DAVAO ORIENTAL STATE

UNIVERSITY
BANAYBANAY EXTENSION CAMPUS

INSTRUCTIONAL
MATERIAL
In
 Readings in Philippine
History
Prepared by:

JENNY LOU A. MILAGROSA

Education Department
jennylheart@yahoo.com.ph
0948-0263-696/09562113444

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Module 2: Content and Contextual Analysis of Selected Primary Sources in Philippine

History
Module Overview1

Lesson 1: A Brief Summary of the First Voyage Around the World by Antonio

Pigafetta3

Lesson 2: The KKK and the “kartilya ng Katipunan”10

Lesson 3: Reading the “Proclamation of the Philippine Independence”14

Lesson 4: A Glance at Selected Philippine Political Caricature in Alfred Mccoy’s

Philippine Cartoons: Political Caricature of the American Era (1900-1941)19

Lesson 5: Revisiting Corazon Aquino’s Speech Before U.S. Congress27

Module Summary30

References30
MODULE OVERVIEW

In this module, we are going to look at a number

of primary resources from different periods and
evaluate these documents’ content in terms of
historical value, examine the context of their
production, the primary resources that we are
going to examine are Antonio Pigafetta’s First
Voyage Around the World, Emilio Jancinto’s
“Kartilya ng Katipunan the 1898 Declaration of
Philippine Independence, Political Cartoon’s
Alfred McCoy’s Philippine Cartoons: Political
Caricature of the American Era (1900-1941, and Corazon Aquino’s Speech before the
Congress . These primary resources range from chronicles, official documents, speeches,
and cartoons to visual arts. Needless to say, different types of sources necessitate different
kinds of analysis and contain different levels of importance.

At the end of this module, the students are expected:

⮚ To understand the meaning of history as an academic discipline and to be

familiar with the underlying philosophy and methodology of the discipline.
⮚ To apply the knowledge in historical methodology and philosophy in
assessing and analyzing existing historical narratives.
⮚ To examine and assess critically the value of historical evidences and
sources
⮚ To appreciate the importance of history in the social and national life of the
Philippines.
 As the consumer of this module, you may take note also that this module is divided
into four (5) lessons in order to make each lesson comprehensible on your end.

Lesson 1: A Brief Summary of the First Voyage around the World by Magellan
by Antonio Pigafetta
Lesson 2: The KKK and the “Kartilya ng Katipunan
Lesson 3: Reading the “Proclamation of the Philippine Independence”
Lesson 4: A Glance at Selected Philippine Political Caricature in Alfred Mccoy’s
Philippine Cartoons: Political Caricature of the American Era
(1900-1941)
Lesson 5: Revisiting Corazon Aquino’s Speech before U.S. Congress

The lessons above are presented in a structured-learning experience, following the

4A Model of Instruction, which provides you interactive activities through experiential and
cooperative, methodologies and strategies in the learning process.

Activity – Learners activate prior knowledge about the lesson.

Analysis – Learners analyze various multimodal texts.
Abstraction – Learners infer or synthesize concepts from the analysis.
Application – Learners apply the acquired knowledge and skills.

To make this learning experience meaningful for you, study all the lessons included
in this module with your co-learners at your own pace. You can freely ask for help and
support from your peers and tutor.

Are you ready? Then, start the lessons now! Be bless!

 Lesson 1

A BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE FIRST VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD BY

ANTONIO PIGAFETTA

Introduction

Good day! Now we are going to travel around the world via imagination. I hope you
can duck on time. This lesson is all about: The First Voyage around the World by Antonio
Pigafetta, in module two, presenting the two methods of analysis mentioned as it applies to
historical research, using primary resources from across the periods of Philippine History as
sampler of analyses. Expected to be done within three (3) days. Enjoy reading!

Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this lessons, you are expected to:

⮚ To understand the meaning of history as an academic discipline and to be

familiar with the underlying philosophy and methodology of the discipline.
⮚ To appreciate the importance of history in the social and national life of the
Philippines.

