2142022

1HURS)PAY MOpuLE 1.

ELECTROMAGINETICS
1t 1 a bnanch of electacal engMeeaing in i c

elecaic and magnetic field study.

Applicatlons Eleciaical machines, induction heatea
minowaves anennas, sate rte cOmmunicattan,nuclean
9esecnch, electapmaqnetic inteafeiena, 1aansfoamer
Radio 0a TV, TaaAmission lines etc

VECTOR ANALYS IS

A 2uantiba can be nepnesen bed. as scalaN Or vectoa.

Scala Quantity Having ony Magnitude Eg 1e mP>
density
Veuto Aualibj A
physical 2y having both magniud
and. disMection
Eg Velocity, Acuelnaton, Fonte
electan field intensity.

Any 2uantiby can be

nepaesented. by A 'as vebn.

SUBTRACTION oF VECTO RS.

7A
 A- 3.
B

A-B
Vectoa B is subsdacted faom A oa vecha B is aeveasecd

and ad ded to ve cta A.

IMPORTANT LANS OF VELIORS.

C) COMMUTATIVE LAW

G) AssOCIATIVE LAW

A+ (E+e) - CA+B)+2

i ) DISTRIBUTUvE LAN

k(+B+)- kA+k.E+K.

UNIT VECTOR.

A vectoa whose magnitude is unity and di2lection along

hat vectoa,
 A- B
B

A-B

Vectoa B is subtiacted aom A ea vecva B is aevea sed

and added to vecba A
IMPORTANT LAWS OF VELTORS.

C) COMMUTAT(VE LAW

i) AssocIA7IVE LAW

A+(B+E) (A+B)+

In) DIsTRIBUTivE LAN

kA+ k.Bk.
k (+ B+2) -

UNIT VECTOR.

A vecto whose magnitude 1s unity and dinectlon alo

hat vec toa
 A
IAI

CARTESIAN COORDtNATE SYS1EM. (Rectanglar).

AL
Clz

Ay
An- Magnitade
Ar of vecos in
r diacct

n unt vectoa
A Axaz t Ayay +
AzAz. n z dixetm

A vecto A in cantesian oa. nectangulan cooRdinates can

oe 71epaeRnted as, ike above.

Magnitude of A can be found by

A An+A + Az

unit vectox dlong A aA

Aa
A

Ar an + Ayly +Azaz

A+ Ay+ Az
NEpNEspAV
4520
22
VECTOR MuLT(PLLCATON

Tuue
ways of vectoa multipli caton
9 Dot oa scalu. paodurt
CAB)
)Cnoss oz uecta paeduct

CAx B)

i) DOT PROOULT

A B ABose
e is the angle bctwen A and B.

A Andn + AyAy + Azaz

B BAr + By ay + Bzaz

A.B AxBa AyBy 4+ Az Bz.

Magn tudes ae Mmultiyurd and addtd
cutput of AB is Scaln.

) CRoSs PRODucT

A XB ABsine. An

an s he unit
vectoa noarmal bo the o1t
ning A and B pl
1A Axaxt Ayay+ Azaz
6 Bx Qr +
Byay + B zdz
A xB a ay Az

Ax Ay Az
Br By Bz

IMPORTANT LANS OF pOT AND CROSS PRODUCT

Comnmutative. Law

A. B B. A

AxB B x A

and AxB BxA) Anticommutative.

i) Distaibutive Láw

A B+) A.B +A.Cc

Ax (B+) = AxB + AxC

Both Dot and (noss PA educt employs distaouive

lad
 A2 Cos O= 1
AA A
2. A xA O Stn 0 D

3. a dy

ay.dz O

4. aa x
Ay az

ay x az d

5. Ax ay ay.dz az.az 1
5. an -Ac
=
ay ay Az-az 1.

Two vectoas A and B ane said to be oathogonal

0a penpendicula NiM each othea if,

A. B 0 C0s qo-O. ) AB COS o

SCALAR TRIPLE PRODuCT

Thiee vecboas A, B and c. ne can define. scalan taplt

Paoduct as

A.(Bxc B.lcxA) C .(Ax8)

 f A (Az,Ay, Az)

B (Bx, By, Ba)

c Ca Cy C2)

