Marking Scheme for the end semester examination of MTH101, 2013-14 (I)

xn +xn+1
1. (a) Let x1 = 0, x2 = 1 and xn+2 = 2 for n ∈ N. Show that (xn ) converges and
find its limit. [5]

Marking Scheme:

Observe that |xn+2 − xn+1 | = 12 |xn+1 − xn | [2]

The sequence satisfies the Cauchy criterion and hence it converges.
xn+1 xn
Note that xn+2 + 2 = xn+1 + 2 . [2]
If xn → ` then ` + 2` = 1 and hence ` = 32 . [1]

(b) Suppose that f : [−1, 1] → R is three times differentiable s.t. f (−1) = 0, f (1) = 1
and f 0 (0) = 0. Show that there exists c in (−1, 1) such that f 000 (c) ≥ 3. [5]

Marking Scheme:
f 00 (0) f 000 (c1 )
By Taylor’s Theorem f (1) = f (0) + f 0 (0) + 2 + 6 for some c1 ∈ (0, 1) [2]
f 00 (0) f 000 (c 2)
and f (−1) = f (0) − f 0 (0) + 2 − 6 for some c2 ∈ (−1, 0) [1]
000 000 (c )
Therefore f (c1 )+f6
2
= 1. [1]
Hence either f (c1 ) or f 000 (c2 )
000 ≥ 3. [1]

(c) Let f : [0, 1] → R be continuous and an = f (sin πn ) − f (sin n+1

π
) for n = 1, 2, ...
P∞
i. Show that n=1 an converges and find its sum/limit.

ii. If f is differentiable and |f 0 (x)| < 1 for all x ∈ [0, 1], discuss the conver-
gence/divergence of ∞
P
n=1 |an |. [6]

Marking Scheme:

π
i. The partial sum Sn = f (0) − f (sin n+1 ) which converges. [2]
π
Since f (sin n+1 ) → f (0), the sum of the series is f (0) − f (0) = 0. [1]
ii. By MVT, |f (sin πn ) − f (sin n+1
π
)| ≤ | sin πn − sin n+1
π
| ≤ | πn − π
n+1 |. [2]
π P
Since |an | ≤ n(n+1) , by comparison test, |an | converges. [1]

n2
2. (a) Let an = n3 +200
, n ∈ N. Find the largest term of the sequence (an ). [5]

Marking Scheme:

x2 x(400−x3 )
If f (x) = x3 +200
,x > 0 then f 0 (x) = (x3 +200)2
. [2]
1
The point of maximum for f is 400 . 3 [1]
1
49 8
Since 7 < 400 < 8 and a7 =
3
543 > a8 = 89 , a7 is the largest term [2]
 1 Pn 16 .
(b) Find limn→∞ n18 k=1 k [4]

Marking Scheme:

Note that n118 nk=1 k 16 = n1 n1 nk=1 ( nk )16

P  P 
[2]
R1
and n1 nk=1 ( nk )16 → 0 x16 dx.
P
[1]
Therefore limn→∞ n118 nk=1 k 16 = 0.
P
[1]

R1
(c) Let f : [0, 1] → R be twice differentiable such that 0 f (x)dx < f ( 21 ). Show that
there exists x0 ∈ [0, 1] such that f 00 (x0 ) ≤ 0. [7]

Marking Scheme:

Suppose f 00 (x) > 0 for all x ∈ [0, 1]. [2]

Then by Taylor’s Theorem, f (x) ≥ f ( 12 ) + f 0 ( 12 )(x − 12 ) for all x ∈ [0, 1]. [3]
R1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1
This implies that 0 f (x)dx ≥ f ( 2 ) + f ( 2 ) 2 − f ( 2 ) 2 = f ( 2 ). [2]
which is a contradiction.

3. (a) Using the Riemann criterion show that every increasing function on [0, 1] is inte-
grable. [5]

Marking Scheme:

Let f [0, 1] → R be increasing.