● ABSTRACTION
FIRST VOYAGE AROUND THE WORLD BY MAGELLAN BY ANTONIO
PIGAFETTA

This book was taken from the chronicles of contemporary voyagers and navigators
of the sixteenth century. One of them was Italian nobleman Antonio Pigafetta, who among
the accompanied Ferdinand Magellan in his fateful circumnavigation of the world.
Pigafetta’s work instantly became a classic that prominent literary men in the West like
William Shakespeare, Michel de Montaigne, and Giambattista Vico referred to the book in
their interpretation of the New World. Pigafetta’s travelogue is one of the most important
primary sources in the study of the precolonial Philippines. His account was also a major
referent to the event leading to Magellan’s arrival in the Philippines, his encounter with
local leaders, his death in the hands of lapulapu’s forces in the Battle of Mactan, and in the
departure of what was left of Magellan’s fleet from the islands.

Examining the document reveals several insights not just in the character of the
Philippines during the precolonial period, but also on how the fresh eyes of the Europeans
regard a deeply unfamiliar terrain, environment, people and culture. Locating Pigafetta’s
account in the context of its writing warrant a familiarity on the dominant frame of mind in
the age of exploration, which pervaded Europe in the fifteenth and sixteenth century.
Students of history need to realize the primary sources used in the subsequent written
histories depart from certain perspectives. Thus, Pigafetta’s account was also written from
the perspective of Pigafetta’s himself and was a product of the context of its production.
The First Voyage around the World by Magellan was published after Pigafetta returned to
Italy.

For this lesson, we will focus on the chronicles of Antonio Pigafetta as he wrote his
first hand observation and general impression of the Far East including their experiences in
the Visayas. In Pigafettas’s account, their fleet reached what he called the Ladrones Islands
or the “Islands of the Thieves” He recounted:

“These people have no arms, but use sticks, which have a fish bone at the end. They
are poor, but ingenious, and great thieves, and for the sake of that we called these
three islands the Landrones Islands.”

The Landrones islands is presently known as the Marianas Islands. These islands are
located south-southeast of Japan, west-southwest of Hawaii, north of New Guinea, and east
of the Philippines. Ten days after they reached Landrones Islands, Pigafetta reported that
they reached what Pigafitta called the island of Zamal, now Samar but Magellan decided to
land in another uninhabited island for greater security where they could rest for a few days.
Pigafetta recounted that after two days, March 18, nine men came to them and showed joy
and eagerness in seeing them. Magellan realized that the men were reasonable and
welcomes them with food, drinks and gifts. In turn, the natives gave them rice (umai),
cocos, and other food supplies Pigafetta detailed in amazement and fascination the palm
tree which bore fruits called cocho, and wine. He also described what seem like coconut.

Pigafetta characterized the people as “very familiar and friendly” and willingly
showed them different islands and the names of these islands. The fleet went to Humunu
Island (Homonhon) and there they what Pigafetta referred to as the “Watering Place of
Good Signs.” It is in this place where Pigafetta wrote that they found the first signs of gold
in the island. They named the island with the nearby island as the archipelago of St.
Lazarus. They left the island, then on March 25th, Pigafetta recounted that they saw
balanghai (balangay) a long boat full of people Mazzava/Mazaua. The leader, who
Pigafetta reffered to as the king of balanghai, sent his men to ship of Magellan. The
European entertained these men and gave them gifts. When the King of balangay offered to
give Magellan a bar of gold and a chest of ginger, Magellan declined. Magellan sent the
interpreter to the king and asked for money for the needs of his ships and expressed that he
came into the islands as a friend and not as an enemy. The king responded by giving
Magellan the needed provisions of food in chinaware. Magellan exchanged gifts robes in
Turkish fashion red cap, and gave the people knives and mirrors. The two then expressed
their desire to become brothers. Magellan also boasted of his men in armor who could not
be struck with swords and daggers. The king was fascinated and remarked that men in such
armor could be worth one hundred of his men. Magellan further showed the king his other
weapons, helmets, and artilleries. Magellan also shared with the king his charts and maps
and shared how they found the islands.

After the few days, Magellan was introduced to the king’s brother who was also a
king of another island. They went to this island and Pigafetta reports that they saw mines of
gold. The gold was abundant that parts of the ship and of the house of the second king were
made of gold. Pigafetta described this king as the most handsome of all the men that he saw
in this place. He was also adorned with silk and gold accessories like a gold dagger. Which
he carried with him in a wooden polished sheath. This king was named Raia Calambu, king
of ZUluan and Calagan (Butuan and Caragua), and the first king was Raia Siagu. March
31st, which happened to be Easter Sunday, Magellan ordered the chaplain to preside a Mass
by the shore. The king heard of this plan and sent two dead pigs and attended the Mass with
the other king. Pigafetta reported that both kings participated in the mass.