A BxC A Ay Az
Bx By B
Cx Cy Cz

A. BxC volume of pcaalopiped

VECTOR TRIPLE PRODUCT

B(A.c) cA.B)
AxBxC
-

is vccns.
Ouk put

Quwstlon
5ax + ay t3az Find ne maa-
vectwA A
:

aven a

nitude of he vec toa anó uniE vectox enigi nating faonn

the 0tigin.
5az +ay+ 3a2
A Anan + Ay ay+ Az az
1 Az 3
Ar 5 Ay

Magnitude of A AntAyt Az
 52++ 32
5+1+9
J35

wnt Vectha a ALA

5ax +ay+ 3az

J35

2 iven avec toa A 's 5ant ay +3 az and

vectoz.
B 2ar+ 2ay + 2a2. Find
) A +B
di A-B
Gi) A-B
dv 2le o/w A and B
unit vectoa nOAmal to A and
B.
(i)A B 5q+ ay t 3az + Zan + 2 ay + 2a2
Tar+3ay + 5az
i) A-B =
5an+ ay + 2az -(2an
2an ++ 2ay
5an+ay 2ay++2a2)
+ 2a2)
+ 3 az- 2q-
2ay -2a2
3a- ay+dz
li) A.B
AB +
AyBy+AzBz.
 (5x2)+ CIx2) + (3x2)
o +2 +6

iv)
A B AB COs e

COse= AB

AB
Al 2 4 14 32 J35
B 2+2*+ 22- 2J3.
COse=
35-23

D.878
2J105
o s " (o.878) =28. 56.

) unit vectoa nozmal to A and B., an

AB= A|lB|sin e.an.

AXB ax Ay az
5 1 3
2 2 2

a n (2-5) - ay (10 -)+ az(10-2)

4ax 4 ay + Baz
 An _ AXB
AXB

1AxB J4+42+3 =
-
4N

An -4an- 4ay+8 az

- X(+aa+ ay2 az)

- A l - â y +aaz

ax -ay +aa2

3. f A 1Oa 4ay +6az and B

=Zaa + ay.
-

Findirthe magnitude ef 3A-B.

i) unit vectoa along A+2B

)3A-B.
3A 3 (10 an + 4ayt6a)
3 0 aN - 12ay +18 Az

3A-B 3 0 a x - 12ay + 18 a z - 2an- ay

28 a * -13ay+ 18 az

3A-B726+32+ 18 35.735
 Cii) A + 28.

28 2 (2a% + ay
4 ax +2ay
A+2B = 10 a - 4 a + 6 a z + - 4 a n + 2ay

14 an-2ay +6 az

A+2B J14+ 2+c

2Ns4

A+2B A+28
A +2B

14ax-2ayt6aaz
2J54

14a 2ay + 6az

2S 2N5 2S59
7an ay + 3az

/5/2022
T H U R S D AY

COORDINATG SYSTEMS

Tub types
) 0athcgonal ( poapendiculan)
cantesian togadinate
cylindaical
sphaical
ti) Non -CAtnogonad
 cantesian camadinat: System
Z
(,9,2)

ay y

i cylindakical c eordinate sysem.

ag is the Aaial
Z distane taom z ais

P.and z ane the 3 ccondinaes

P-Aadtus of tyinda Vaging omo lo

- le meas uoned taom x-axis in the. xy plane
- it vay fzonmo to 2T

z Z is sa as caontesian system and it

may vay faom to + .

ap a and az ane the eunit vectms alony

P,and z cooadinates esptetielg-

Vectoa A can be ote
paesented in
cylindaical coadinate
System as

A AgAg + Apa¢ + Azaz

Magnitude of A,

A A+ A+ A

Apx az

azxap = a

TRANSFORMATON B/N CARTESIAN AND CYUNDRICAL

, P(z,4,2)= Plg, ¢z).

-pas 4
y Psin¢
 cin
P

Ssin¢

ces
os¢|
+y2 p*sint +P os*p
Csin +cos*4)
p +y2

-Jy
O = Fsin

Scos
=tan

. ta (
z Z
.nive the cylindaical coadinat Of the point
hose cantrsian
a Adinates ate =3, y-4 and z=5 units And shos tw
9ame on a sketth

-
Ja4l6 a s 5
tan y4)tai : 53.13

P(345)=P(5, 53.13,5

Z5

79
AP-5
53.13
=3
6|512022 l ) sphetical cookdinate sysbem
FRIDAYN AZ

P
e

91, O and ane the coodinates et a sphenical. system.

