Study of Biology

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 Course Overview
Course content
Course assessment
Lecture notes and other provided
materials
Learning approach and Contact

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 Life is Organized onto Levels
Atoms
Molecules
Organelles
Cells – life starts here
Tissues
Organs & Organ Systems
Organism
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere
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 Life is Organized onto Levels
Atoms • Structure of Atoms, Atom
bondings and properties
Molecules • H2O, Biological
Organelles macromolecules

Cells – life starts here •

•
Intracellular arrangement
Cell membrane
• Organelle structure & function
• Cell activities
• Genetics, heredity &
technologies
• Darwinian theory
Evolution • Speciation theory
• Arachae, Bacteria, Plants
Organisms & Biodiversity & Animals
• Tissues, organs
& Organ systems

Ecology • Populations, communities

& ecosystems 4
 Life is Organized onto Levels
Atoms
Molecules
Organelles  New Properties
Emerge at Successive
Cells – life starts here
Levels of Biological
Tissues Organization
Organs & Organ Systems
Organism  From Ecosystem to
Population Molecules, Interactions
Are Important in
Community Biological Systems
Ecosystem
Biosphere
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Biology versus Biotechnology

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 What is Biology?
Biology is the study of all living
things
Living things are called
organisms
Organisms are divided into
different groups (archaea,
bacteria, protists, fungi, plants,
animals)
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Living versus non-living things

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1. All organisms are made of
cells

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 Facts About Cells
Cells are the
smallest living unit
of an organism
All cells are
surrounded by a cell
membrane that
controls what enters
& leaves the cell

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 More Cell Facts
Cells are complex &
highly organized
Cells have parts called
organelles that do
different jobs cytoplasm

e.g. Chloroplasts in plants make sugars

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 More Cell Facts
The simplest cells are
called Prokaryotes
These cells DO NOT
have a nucleus or
membrane-bound
organelles
Bacteria are examples

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 More Cell Facts
More complex cells are
called Eukaryotes
These cells DO have a
nucleus and membrane-
bound organelles
Plants, animals,
protists & fungi are
examples

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 Organisms are Grouped by
their Number of Cells
Unicellular Organisms
– Living Organism is Made Up
Of One Cell
Multicellular Organisms
– Living Organism is Made Up
Of Many, Specialized Cells &
Display Characteristic of
High Order in Structure.
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2. Growth & Development

Organisms grow by
producing MORE
CELLS & by cell
ENLARGEMENT
Organisms develop as
they mature into an
adult organism
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3. Organisms Reproduce
to Pass on their Genetic
Traits

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Two Types of Reproduction
3.1. Sexual
Reproduction
Involves 2 parents
Egg is fertilized
by sperm to make
a ZYGOTE
Offspring
DIFFERENT from
parents

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Two Types of Reproduction
3.2. Asexual
Reproduction
Involves a single
organism or cell
Cell divides
Offspring
IDENTICAL to
parent
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4. Cells Have a Genetic Code

DNA (deoxyribose nucleic

acid) carries the genetic
code for all organisms
All organisms contain DNA
DNA codes for the
proteins that make up
cells & do all the work
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4. Cells Have a Genetic Code

DNA (deoxyribose nucleic

acid) carries the genetic
code for all Processes
Life’s organisms Involve the
Expressioncontain
All organisms and Transmission
DNA of
DNA codes Genetic Information
for the
proteins that make up
cells & do all the work
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5. Cells Require Materials &
Energy

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 Food Requirements
Autotrophs can make
their own food
– Photoautotrophs use
sunlight to make food
(photosynthesis)
– Chemoautotrophs use
chemicals such as iron
& sulfur as their
energy

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 Food Requirements
Heterotrophs canNOT make their
own food
They must consume other organisms
– Herbivores eat plants
– Carnivores eat meat (animals)
– Omnivores eat plants & animals

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 Metabolism
Sum of all the chemical reactions
in an organism
Related to the management of
energy and material resources

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 Transfer & Transformation of
Energy and Matter
Sunlight is
the ultimate
energy for
life on Earth
Energy flows
one way
through
ecosystem
Chemicals
are recycled
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 6. Organisms Respond to
Stimuli
Organisms Respond to stimuli
(Temperature, Water, Food Supplies,
etc.) In Order To Survive &
Reproduce
Can plants
respond to
environmental
factors?
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 7. Regulation
Keeping The Internal Environment Of
The Cell or Organism Within The Ranges
Required For Life (Homeostasis)
Stable internal conditions of pH,
temperature, water balance, etc.

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8. Living Things Evolve
Groups Of Organisms (Not
Individuals) Change Over
Time In Order To Survive
Within Changing
Environments.

Outcome of reproductive
success of those
individuals with heritable
traits that are best
suited to their
environments

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8. Living Things Evolve
Groups Of
Organisms (Not
Individuals) Change
Over Time In Order
ToEvolution
 Survive accounts
Within for the Unity and
Changing Diversity of Life
Environments.
Fossil records show
changes in groups of
organisms
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 All Living Things Share
Common Characteristics

1. Basic Unit is the Cell

2. They Grow & Develop
3. They Reproduce
4. All Based On Universal Genetic
Code (DNA)

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All Living Things Share Common
Characteristics (Cont.)

5. Obtain & Use Materials & Energy

6. Respond To Their Environment
7. Maintain A Stable Internal
Environment
8. AS A GROUP, Living Things
Evolve, That Is They Change Over
Time
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Are virus considered living
things?

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Source: https://www.khanacademy.org/test-prep/mcat/cells/viruses/a/are-viruses-dead-or-alive 33
 Classifying Life

Species are
classified
into groups
that are
then
Classifying combined
species into into even
group based broader
on Linnaean groups
system 34
 Explore and understand more
about living world

Seeking answers through Scientific inquiry –

a search for information and explanations of
natural phenomena
– Making observations: gathering information
(data)
– Forming hypothesis
– Testing hypothesis

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A simplified view of the scientific process

Experimental
Variables &
Controls

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 A more
Realistic
Model in the
Process of
Science

copyright cmassengale 37
Why biological study might be
involved in multi-disciplined
sciences?

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 Lecture Highlights
Basic characteristics of living things
Levels of Biological Organization
Evolution is an important theme of biology

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