After the Mass, Magellan ordered that the cross be brought with nails and crown in
place. Magellan explained that the cross, the nail, and the crown were the signs of his
emperor and that he was ordered to plant it in the places that he would reach. Magellan
further explained that the cross would be beneficial for their people because once other
Spaniards saw this cross, then they would know that they had been in this land and would
not cause them troubles, and any person who might be held captives by them would be
released. The King concurred and allowed for the cross to be planted. This mass would go
down in history as the first Mass in the Philippines, and the cross would be the famed
Magellan’s Cross still preserved at the present day.

After seven days, Magellan and his men decided to move and look for islands where
they could acquire more supplies and provisions. They learned of the islands of Ceylon
(Leyte), Bohol, and Zzubu (Cebu) and intended to go there. Raia Calambu offered to pilot
them in going to Cebu, the largest and the richest of the islands. By April 7th of the same
year, Magellan and his men reach the port of Cebu. The king of Cebu, through Magellan’s
interpreter, demanded that they pay tribute as it was customary, but Magellan refused.
Magellan said that he was a captain of a king himself and thus would not pay tribute to
other kings. Magellan’s interpreter explained to the king of Cebu that Magellan’s king was
the emperor of a great empire and that it would do them better to make friends with them
than to forge enmity. The king of Cebu consulted his council. By the next day, Magellan’s
men and the king of Cebu, together with other principal men of Cebu, met in an open space.
There, the king offered a bit of his blood and demanded that Magellan do the same.

The following day, Magellan spoke before the people of Cebu about peace and God.
Pigafetta reported that the people too pleasure in Magellan’s speech. Magellan then asked
the people who would succeed the king after his reign and the people and the people
responded that the eldest child of the king, who happened to be a daughter, would be the
next in line. Pigafetta also related how the people talked about, how at old age, parents were
no longer taken into account and had to follow the orders of their children as the new
leaders of the land. Magellan responded to this by saying that his faith entailed children to
render honor and obedience were reported to their parents. Magellan preached about their
faith further and people were reportedly convinced. Pigafetta wrote that their men were
overjoyed seeing the people wished to come Christians through their free will and not
because they were forced or intimidated.

On the 24th of April, the people gathered with the king and other principal men of
the island. Magellan spoke to the king and encouraged him to be a good Christian by
burning all the idols and worship the cross instead. The king of Cebu was then baptized as a
Christian. After eight days Pigafetta counted that all of the island’s inhabitant were already
baptized. He admitted that they burned a village down for obeying neither the king nor
Magellan. The mass was conducted by the shore every day. When the queen came to the
Mass one day, Magellan gave her an image of the infant of Jesus made by Pigafetta himself.
The king of Cebu swore that he would always be faithful to Magellan. When Magellan
reiterated that all the newly baptized Christians need to burn their idols, but the native gave
excuses telling Magellan that they needed the idols to heal a sick man who was relative to
the king. Magellan insisted that they should instead put their faith in Jesus Christ. They
went to the sick man and baptized him. After the baptismal. Pigafetta recorded that the man
was able to speak again. He called this a miracle.

On the 26th of April, Zula, a principal man from the island of Matan (Mactan) went
to see Magellan and asked him for a boat full of men so that he would be able to fight the
chief named Silapulapu (Lapulapu). Such chief, according to Zula, refused to obey the king
and was also preventing him from doing so. Magellan offered three boats instead and
expressed his desire to go to Mactan himself to fight the said chief. Magellan’s forces
arrived in Mactan in daylight. They numbered 49 in total and the islanders of Mactan were
estimated to number 1,500. The battle began. Pigafetta recounted.

Magellan died in the battle. The native, perceiving that the bodies of the enemies
were protected with armors, aimed for their legs instead. Magellan was pierced with
poisoned arrow in his right leg. A few of their men charged at the native and tried to
intimidate them by burning an entire men charged at the natives and tried to intimidate
them by burning an entire village but this only enraged the natives further. Magellan was
specifically targeted because of the natives knew that he was the captain general. Magellan
was hit with his lance in the face. Magellan retaliated and pierced the same native with his
lance in the breast and tried to draw his sword but could not lift it because of wounded arm.
Seeing that the captain has already deteriorated, more natives came and attack him. One
native with great sword delivered a blow in Magellan’s left leg, brought him a face down
and the natives ceaselessly attacked Magellan with lances, swords, and even with their bare
hands.