angle measwed taem z-axis

- 1adius of ihe sphese (distanne faorm øigin to P)
- angle measwed, faorm uxis. (sames os in cylin
daical coordinae
vaiies faan o- (o<a< )
Vnies faem 0 -JT Co< 0 <T)
vaies daom O-2JT
(o<d< 21)
Vecto in sphaial oondinate can be ncpacsented as,

A Aada t Ae le + A¢lo
Magnitude of A, lal A + Ast Af
 Apa 1
2
aax ae ap

1RANSFOR MATION B/n CARTESIAN AND

SPHERLAL SYSTEM

AZ
P-1sine
P(14,z) PM,e,4) =P(SÅ:)

Z 1OSe

P sin

Faom l e oPa,

sine

f = Asin e -(1)

Cos e

2)

S2uane and add ) and (2), nie get

 P+z-sin?e + 91coste

F4z (sin-0 + (os e)

= =p+z2

Ne know hat - n+y*

= +y+z

Nous divide. )
2
Sine
2 1 COS 9

= tane.

e tan

taviay
Z

PCos ¢
Also t a n y
Sine cos
Psin d
asine sin
Z cose
TiVe thc spherical tooadnaks of he point nmose antrian
cOAdinates ane N =3, yrq and 2-5.unib and. no

SAme On a ske tch.

3, y 4 2 5

pl1,0,) ?
+yt z2
J344+52 =
a+L6+25 JG0 = 52

e tan Jty2
z

tari3+4 an J4+16
5 5

tañ' () =45

ta (9
tai ( 53.133

(5N2,45, 53.13
64
91-5W2

53 13
EXPRESSION ROR ap, a az IN TERMs OF C

Sin

cos z Paojecting he
unit vecdoas
ap,ag.42
Plane

ap a x COs +ay s in o -u)

a c o s ( +) + aysin (+T)
a ="an sin aycos - - -2)

z --- (3
Nae he czn. (2) and 8) in matIx foam
 cos sin o t
P

-Sin Cos o

1
z

Lontesio n io cyliotkeak.

This malån is an ottn0gonal moaAin

A=ATAT
1 0 L0nveat cylmdaicd to canbesian.

ax cos sin o ap
a
ay -sin cos o

az
LazJ

dhi aa cos -Sin o p

ay
Sin cos4 o
a
a

Taansfoam the vect»a A 2a+5ay at the pont

PCa=1,y-2, z3) into cylindaical t00adinate 3ystem

Oaz
A 2a+ 5 ay

Ar 2, Ay 5 , Az-0,
 tavi
tai

tan 2 63.43°

Ap Coso sin A A
A -sin cos¢ A
oAy
Az o L Ar
Az

[cos sn d o 2

-Sin cos 5

Ap 2 cos +5 sin
2 os (62.13) + 5 Sin (63.43) =
5-366

A - - 2sin ¢ + 5 cos

r-2 (sinm (63.43)+5 (os (63.43) :

0.447

A (2 x0) 5 x0) +0 x0)D

A =

Apap + Ago+ Azz

5.360 +0,447A¢
Sataday
72021G/4
EXPRESSloN FOR aa, Ae,ap IN TERMS OF aa, ay,Az

A
P-1sin

ae

3 CosÙ

y Ssin

aa a +y ay + Zaz
S c oso
Sine cos
P sin
s i n e cos ¢

Aos e az
aa 1 Sine cos ax + 1 Sine sin ay +
- (0)

ae +JT
ao t sin (o +I) (osdax +A sin (o+) sin ay +

ot cos (otI) az
 + Cos e sin ay *
9 cos e as¢ a r
s i n e az
1
+ Cose sin ay - Sinea.
- sineaz
ao Cos e cosax ..
--

a - s i n a z + COs ¢ ay - -
(9) (Refei erpi

7 and (32 in matix foam. caatesian to spheicd

sinecos . Sinesin
dhd

Ce cOse cos¢ Cos sind - sine

cosoa
a - sin cos
sphcaieal-te castesBan

10 conveat eanksian-tsphaitatt spheaical b calesar

talke tnveiL A-l AT in
eatmogonal
IMP

sinecos COsecoso -sine aa

Sinesin COse sin ao
COS
Cos -Sine JLa
CYLIN OR\(AL TO SPHeRICAL TRANSFORMATLON

ae

aa = Sag + Za2

s i n e de +1 Cos E az

Take a 1

Aa =
S In e dp +COseqz -(12

+ 1/2
as Sin (e+W2) ap + os (e+ I)a2

sin edz - 2)
Ao cos e ap-

a 3)

sn maiaiz bam.
spheaical to ayindaical
 ca

a Sine o COs8 ap

COsO -sine

a oa
Sphsical t» cglindaicas .

