PROJECT REPORT

ON
“Wood Turning Machine”
In the partial fulfillment of the requirement for Diploma in mechanical Engineering
Submitted By –

Mr. YOGESH SITARAM AMALE

(1914780045)

Under The Guidance of

PROF. KHEDKAR P.
Submitted To,
MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL EDUCATION

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

DR. N. J. PAULBUDHE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (POLYTECHNIC)
NARAYANDOHO, AHMEDNAGAR- 414001

Seva Shikshan Prasarak Mandalas

DR. N. J. PAULBUDHE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY (POLYTECHNIC)
Department of Mechanical Engineering
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that project report,

Mr. YOGESH SITARAM AMALE

Has satisfactorily carried out and completed the project work entitled,

“WOOD TURNING MACHINE”

This work is being submitted for the award of diploma in mechanical engineering.
It is submitted in the partial fulfillment of the prescribed syllabus of
Maharashtra State Board of Technical Education
For the academic year 2021-2022

Prof.KHEDKAR P.
(Guide)

Prof.ALI.J.A. Prof.BORDE B.
(HOD) (Principal)
 MAHARASHTRA STATE BOARD OF TECHNICAL
EDUCATION

Dr. N. J.Paulbudhe Institute of Technology (Polytechnic)

Department of Mechanical Engineering
2021-2022

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that these subject entitled

“WOOD TURNING MACHINE”

Has been successfully carried out & submitted by

Mr. YOGESH SITARAM AMALE

At
Dr. N. J. Paulbudhe Institute of Technology (Polytechnic)
Department of Mechanical Engineering
2021-2022

Internal Examiner External Examiner

Date:
Place: Ahmednagar
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that Mr. YOGESH SITARAM AMALE From Dr.
N.J. Paulbudhe Institute Of Technology (Polytechnic) Having
Enrollment No. 1914780045 has Completed project of Final year
having title WOOD TURNING MACHINE during the academic year
2021 - 2022. The project completed by individually in a group
Consisting of 5 persons under the guidance of the Faculty Guide.

Name :
Signature of guid :
Telephone :

Date:
Place: Ahmednagar
 ACNKOWLEDGMENT
In our endeavour to achieve to so achieve the success without the advice and co-operation
of other the help of whom went a long way while working in project .We are very glad to
present project report on “WOOD TURNING MACHINE” which is prepared as part of
final year diploma in Mechanical Engineering. We take this opportunity to express our
profound gratitude to our guide Prof.Mr.Khedkar P. who eminent professor of our
department and who has enacted the role of torch in this Endeavour. A project of such
coverage could not have materialized without the systematic guidance of our guide and
other professors we feel greatly delighted in expressing our immense gratitude towards
constant encouragement which greatly helped us making this project reality. We take this
opportunity to sincerely thank to our Prof.Mr.Khedkar P. for his valuable guidance and
suggestions and all possible help.

Thank you,

AMALE YOGESH G.
 ABSTRACT
Woodturning is the craft of using the wood lathe with hand-held tools to cut a shape
that is symmetrical around the axis of rotation. The wood lathe is a simple mechanism which
can generate a variety of forms. The operator is known as a turner, and the skills needed to
use the tools were traditionally known as turnery. In pre-industrial England, these skills were
sufficiently difficult to be known as 'the misterie’ of the turner’s guild. The skills to use the
tools by hand, without a fixed point of contact with the wood, distinguish woodturning and
the wood lathe from the machinists lathe.
Items made on the lathe include tool handles, candlesticks, egg cups, knobs, cylindrical
boxes, bodkins, knitting needles, needle cases, thimbles, pens, chessmen, spinning tops; legs,
spindles and pegs for furniture; balusters and newel posts for architecture; baseball bats,
hollow forms such as woodwind musical instruments, urns, sculptures; bowls, platters, and
chair seats. Industrial production has replaced many of these products from the traditional
turning shop. However, the wood lathe is still used for decentralized production of limited
or custom turnings. A skilled turner can produce a wide variety of objects with five or six
simple tools. The tools can be reshaped easily for the task at hand.
In many parts of the world, the lathe has been a portable tool that goes to the source of the
wood, or adapts to temporary workspaces. 21st-century turners restore furniture, continue
folk-art traditions, produce custom architectural work, and create fine craft for galleries.
Woodturning appeals to people who like to work with their hands, find pleasure in problem-
solving, or enjoy the tactile and visual qualities of wood.
 WOOD TURNING MACHINE