Pigafetta also said that the king of Cebu who was baptized could have sent help but
Magellan instructed him not to join the battle and stay in the balangay so that he would see
how they fought. The king offered the people of Mactan gifts of any value and amount in
exchange of Magellan’s body but the chief refused. They wanted to keep Magellan’s body
as a momento of their victory.

Magellan’s men elected Duarte Barboosa as the new captain Pigafetta also told how
Magellan’s slave and interpreter named Henry Betrayed them and told the king of Cebu that
they intended to leave as quickly as possible. Pigafetta alleged that the slaved told the king
that if he followed the slave’s advice, then the king could acquire the ship and the goods of
Magellan’s fleet. The two conspired and betrayed what was left of Magellan’s men. The
King invited these men to gathering where he said he would present the jewels that he
would send for the king of Spain. Pigafetta was not able to join the twenty-four men who
attended because he was nursing his battle wounds. It was only a short time when they
heard cries and lamentation. The native has slain all of the men except the interpreter and
Juan Serrano who was already wounded. Serrano was presented and shouted at the men in
the ship asking them to pay ransom so he would be spared. However, they refused and
would not allow anyone to go to the shore. The fleet departed and abandoned Serrano. They
left Cebu and continued their journey around the world.

(The entire content of this lesson was adopted from: Reading in Philippine History of
Candelaria, JL & Veronica, 2018)

Now proceed to the link provided, then copy and watch:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JlyVCU4zZCE,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e3Y3zUG7vVk,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P96F4dC6uoM,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z8JxS3e_tak

● CLOSURE

You made it! For more information, do your own research which is relevant to this
lesson.
 Lesson 2

THE KKK AND THE KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN

Introduction

 Good day! Now, we are here in Lesson 2: The KKK and the Kartilya ng Katipunan,
talk about the two methods of analysis mentioned as it applies to historical research which
is the most important organization in the history. The struggles and value systems are also
introduced. This lesson is expected to be finished within two (2) days only. 

Learning Outcomes:
 At the end of this lessons, you are expected to:

⮚ To understand the meaning of history as an academic discipline and to be

familiar with the underlying philosophy and methodology of the discipline.
⮚ To appreciate the importance of history in the social and national life of the
Philippines.

● ABSTRACTION

THE KKK and the KARTILYA NG KATIPUNAN

The Kataastaasan, Kagalanggalangan Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan (KKK) or

Katipunan is arguably the most important organization formed in the Philippine History
form in the Philippine History. While anti-colonial movements, efforts and organizations
had already been established centuries prior to the foundation of the Katipunan, it was only
this organization that envisioned (1) a united Filipino nation that would revolt against the
Spaniards for (2) the total independence of the country from Spain. Previous armed revolts
had already occurred before the foundation of the Katipunan, but none of them envisioned a
unified Filipino revolting against the colonizers. For example, Diego Silang was known as
an Ilocano who took up his arms and led one of the longest running revolts in the country.
Silang, however, was mainly concerned about his locality and referred to himself as El Rey
de Ilocos (The king of Ilocos). The imagination of the nation was largely absent in the
aspirations of the local revolts before katipunan. On the other hand, the propaganda
movements led by the ilustrados like Marcelo H. Del Pilar, Graciano Lopez Jaena, and Jose
Rizal did not envision a total separation of the Philippines from Spain, but only demanded
equal rights, representation, and protection from the abuses of the friars.

In the conduct of their struggle, Katipunan created a complex structure and a

defined value system that would guide the organization as a collective aspiring for single
goal. One of the most important Katipunan documents was “Manga [sic] Katipunan ng
mga A.N.B.” or “Lessons of the Organization of the Sons of Country”. The documents was
written Emilio Jacinto in the 1986. Jacinto was only 18 years old when he joined the
movement. He was a law student at the University de Santo Tomas. Despite his youth,
Bonifacio recognized the value and intellect of Jacinto that upon seeing that Jacinto’s
Kartilya was much better than the Decalogue he wrote, he willingly favored that the
Kartilya be distributed to their fellow katipuneros. Jacinto became the secretary of the
organization and took charge of the short-live printing press of the Katipunan. On 15 April
1897, Bonifacio appointed Jacinto as a commander of the Katipunan in Northern Luzon.
Jacinto was 22 years old. He died of Malaria at a young age of 24 in the town of
Magdalena, Laguna.