For n ∈ N, consider the partition Pn = {x0 , x1 , x2 , ..., xn }, where xi = ni . [1]
Then Mi = sup{f (x) : x ∈ [xi−1 , xi ]} = f (xi ) and
mi = inf{f (x) : x ∈ [xi−1 , xi ]} = f (xi−1 ). [2]
Then U (Pn , f ) − L(Pn , f ) = n1 ni=1 [f (xi ) − f (xi−1 )] = n1 [f (1) − f (0)] → 0.
P
[2]
By the Riemann Criterion the function is integrable.

(b) Derive an equation for the surface generated by revolving the curve 4x2 + 9y 2 =
36, z = 0 around the y-axis. [5]

Marking Scheme:

Let P (x, y, z) be any point on the surface.

Consider a point Q = (x0 , y, 0) on the curve for some x0 . [2]
Note that the distance from Q to the y-axis and the distance from P to the y-axis
are the same. [1]
Therefore x20 = x2 + z 2 . [1]
An equation of the surface is 4(x2 + z 2 ) + 9y 2 = 36. [1]
 (c) Find a point on the curve y = ex at which the curvature is maximum. [6]

Marking Scheme:
|f 00 (x)| ex
Observe that κ(x) = 3 = 3 [2]
[1+(f 0 (x))2 ] 2 (1+e2x ) 2
1
ex (1+e2x ) 2 (1−2e2x )
and κ0 (x) = (1+e2x )3
. [2]
The curvature is maximum at ( 21 ln 1 √1
2 , 2 ). [2]

3x2 y−y 3
4. Consider the function f (x, y) = x2 +y 2
for (x, y) 6= (0, 0) and f (0, 0) = 0.

(a) Verify whether f is continuous at (0, 0). [3]

Marking Scheme:
|y||3x2 −y 2 | |y||3x2 +3y 2 |
|f (x, y) − f (0, 0)| ≤ x2 +y 2
≤ x2 +y 2
≤ 3|y| → 0 as (x, y) → (0, 0). [3]

(b) Find the directional derivatives of f at (0, 0) in the directions (0, 1), (1, 0) and
√1 (1, 1). [4]
2

Marking Scheme:
f (t,0)
fx (0, 0) = limt→0 t =0 [1]
f (0,t)
fy (0, 0) = limt→0 t = −1 [1]
f ( √t (1,1))
Df(0,0) ( √12 (1, 1)) = limt→0 2
t [1]
Therefore Df(0,0) ( √12 (1, 1)) = √1
2
[1]

(c) Using (b) (NOT the definition of differentiability) verify whether f is differentiable
at (0, 0). [4]

Marking Scheme:

If f is differentiable at (0, 0), then Df(0,0) ( √12 (1, 1)) = (fx , fy )|(0,0) · √1 (1, 1)
2
[3]
But Df(0,0) ( √12 (1, 1)) = √1
2
and (fx , fy )|(0,0) · √1 (1, 1)
2
= − √12 [1]

(d) Evaluate fy (x, 0) for x 6= 0. [3]

Marking Scheme:
f (x,t)−f (x,0)
Since fy (x, 0) = limt→0 t [2]
fy (x, 0) = 3. [1]

(e) Verify whether fy is continuous at (0, 0). [2]

Marking Scheme:

Note that fy (x, 0) = 3 9 fy (0, 0) = −1 as x → 0. [2]

5. (a) Let S be the sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1. Evaluate the surface integral I = 2
RR
S (2x −
2 2
y 2 + 2z 2 + 3ez x − ex y + z cos2 y)dσ. [6]

Marking Scheme:
RR h 2 2
i
Note that I = S 2x + 3ez , −y − ex , 2z + cos2 y · (x, y, z)dσ [2]
h 2 2
i
n = (x, y, z) is the unit normal to S and let F (x, y, z) = 2x + 3ez , −y − ex , 2z + cos2 y .
RR
Hence I = S F · ndσ. [2]
RRR
By divergence Theorem I = D divF dV where D is the solid sphere. [1]
Therefore I = 4π. [1]
2 2
(b) Evaluate the line integral I = C zdx + (x + ey )dy + (y + ez )dz where C is the
H

curve which is the intersection of the plane y + z = 2 and the cylinder x2 + y 2 = 1.