INDEX
SR NO CHAPTER NAME PAGE NO

1 INTRODUCTION 1

2 LITERATURE SURVEY 4

3 AIM AND OBJECTIVE 7

4 CONSTRUCTION 9

5 WORKING 16

6 OPERATIONS 18

7 TOOLS 22

8 SAFETY PRECAUTION 24

9 SPECIFICATION AND BIMENSTIONS 26

10 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 28

11 CONCLSION 30

12 REFRENCE 32

13 COSTING 34

14 FUTURE SCOPE 36

15 PHOTOS 38

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 WOOD TURNING MACHINE

Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

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INTRODUCTION
Wood lathes work with either reciprocating or continuous revolution. The reciprocating lathe is
powered by a bow or a spring, rotating the wood first in one direction, and then in the other.
The turner cuts on just one side of the rotation, as with the pole lathe. The reciprocating lathe
may be human-powered with a bow, as well as with spring mechanisms. The reciprocating
lathe, while primitive technology requiring considerable dexterity to operate, is capable of
excellent results in skilled hands. For example, reciprocating bow lathes are still used to turn
beads for the Arabian lattice windows called Meshrebeeyeh that so charmed Holtzapffel in the
1880s.

Continuous revolution of the workpiece can be human-powered with a treadle wheel, or

achieved with water, steam, or electric power. The style of cutting does not have the pause
required by the reciprocating lathe's rotation. Even with continuous revolution, however, the
turner controls the contact of tool and wood entirely by hand. The cutters are not fixed, nor
advanced automatically, as with the metal-working lathe.
The nature of wood defines woodturning techniques. The orientation of the wood grain, relative
to the axis of the lathe, affects the tools and techniques used by the woodturner. In spindle
turning, the grain runs lengthwise along the lathe bed, as if a log were mounted in the lathe.
Grain is thus always perpendicular to the direction of rotation under the tool. In bowl turning,
the grain runs at right angles to the axis, as if a plank were mounted across the chuck. When a
bowl blank rotates, the angle that the grain makes with the cutting tool continually changes
between the easy cuts to two places per rotation where the tool is cutting across the grain and
even upwards across it. This varying grain angle limits some of the tools that may be used and
requires additional skill from the turner.
Moisture content affects both the ease of cutting wood and the final shape of the work when it
dries. Wetter wood cuts easily with a continuous ribbon of shavings that are relatively dust-free.
However, the wet wood moves as it dries. shrinking less along the grain. These variable
changes may add the illusion of an oval bowl, or draw attention to features of the wood. Dry
wood is necessary for turnings that require precision, as in the fit of a lid to a box, or in forms
where pieces are glued together.

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 WOOD TURNING MACHINE

The character of the wood creates other challenges for the woodturner. Turners of
hardwoods and ivory select different tools than those used for cutting softwoods. Voids in
the wood require higher lathe speeds, fillers, or extra safety precautions. Although other
woodworkers value tight, straight grain, woodturners often search out the unusual wood
from roots, defects, or diseased portions of trees.
The craft of woodturning is preserved and advanced by a community of practitioners. Until
the 1970s, an apprentice system in the U.K., and Industrial Arts education in the U.S.,
preserved many of the traditional skills of the craft. Between 1975 and 1985, industrial arts
teachers, hobbyists, artists, collectors, and tool suppliers developed the symposium format
for exchange of information about the craft. This community was a kind of prototype for the
artisan-based maker culture active in the 21st century. The community organizes regional,
national, and international symposiums, publishes journals, and hosts travelling experts at
club events.