The Kartilya can be treated as the katipunan’s code of conduct. It contains fourteen
rules that instruct the way a katipunero should behave and which specific values should he
uphold. Generally, the rules stated in the Kartilya can be classified into two. The first group
contains the rules stated that will make the member an upright individual and the second
group contains the rules that will guide the way he treats his fellow men.
 (The entire content of this lesson was adopted from: Candelaria, JL & Veronica, 2018)

Now, proceed to the link provided, then copy and watch:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=451ub7vgqDw

● CLOSURE

You made it! For more information on this lesson do your own research which is
relevant to this lesson.

Lesson 3

ANALYSIS OF THE “PROCLAMATION OF THE PHILIPPINE INDPENDENCE”

Introduction
 Good day! Now, we are here in Lesson 3: Analysis of the proclamation of the
Philippine Independence talks about the two methods of analysis mentioned as it applies to
historical research, using primary resources from across the periods of Philippine History as
a sampler of analyses. This lesson shall be completed within two (2) days.

Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this lessons, you are expected to:

⮚ To examine and assess critically the value of historical evidences and

sources
⮚ To appreciate the importance of history in the social and national life of the
Philippines.

● ABSTRACTION

ANALYSIS OF THE “PROCLAMATION OF THE PHILIPPINE INDPENDENCE”

As mentioned earlier, a re-examination of the document on the declaration of

independence can reveal some often overlooked historical truths about this important event
in Philippine history. Aside from this the document reflects the general revolutionary
sentiments of the period. For example, the abuses specifically mentioned in the
proclamation like friar abuse, racial discrimination, and inequality before the law reflect the
most compelling sentiments represented by the revolutionary leadership. However, no
mention was made about the more serious problem that affected the masses more
profoundly (i.e., the land and agrarian crisis felt by the numerous Filipino peasant in the
nineteenth century).

This is ironic especially when renowned Philippine Revolution historian, Teodoro

Agoncillo, stated that the Philippine Revolution was an agrarian reform revolution. The
common revolutionary soldier fought in the revolution for the hope of owning the lands that
they were tilling once the friar estates in different provinces like Batangas and Laguna
dissolve, if and when the revolution succeeded. Such aspects and realities of the
revolutionary leaders like Emilio Aquinaldo, Ambrosio Rianzares-Bautista, and Felipe
Buencamino, or were intentionally left out because they were landholders themselves.

The Treaty of Paris was an agreement signed between Spain and the United States of
America regarding the ownership of the Philippine Island and other Spanish colonies in
South America. The agreement ended the short-lived Spanish-American War. The Treaty
was signed on 10 December 1898, six months after the revolutionary government declared
the Philippine Independence. The Philippines was sold to the United States at S20 million
and effectively undermined the sovereignty of the Filipinos after their revolutionary victory.
The Americans occupied the Philippines immediately which resulted in the
Philippine-American War that lasted until the earliest years of the twentieth century.

The proclamation also gives us the impression on how the victorious revolutionary
government of Aguinaldo historicized the struggle for independence. There were mentions
of the past events that were seen as important turning points of the movement against
Spain. The execution of the GOMBURZA, for example, and the failed Cavite Mutiny of
1872 was narrated in detail. This shows that they saw this event as a significant awakening
of the Filipinos in the real conditions of the nation under Spain. Jose Rizal’s legacy and
martyrdom was also mentioned in the document. However, the katipunan as the pioneer of
the revolutionary movement was only mentioned once toward the end of the document.
There were no mention of the Katipunan foundation. Bonifacio and his co-founders were
also left out. It can be argued, thus, that the way of historical narration found in the
document also reflects the politics of the victors. The enmity between Aguinaldo’s Magdalo
and Bonifacio’s magdiwang in the Katipunan is no secret in the pages of our history. On the
contrary, the war led by Aguinaldo’s men with the forces of the Unites States were
discussed in detail.

The point is, even official records and documents like the proclamation of
independence while truthful most of the time, still exude the politics and biases of whoever
is in power. This manifest in the selectiveness of information that can be found in these
records. It is the task of the historian, thus, to analyze the content of these documents in
relation to the dominant politics and the contexts of people and institutions surrounding it.
This tells us a lesson on taking primary sources like official government records within the
circumstance of this production. Studying one historical subject thus entails looking at
multiple primary sources and pieces of historical evidences in order to have a more nuanced
and contextual analysis of our past.