Orient C counterclockwise as viewed from above. [6]

Marking Scheme:
RR
By Stokes’ Theorem I = S (curlF ) · ndσ [2]
where S is the portion of the plane lying inside the cylinder, F (x, y, z) = (z, x +
2 2
ey , y + ez ) and n is the unit outward normal to the said portion.
Note that curlF = i + j + k [1]
and n = √1 (0, 1, 1) [1]
2
√ RR q
Hence I = 2 R 1 + fx2 + fy2 dxdy where R := x2 + y 2 ≤ 1 and f (x, y) = 2 − y.[1]
Therefore I = 2π [1]

(c) Consider the circle in the yz-plane with center y = 5, z = 0 and radius 3. Let S be
the surface obtained by rotating this circle about the z-axis. [6]

i. Find a parametric equation/representation to describe this surface with one

parameter θ, where θ is described below. If (x, y, z) is any point on the surface
then θ is the angle between the x-axis and the line joining (0, 0, 0) and (x, y, 0).

Marking Scheme:

x = (5 + 3 cos φ) cos θ, y = (5 + 3 cos φ) sin θ, z = 3 sin φ [2]

where 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π, 0 ≤ φ ≤ 2π [1]
and φ is the angle between the line joining (x, y, z) and the center of the moving
circle (which contains (x, y, z)) with the xy-plane
RR
ii. Set up a single integral (with one variable) to find S zdσ.

Marking Scheme:
RR R 2π R 2π √
S zdσ = 0 0 (3 sin φ) EG − F 2 dθdφ. [1]
√
Since EG − F 2 = 3(5 + 3 cos φ) [1]
RR R 2π
S zdσ = 18π 0 (sin φ)(5 + 3 cos φ)dφ. [1]
6. (a) Find the points of absolute maximum and absolute minimum of the function f (x, y) =
x2 + y 2 − 2x + 2 on the region {(x, y) : x2 + y 2 ≤ 4 with y ≥ 0}. [6]

Marking Scheme:

fx = 0 ⇒ x = 1 and fy = 0 ⇒ y = 0 [1]
There is no critical point in the interior of the region.
On the curve x2 + y 2 = 4, y ≥ 0, the function is x2 + 4 − x2 − 2x + 2 = −2x + 6 [1]
The candidates for the points of maxima/minima are (−2, 0) and (2, 0). [1]
On the line segment joining (−2, 0) and (2, 0), the function is x2 − 2x + 2 and the
critical point is (1, 0). [1]
Since f (−2, 0) = 10 and f (2, 0) = 2 and f (1, 0) = 1, [1]
the point of maximum is (−2, 0) and the point of minimum is (1, 0). [1]
p
(b) Find the volume of the solid that lies above the cone z = x2 + y 2 and below the
sphere x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1. [6]

Marking Scheme:
p
Solving z = x2 + y 2 and x2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 we get x2 + y 2 = 12 . [1]
RR p p
The required volume is I = R ( 1 − x2 − y 2 − x2 + y 2 )dxdy [2]
1
where R = {(x, y) : x2 + y2 ≤ 2 }.
R √1 R 2π √
2 2
Use polar co-ordinates to get I = 0 0 ( 1 − r − r)rdθdr [2]
2π √1 ]
The value of I = 3 [1 − 2
[1]
p
(c) Let D be the solid cone bounded below by z = x2 + y 2 and above by z = 2. Con-
RRR RbRdRf
vert the integral D zdV as iterated integrals of the form a c e g(ρ, θ, φ)dρdφdθ
for some a, b, c, d, e, f, g where ρ, φ and θ are spherical co-ordinates. [6]

Marking Scheme:
R 2π R π 2
ρ cos φ(ρ2 sin φ)dρdφdθ
4
R cos φ
The required integral is 0 0 0
a = 0, c = 0 and e = 0 [1]
π
b = 2π and d = 4 [2]
2
f= cos φ [2]
g(ρ, θ, φ) = ρ3 cos φ sin φ [1]