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 WOOD TURNING MACHINE

CHAPTER 2

LITERATURE SURVEY

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LITERATURE SURVEY
The archaeological record of woodturning is limited to illustrations because wood is a fiber
prone to rot. Egyptian monuments illustrate a strap used by a helper to rotate the lathe while
another worker cut the wood. Early bow lathes and strap lathes were developed and used in
Egypt and Rome. The Chinese, Persians, and Arabs had their own variations of the bow
lathe. Early lathe workers would sometimes use their bare feet to hold cutting tools in place
while using their hand to power the lathe. Bow lathes continue in use right up to the present
day, and much of our information about them comes from watching turners use
them. Between 500 and 1500 A.D, turned wooden vessels served as the everyday bowls and
cups of most of the population of Europe. Our knowledge of these humble vessels comes
from bowls excavated from shipwrecks, such as the Mary Rose and the Oseberg burial ship,
or dug out of deep wells, where they were preserved in a non aerobic environment. Much of
this ware was turned from green wood on a spring pole lathe. Finely crafted drinking bowls,
known as mazers, were produced in very limited quantities from dry wood, then decorated
with silver-gilt central bosses and rims.
As early as 1568, a separate fly wheel powered a lathe via a drive belt. A master would cut
the wood while an apprentice turned the crank on a huge wheel, often several feet in
diameter. This was a continuous revolution lathe, which led to adaptation to external power
sources such as water, steam, and electricity. This lathe evolved into the 'queen of machine
tools' which made it possible to turn parts for other
machinery. The Holtzapffels developed ornamental turning lathes from the continuous
revolution lathe combined with metal-worki
ng innovations like the automatic slide rest. These lathes worked from geared patterns to cut
designs in hardwoods such as ebony. They were favored as a hobby by European princes,
meriting a mention by Tolstoy in War and Peace (1869).
Woodturners in London organized into a guild as early as 1310 on Wood Street. By 1347,
the Turners Company was assigned responsibility for regulating weights and measures by
the Mayor. By 1591, they built their own Hall. The Company governed the apprentice
system, and established pricing for goods. In 1604, they were incorporated as
the Worshipful Company of Turners of London. Outside of London, the craft was
decentralized and unregulated. Itinerant turners known as Bodgers set up temporary pole
lathes near the source of wood for turning furniture parts.
In the 19th and early 20th century, woodturners in England worked in Turning
Shops, usually within the master-apprentice system. In Germany and Russia, woodturning
was concentrated in villages which had a specialty, such as turning toys. Bow lathes and
pole lathes continued in use for decentralized, one-man production of architectural elements
and bowls in many parts of the world. In the US, woodturning was part of the curriculum of
industrial arts taught in public schools—often a prerequisite for classes in building furniture.
The 'problems' from textbooks included both tool management skills, and assignments to
turn objects such as gavels, darning eggs, boxes, trays, candlesticks, lamps, and legs for
furniture. Woodturning skills were used by patternmakers in the making of prototypes and
shapes for casting molds used in foundries during the 19th and 20th century. They worked
very slowly to achieve precision, using enormous patternmaker lathes and slow-cutting
scraping tools.

Woodturning has always had a strong hobbyist presence. In the 1970s, an explosion of
interest in hobby woodturning in the English-speaking world sparked a revival in the craft.
Dr. Dale Nish travelled to England to recruit teachers, tools, and techniques from the last of
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 WOOD TURNING MACHINE

the apprentice-trained woodturners. A few years later, Canadian Stephen Hogbin spent a
year in Australia, pushing the limits of the craft through changes in scale and design.
Industrial arts teachers used their institutional affiliation to create seminars, publish books,
and foster research.The tool industry identified a new market for lathes and turning tools. A
small group of serious collectors invested in the increasingly sculptural explorations of
woodturners. It is unusual that woodturning never established a strong foothold in university
departments of art and design. Instead, practitioners of the craft have become adept at
learning from demonstrations, private classes, regional meetings, their own published
journals, and internet technologies. Some artists began as woodturners, and moved into
more sculptural work, experimenting with super object forms and other fine craft
concepts. The Center for Art in Wood, founded in 1986 as The Wood Turning Center,
houses a collection in Philadelphia with over 1,000 objects from international artists as well
as a research library and gallery. Other turners have chosen an artisan-based focus on
traditional work, custom work, and the pleasure of studio practice.

