the bond responsible for the absorption at 1683 cm−1.
.(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(e) In a diesel car exhaust system, the urea reacts with water to form ammonia and
carbon dioxide. The enthalpy change for this reaction is +133 kJ mol−1.
(i) Complete the equation for this reversible reaction.
(1)
(NH2)2CO + H2O . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . .
21
 *P69501A02128* Turn over 201
(ii) Sketch the reaction profile for the forward reaction on the axes provided.
Include labels for ΔH and the activation energy (Ea).
Energy
Reaction progress
(3)
(f ) The catalytic converter contains metal oxides. When the exhaust gases pass
through the catalytic converter, ammonia reacts with NOx gases to form nitrogen
and water.
(i) Explain why it is not correct to state that urea is acting as a catalyst in the
reaction.
(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22
*P69501A02228*  202
(ii) Explain how a catalyst increases the rate of a chemical reaction.
Use the Maxwell‑Boltzmann distribution shown and refer to the
collision theory.
(3)
Number of
particles with
energy, E
Ea Energy, E
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(g) The catalytic converter works best at a temperature of around 350 °C.
(i) Suggest how the catalytic converter reaches this temperature.
(1)
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ............................................................................................................................................ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23
 *P69501A02328* Turn over 203
(ii) The chemical reactions in the exhaust system of a diesel car, using
a catalytic converter, form 89.3 m3 of nitrogen per hour.
Calculate the number of molecules of nitrogen formed per hour.
[Molar volume at 350 °C = 51.1 dm3 mol−1
Avogadro constant, L = 6.02 × 1023 mol−1]
(3)

24
*P69501A02428*  204
BLANK PAGE
27
 *P69501A02728* 205
28
*P69501A02828*  206

Unit 2

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Unit 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Please check the examination details below before entering your candidate information

Candidate surname Other names

Centre Number Candidate Number

Thursday 23 May 2019

Answer ALL the questions in this section.

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

1 Calcium carbonate reacts with hydrochloric acid.

CaCO3(s) + 2HCl(aq) → CaCl2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g)

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

2 The rate of a reaction doubles for each 10 K increase in temperature.

(Total for Question 2 = 1 mark)

(Total for Question 3 = 1 mark)

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

(Total for Question 4 = 1 mark)

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

(Total for Question 5 = 1 mark)

6 The oxidation number of sulfur in the sulfate ion, SO42–, is

(Total for Question 6 = 1 mark)

B 6NaOH + 3Br2 → 5NaBr + NaBrO3 + 3H2O

(Total for Question 7 = 1 mark)

8 Which of these sulfates is the least soluble in water?

(Total for Question 8 = 1 mark)

9 Use the data shown.

(Total for Question 9 = 1 mark)

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

What is the enthalpy change for the reaction, in kJ mol–1?

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

(Total for Question 10 = 1 mark)

11 Which equation represents the standard enthalpy change of atomisation of bromine?

(Total for Question 11 = 1 mark)

The energy released = 2500 J.

(Total for Question 12 = 1 mark)

13 Which of these species is not a nucleophile?

(Total for Question 13 = 1 mark)

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

(Total for Question 14 = 1 mark)

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

(a) What is the white solid, X?

(b) What causes the flame colour to be red?

D red light is emitted as electrons return to lower energy levels

(Total for Question 15 = 2 marks)

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

(Total for Question 16 = 2 marks)

(Total for Question 17 = 1 mark)

18 Which of these carboxylic acids would be expected to have a major peak at m / z = 57

(Total for Question 18 = 1 mark)

TOTAL FOR SECTION A = 20 MARKS

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

(Total for Question 19 = 8 marks)

A student devised an experiment to determine the value of x by leaving 5.12 g of

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

Mg(s) + C(s) + 1½O2(g) MgCO3(s)

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

Calculate the enthalpy change for the thermal decomposition of MgCO3 .

Centre Number Candidate Number

Thursday 16 January 2020

Answer ALL the questions in this section.

DO NOT WRITE IN THIS AREA

1 Which equation represents the standard enthalpy change of formation, ǻfH 9 , of