(The entire content of this lesson was adopted from: Candelaria, JL & Veronica, 2018)

Now, proceed to the link provided, then copy and watch:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FRlXv_i799A,
https://www.filipinoamericanwar.com/philippineindependence.htm and
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vrYhLNQMRro

● CLOSURE

You made it! For more information, do your own research which is relevant to this
lesson.
 Lesson 4

A GLANCE AT SELECTED POLITICAL CARICATURE IN ALFRED

MCCOY’S PHILIPPINE CARTOONS POLITICAL CARICATURE DURING
THE AMERICAN PERIOD.

Introduction

   Good day! Now, we are here in Lesson 4: A Glance at Selected Political

Caricature in Alfred Mccoy’s Philippine Cartoons Political Caricature During: The
American Period. Talks about the two methods of analysis mentioned as it applies to
historical research, using primary resources from across the periods of Philippine History as
a sampler of analyses. This lesson is expected to be done for two days only. 

Learning Outcomes:

At the end of this lessons, you are expected to:

⮚ To examine and assess critically the value of historical evidences and

sources
⮚ To appreciate the importance of history in the social and national life of the
Philippines.

● ABSTRACTION

A GLANCE AT SELECTED POLITICAL CARICATURE IN ALFRED MCCOY’S

PHILIPPINE CARTOONS POLITICAL CARICATURE DRUING THE AMERICAN
PERIOD.

Political cartoons and caricature are a rather recent art form, which veered away
from the classical art by exaggerating human features and poking fun at its subjects.
Such art genre and technique became a part of the print media as a form of social and
political commentary, which usually targets persons of power and authority. Cartoons
became a part of the print media as a form of social and political commentary, which
usually targets persons of power and authority. Cartoons became an effective tool of
publicizing opinions through heavy use of symbolism, which is different from verbose
written editorial and opinion pieces. The unique way that a caricature represents opinion
and captures the audience’s imagination is reason enough for historians to examine these
political cartoons. Commentaries in mass media inevitably shape public opinion and
such kind of opinion in worthy of historical examination.

In his book Philippine Cartoons: Political Caricature of the American Era

(1900-1941), Alfred McCoy, together with Alfredo Roces, compiled political cartoons
published in newspaper dailies and periodicals in the aforementioned time period. For
this part we are going to look at selected cartoons and explain the context of each one.
 The first
example shown
above was the
Independence on
May 20, 1916.
The cartoon
shows a
politician from
Tondo, named
Dr. Santos
passing his
crown to his
brother in law,
Dr. Barcelona. A
Filipino guy (as
depicted
wearing salakot and barong tagalog) was trying to stop Santos telling the latter to stop
giving Barcelona the crown because it is not his to begin with.

The second cartoon was also published by The Indepent on May 16 June 1917. This
was drawn by Fernando Amorsolo and was aims as a commentary to the workings on
Manila Police at that period. Here, we see a Filipino child who stole a skinny chicken
because he had nothing to eat. The police officer was relentlessly pursuing the said child.
A man wearing a salakot, labeled Juan de la Cruz was grabbing the officer, telling him to
leave the small time pick-pockets and thieves ant to turn at the great thieves instead. He
was pointing to huge warehouses containing bulks of rice, milk and grocery products.

The
third

cartoon was a commentary on the unprecedented cases of colorum automobiles in the city
streets. The Philippine Free Press published this commentary when fatal accidents
involving colorum vehicles and taxis occurred too often already.
 This fourth cartoon depicts a cinema. A blown-up police officer was at the screen
saying that couple are not allowed to neck and make love in the theater. Two youngster
looked horrid while older couple seemed amuse.

The
next
cartoon was published by The Independent on 27 November 1915. Here, we see the
caricature of Uncle Sam riding a chariot pulled by Filipinos wearing school uniforms.
The Filipino boys were carrying American objects like baseball bats, whiskey, and
boxing gloves. McCoy, in his caption to the said cartoon, says that this cartoon was
based on an event in 1907 when William Howard Taft was brought to the Manila pier
riding a chariot pulled by students of Liceo de Manila. Such was condemned by the
nationalists at that time.
 The Last
cartoon was
published by
Lipang Kalabaw
on 24August
1907. In the
picture, we can
see Uncle Sam
rationing
porridge to the
politicians and
members of the
Progresista Party
(sometimes
known as the
Federalista
party) while members of the Nationalista Party look on and wait for their turn. This
cartoon depicts the patronage of the United States being coveted by politicians from
either of the party.