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 WOOD TURNING MACHINE

CHAPTER 3

AIM AND OBJECTIVE

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 WOOD TURNING MACHINE

AIM AND OBJECTIVE

AIM

1. The wood turning lathe machine is not available in collage.

2. The wood turning machine is less costly to making.

3. The wood turning machine is simple in construction

OBJECTIVE

1. To use available local materials in wood.

2. To achieve a reduction in the cost of production of the machine.

3. To reduce the labour cost and time spend on using hand tools for wood dressing.

4. To create awareness for and encouragement of indigenous technology.

5. Increase productivity and creativity.

6. The Portable Mini Lathe is a simplest wood turning machine having simple
constructional parts which favours less effort to operate.

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 WOOD TURNING MACHINE

CHAPTER4

CONSTRUCTION

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 WOOD TURNING MACHINE

CONSTRUCTION

Main Parts Of The Wood Turning Lathe Machine

Every individual part performs an important in wood turning lathe machine. Some
important part of wood turning lathe machine are listed below.
1. Bas

2. Headstock

3. Spindle

4. Tailstock

5. Tool Post

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 WOOD TURNING MACHINE

Base

The lathe base is the area above which your piece of wood is turning .It also acts as support
for the headstock, tailstock as well as the tool rest. This portion of the lathe is generally
heavy in order to maintain stability and restrict any movement or vibration during normal
operation. Lastly, you will often see the term "swing over base" which refers to the shortest
distance between the center of the spindle to the base. It indicate show big of a piece you
can turn for your project

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 WOOD TURNING MACHINE

Headstock

The headstock is the fixed portion of the lathe directly responsible for rotating the
material. It is typically located on the left side looking from the control panel. The
headstock will feature a spindle with a chuck which will clamp onto the material you are
working on. Finally, the headstock is the portion of the lathe which is driven by the motor
and typically holds the belt & pulley mechanism inside of it.

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 WOOD TURNING MACHINE

Spindle

The spindle is the crown of the headstock. In other words, it is the portion of the
headstock which is being driven by the motor and will be rotating during operation.
Typically, people will refer to the entire rotating assembly as the spindle, but in
reality, it is only the shaft and the head.

There will be two spindles on typical lathe: one for the headstock and one for the
tailstock. However, many projects (in: Bowl Turning) will only require one side of the
lathe and thus only a single spindle.

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 WOOD TURNING MACHINE

Tailstock
The tailstock will be the movable part of the lathe which sits on top of the lathe bed. It is
primarily responsible for supporting the piece of material one is working with. It will slide
back and fourth in order to ensure an adequate grip. It also features spindle which can
either clamp onto the wood or simply press against it. The tailstock will spin at the same
rate as the headstock in order to provide maximum stability. Although the tailstock is not
driven by anything, it keeps up with the transfer of motion with a well lubricated bearing.

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Tool Post

The tool rest is a very important component of your lathe. It is the stand which is used to
support your tool during the carving process. The primary objective it aims to accomplish
is redirecting the downward force subjected by the tool into the lathe bed. In other words,
it acts as a support for when you are carving and prevents the tool to dig into the wood and
cause damage.

It is not tricky to use the tool rest properly. You need to think of your tool as a lever. The
longer the portion from the wood to the tool rest, the more force will be applied and the
more difficult it will be for you to work with the wood. Similarly, if that distance is
shortened, it becomes much easier and allows you to focus on carving rather than fighting
the downward force. Therefore, it is recommended to keep that distance as small as
possible by bringing the tool rest closer to the wood or material you are working on.

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CHAPTER 5

WORKING

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WORKING

The lathe is a machine tool which holds the workpiece between two rigid and strong
supports called centers or in a chuck or face plate which revolves. The cutting tool is
rigidly held and supported on a tool post which is fed against the revolving work. The
normal cutting operations are performed with the cutting tool fed either parallel or at right
angles to the axis of the work.

The function of lathe is to remove metal from a piece of work to give it a desired shape
and size. In a lathe machine, the work piece is rotate against the tool. The tool is used to
remove material from the work piece. The direction of motion of tool is called feed.

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Chapter 6

OPERATIONS

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OPERATIONS
Turning

In turning operation, the excess material is removed from the surface of the work piece to
produce a cylindrical surface of desired shape and size. During the turning operation, the
feed is moved along the axis of rotation of the chuck. It reduces the diameter of the
cylindrical work piece.

Chamfering

Chamfering is the process of beveling the extreme ends of a work piece. It is done in
order to remove the burrs, to protect the end of the work piece from being damaged and to
have a better look.

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Parting Off

It is the process of cutting a work piece after it has been machined to the required shape
and size.

Grooving

The process of creating a narrow slot on the work piece is called grooving. It is also
known as recessing or necking

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 WOOD TURNING MACHINE

Taper Turning

It is the process in which a conical shape is produced on the work piece. During taper
turning the feed is set at an angle to the work piece

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Chapter 7
TOOLS

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 WOOD TURNING MACHINE

TOOLS

Turning tools are generally made from three different types of steel; carbon steel, high
speed steel (HSS), and more recently powdered metal. Comparing the three types, high
speed steel tools maintain their edge longer, requiring less frequent sharpening than
carbon steel, but not as long as powdered metal tools. The harder the type high speed steel
used, the longer the edge will maintain sharpness. Powdered steel is even harder than
HSS, but takes more effort to obtain an edge as sharp as HSS, just as HSS is harder to get
as sharp as carbon steel.
Woodturning tools must be sharpened more frequently than other edged woodworking
tools to maintain a clean cut because the wood passes at great speed. Sharpening is
usually accomplished with the aid of mechanical devices such as powered sharpening
wheels and abrasives. This sharpening process requires either skill of the craftsman, or
one of the many available sharpening jigs, which facilitate maintaining specific bevel on
the tool. As with any
mechanical sharpening method, overheating or bluing is a danger to be avoided as it will
ruin the steel's temper, rendering the steel too soft to maintain a sharp edge. When this
happens, the blue area must then be ground away to expose fresh steel and the tool must
then have the bevel reestablished and the edge re-honed. High speed steel is not prone to
bluing (overheating) whereas carbon steel blues easily, requiring frequent quenching in
water or oil to avoid losing temper.

Types of tools used in wood turning machine

1. Skew chisel
2. Parting tool
3. Hollowing tool
4. Roughing gouge

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 WOOD TURNING MACHINE

Chapter 8
SAFETY PRECAUTION

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 WOOD TURNING MACHINE

SAFETY PRECAUTION

1. Wear safety glasses or goggles, or a face shield (with safety glasses or goggles) to
protect yourself from flying chips.

2. Wear hearing protection that is suitable for the level and frequency of the noise you
are exposed to in the woodworking area.

3. Wear a dusk mask when dust is generated (e.g., during sanding operations).

4. Use sharp, well-maintained chisels and gouges.

5. Work in well-lighted area.

6. Before the lathe is turned on, ensure that all clamps and fittings are secure and that the
work piece is free to turn.

7. Use stock free of defects.

8. Hold tools firmly with both hands and against the tool rest.

9. Hold the stock securely on the faceplate or between the centre.

10. Use only furnished or approved tools.

.