Analysis of the Political Caricature during the American Period. The

transition from the Spanish Colonial period to the American Occupation period
demonstrated strands of changes and shifts in culture, society and politics. The
Americans drastically introduced democracy to the nascent nation and the
consequences were far from the ideal. Aside from this, it was also during the
American period that Filipinos were introduced to different manifestation of
modernity like healthcare, modern transportation, and media. This ushered in a
more open and freer press. The post-independence and post-Filipino-American
period in the Philippines were experienced differently by Filipinos coming from
different classes. The upper principalia class experience economic prosperity with
the opening up of the Philippine economy to the United States but the majority of
the poor Filipino remained poor, desperate, and victims of the state oppression.

The selected cartoons illustrate not only the opinion of the certain media
outfits about the Philippine Society during the American period but also paint a
broad image of society and politics under United States. In the arena of politics, for
example, we see the price that Filipinos paid for the democracy modeled after the
Americans. First, it seemed that the Filipino politicians at that time did not
understand well enough the essence of democracy and the accompanying
democratic institutions and processes. This can be seen in the rising dynastic
politics in Tondo as depicted in the cartoon published by The Independent.
Patronage also became influential and powerful, not only between clients and
patrons but also between the newly formed political parties composed of the elite
 and United States. This was depicted in the cartoon where the United State,
represented by Uncle Sam provided dole outs for members of the Federalista while
the Nacionalista politicians looked on and waited for their turn. Thus, the essence
of competing political parties to enforce choices among the voters was cancelled
out. The problem continues up to the present where politicians transfer from one
party to another depending on which party was powerful in specific periods of
time.

The transitions from a catholic-centered, Spanish-Filipino society to an

imperial American-assimilated one, and its complications, were also depicted in
the cartoons. One example is the unprecedented increase of motorized vehicles in
the city and led to the emergence of taxis. However, the laws and policy
implementation was mediocre. This resulted in the increase colorism and
unlicensed vehicle transporting people around the city. The rules governing the
issuance of driver’s license was loose and traffic police could not be bothered by
rampant violations of the Philippine society. Another example is what McCoy
called the “sexual revolution” that occurred in the 1930s. Young people, as early as
that period, disturbed the conservative Filipino mindset by engaging in daring
sexual activities in public spaces like cinemas. Here, we can see how that period
was the meeting point between the conservative past and the liberated future of the
Philippines.

Lastly, the cartoons also illustrated the conditions of poor Filipinos in the
Philippines now governed by the United States. From the looks of it, nothing much
has changed. For example, a cartoon depicted how police authorities oppress petty
Filipino criminals while turning a blind eye on hoarders who monopolize the goods
in their huge warehouses (presumably Chinese merchants). The other cartoon
depicts how Americans controlled Filipino through seemingly harmless American
objects. By controlling their consciousness and mentality, American go to control
and subjugate Filipino.

(The entire content of this lesson was adopted from: Candelaria, JL & Veronica,
2018)

● CLOSURE

For more information, please do your own research which is relevant in this lesson.
Have good day!
 Lesson 5

REVISITING CORAZON AQUINO’S SPEECH BEFORE THE U.S CONGRESS

Introduction

Good day! Now, we are here in the last lesson: Revisiting Corazon Aquino’s Speech
before the U.S. Congress Talk about the two methods of analysis mentioned as it applies to
historical research, using primary resources from across the periods of Philippine History as
a sampler of analyses.

Learning Outcomes:

⮚ To apply the knowledge in historical methodology and philosophy in

assessing and analyzing existing historical narratives.
⮚ To examine and assess critically the value of historical evidences and
sources
● ABSTRACTION

REVISITING CORAZON AQUINO’S SPEECH BEFORE THE U.S CONGRESS

Corazon “Cory Cojuangco Aquino functioned as the symbol of the restoration of

democracy and the overthrow of the Marcos dictatorship in 1986. The EDSA People
Power, which installed Cory Aquino in the presidency, put the Philippines in the
international spotlight for overthrowing a dictator through peaceful means. Cory was easily
a figure of the said revolution, as the widow of the slain Marcos oppositionist and former
Senator Benigno “Ninoy” Aquino Jr. Cory was hoisted as the antithesis of the dictator. Her
image as a mourning, widowed housewife who had always been in the shadow of her
husband and relatives and had no experience in politics was juxtaposed against Marcos’s
statesmanship, eloquence, charisma, and cunning political skills, Nevertheless, Cory was
able to capture the imagination of the people whose rights and freedom had long been
compromised throughout the Marcos regime. This is despite the fact that Cory came from
rich haciendero family in Tarlac and owned vast estates of sugar plantation and whose
relatives occupy local and national government positions.