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 WOOD TURNING MACHINE

Chapter 9
Specification and Dimensions

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 WOOD TURNING MACHINE

Specification and Dimensions

1) Total length of the machine 107.5mm

2) Width of machine 38.5mm

3) The electric motor (Phillips)

4) RPM of motor 6000 rpm

5) Horse power capacity of the electric motor 1/12HP

6) Voltage to be supplied to the electric motor 210/220V

7) Diameter of electric motor's pulley 20mm

8) Width of tailstock 150mm

9) Maximum length of work piece 500mm

10) Maximum diameter of work piece 50mm

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Chapter10
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

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 WOOD TURNING MACHINE

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

Advantages

1. Better profitability in regards to your woodwork

2.It gives you the consistency of exhaustive work

3.You can make anything with it starting from toothpick, bowls, candle holder it's like sky is
the limit

4.The accuracy that you can reach is something that no chisel can provide you

5.You can modify chiseling according to your projects

6.It gives a fine finish, provided you realize what tool works best for that and tool this means
you should use a separating.

Disadvantage

1.The size and shape limitations depend heavily on the machine being used. On most lathes
there is an outer diameter limit of 8" and a length limit of 42". Parts any bigger can not be
made on the lathes in the machine shop.

2. The shape of the parts made on a lathe must be radially symmetric.

3.Complex shapes cannot be produce on wood turning machine.

4.It required high skilled operator to operate the machine.

5. Mass production is not possible on wood turning machine.

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Chapter 11

CONCLUSION

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 WOOD TURNING MACHINE

CONCLUSION

In this project a study has been done on wood turning lathe machine to know about its
portability, reliability and cost reduction. A basic design of wood turning lathe machine
has been made and analysis has been done of the tool to determine the cause of failure of
the tool. The fabricated model of the design will be portable, cost efficient and can be
assembled and dismantle according to the use which will increase the mobility of the
machine and can be easily carried. The ordinary workers who can’t afford the
conventional lathe machine can buy this portable wood turning lathe machine and can
perform their machining operation effectively. The wood turning lathe machine can
reduce the capital cost of machining reducing the labor cost. The machine would be easy
to handle because of its mobility and portability and can easily be maintained. Because of
its portability and small in size it will consume less power than conventional lathes and at
the same time will be simple and compact performing 24 various machining operations.

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Chapter 12

REFERENCE

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 WOOD TURNING MACHINE

REFERENCE
1. Wood lathe with sliding, horizontally-rotatable headstock and variable speed drive,
Barey D. Wixey, 2015, “Description” .

2. Mc Graw Hill “Force Analysis”.

3. Wood Lathe, Raymond L. Wilson, 2013 “Description”.

4. Wood Lathe tool holder, Larrie A. Tennant, 2014 “Abstract”.

5. William Callister, Material Science and Engineering.

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Chapter 13
COSTING

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COSTING

Sr Component Quantity Cost

No Name

1 Motor 1 1100

2 Big Bolt & Nut 1 100

3 Regulator 1 160

4 Small Bolts 4 40

5 Bolts 2 40

6 Nails 100 gm 40

7 Drill Bit 1 45

8 Rubber Washer 10 10

9 Metal Washer 10 10

10 Spray Paint 2 660

11 Plywood 1 750

12 Wood cutting - 200

Total 3155/-

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 WOOD TURNING MACHINE

Chapter 14

FUTURE SCOPE

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FUTURE SCOPE

Global lathe machines market size was valued at $9,925 million in 2015. The lathe machines
market is projected to grow at a CAGR of 2.6% and is forecast to reach $12,012 million by
2022. The global lathe machines market is largely driven by the growing automotive
production demand, high demanding and user industries, growing dominance of CNC lathes,
and increasing need for smart and sustainable manufacturing. However, the market growth
for lathe machines is restrained by factors such as the slowdown in Chinas economic growth
and uncertainty in the global manufacturing sector. Lathe is a machine tool that is
principally used for shaping articles of metal, wood, or other materials. Lathe machines are
one of the most important machine tools used in the metal working industry Lathes are
considered as powerful metal shaping machine tools. They can transform the unfinished
metal sheet into a variety of finished metal products, precise machine components,
automotive spares and body parts, and much more. Lathe machines include metal cutting
tools that cut the metal sheets into required sizes and engrave desired designs in order to
create customized shapes by shaving off the unwanted metal from the surface.

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Chapter 15
PHOTOS

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 WOOD TURNING MACHINE

PHOTOS

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WOOD TURNING MACHINE

41