The People Power Revolution of 1986 was widely recognize around the world for its
peaceful character. When former senator Ninoy Aquino was shot at the Tarmac of the
Manila International Airport on 21 August 1983, the Marcos regime greatly suffered crisis
of legitimacy. Protests from different sectors frequented different areas in the country.
Marcos’s credibility in the international community also suffered. Paired with the looming
economics crisis, Marcos had to do something to prove to his allies in the United States that
he remained to be the democratically anointed leader of the country. He called for a Snap
Election in February 1986, where Corazon Cojuangco Aquino, the widow of the slain
senator was convinced to run against Marcos. The canvassing was rigged to Marcos’s favor
but the people expressed their protest against the corrupt and authoritarian government.
Leading military officials of the regime and Martial Law orchestrators themselves, Juan
Ponce Enrile and Fidel V. Ramos, plotted to take over the presidency, until civilians heeded
the call of then Manila Archbishop Jaime Cardinal Sin and other civilians leaders gathered
in EDSA successfully turned a coup into a civilian demonstration. The thousands of people
who gathered overthrew Ferdinand Marcos from the presidency after 21 year.

Now, proceed to the link provided, then copy and watch:

https://www.pinoise.net/2009/08/president-cory-aquinos-historic-speech.htmlhttps://primer.com.ph/
blog/2016/02/25/what-you-need-to-know-about-people-power-revolution/
https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/1986/12/28/speech-of-president-corazon-aquino-at-the-family-co
ngress-december-28-1986/

● CLOSURE

Congratulation. You finished your module two. For more information, please do
your own research which is relevant in this lesson.
===============================================================

MODULE SUMMARY

In the preceding module, we tackled about the discovery places in the world, in their
search for more wealth, their desire to widen their territories and spread of Christianity,
Spain colonized the Philippines led to cruelty of Spain to the Filipino. Which ignite the
heart of the people to revolt against them and create an objective of the revolution founded
by Andres Bonifacio the Katipunan to unite the Filipino and to achieve freedom and liberty.
They formulate guidelines that every member must follow with the help of Emilio Jacinto.
Then American came and several system were introduced into the country when the
Americans came. While preparing the Filipinos for autonomy. Americans brought in the
liberation of trade and industrialization for the progress of the Philippines economy.
However, changes in the lives of the Filipinos, as a result of these influences, became,
inevitable. The ways of the American changed the core values of the Filipinos. Revisiting
the Former President Aquino’s speech, as a guiding principles and framework of the
government that she represented.

These are the set of analysis that have mentioned which applies as the historical
research, used as the primary resources from across the periods of Philippines History.

REFERENCES

Antonio, D., Dallo, E., Imperial, C., Samson, C., & Soriano, C., ( 2011) Worktext in
Philippine History Turning Point 1. Second Edition. Rex Printing Company, Inc.,
Quezon City

Black, J., &MacRaild, D. (2012) Studying History. Basingstoke. New Hampshire:

Macmillan

Candelaria, J.L & Alporha V. (2018). Readings in Philippine History. First Edition,. Rex
Printing Company, Inc., Quezon City

Carr, E. (1991). What Is History. London, United Kingdom: Penguin.

Chua, M. C. (2016)”Retraction ni Jose Rizal: Mga Bagong Dokumento at Pananaw.
InGMA News Online.

Corpuz, O., (2016), The Roots of Filipino, University of the Philippines Press.,

Halili, M.C., (2004), Philippine History, Rex Bookstore Inc.,

Lemon, M. (1995). The Discipline of History and the History of Thought. New York,
United States of America: Routledge.
Tosh, J (2002). The Pursuit of History: Aims, Methods and New Directions in the Study of
Modern History (Revised 3rd Ed.). London, United Kingdom: Pearson Education Ltd.

McCoy, A. & Roces, A. (1895) Philippine Cartoons: Political Caricature of the American
Era, 1990-1941. Quezon City: Vera-Reyes.

Pigafetta, A. (1974). The First Voyage Around the World by Magellan. Trans. Lord Stanley
of Alderley. London: Hakluyt Society