Sine cos9 o aR
aR
a ae
al5l2022/,
5l2022 Cos 9 sine a
MONPAN
Given point P(-2,6,3) and Vecox A = yaz +{*+ny+

Rp91eSs P and A In sphical and ylindaical e0oadind

Evaluale A and P in the cntesian, cylindaical and

sp henicas systms.

Foa onveaBng castesian to spheaica

a sin eos¢ Sinesin cose
an
ao Cos e cOS N Cos e Sin -Sine Ay
ap) - sin
COs
o]larJ
tan (q) - 71. Sh
 P(-2,6,3)
-2 y z 3

cylindaial cooadinates

P J+g2J-2)*+62 =6.32

Hai (9). t -TuG6

- 180-7 56

- 10s.414

Z 3.

spherical c00adinates

e tana+ -

64.02
Iog. 44
TaanstoAmat ion, f cante sian to cHlndial
Cest Sin oAo Ax y 6
A co | | AyAy
sin Ay 2 243°
A Az Az o

Ag Gccs+ sind to.

Cos (108.44)+ sin (108.44)

-0.44
 AAt -6sin cOs¢ +0,

-6 sin (to8.44)+ cOs (t08.44

- 6.008

Az O
A
A Apap + A4a + Azaz

-0.044 ap-6.00 84¢

Taansfoamatton o Caibsi an to Sphnial.

Az sin e cosg sin9e Sn COse Az

Ae COS 0.coso cosesin si Az
cos e
Ad) LS
o
AR 6sinecos¢ + 1xghaSsiný +

- 6 sinl64.02)cos Cios.44) + sin (t4De) Sin(108.44)

-0.S53

Ae 6cos(Ao2).tos (log.44)
+ cos (o4.02) sin (io8.44)
-0,41558

Ap--6xSin (lo8-44) t cos (iog.44)

-0O%

A Aaan t+ Ae lo + 4 A

- 0 . 8 5 3 A a - o.4158 l e - 6 - 0 0 8 A¢
2 EpeSS vecboa B IO +A ©s e Ap + A6 in
catesian and ylindical cooadinatee. Find B at .
and 6(5,-2).

Spherical Coondinats (oAesponding o B(3,4,0)

-3 y 4 z0.

=*+y+12
J-3+4240
5

ta J+y2 tan 3)+42 tai()

O

tan ta (- r - 5 3 . 13

=
l80 -

53.13
= 126.81

Spheical o caniesian

B sine cos ose

cos-Sin| B
Sine sin Cos sino
cos Be
Be Ose
-sin& o B
B 1O 1O2
Cos e=5 (os O O.
BA
 Ba 0.6O0 O -0.74

o.Ta 0 -6GCo O

B -1

B -O,600 x2) + (oxo) +(-0.741xI)

By Co.709 x2) + o + (-0.600 XI)

O.18

B z ( x + (-Ixo) + (oxi)
.

B = -1.904 ax +0.448ay
]5/2022
TUP
SAnY
4 pheicd to cegidinaes comesp onding to
B5,T-2
=5 z -2
+z2
5+-2)
2

dari" ta ( )
- S198 G5 118 +160 =
ll.8

2
Sphetial i cindtica

sine COSe o &z

COS slne o p

0.3:71 1-856
2
-0.371 -0.42

Be-0.q28x2)+ (37IXo) +(ox1)

B 1 0 -5 6 .
2
Be 1co se =
N24. Cos 8 2.0e005
= . qaq -2
B 1
Bp o.428 x1-856) + 0.37) X 2
2,464

B (oal.856) + ( ox -2) + lxt : 1

2 (-o.37I X18ho) (-0.92& x -2) + (ox

167
 B 2.464ap + ap + I.167az

VEC10R CALCULuS

DIFFERIAL LEN T+l AREA, VOLUM16

ccentesian ceoadnates

ay

Displaument of pah AB -
dyay
Displawment of path BC = dzAz
of pat bs =
dxax

1otal displaument -daax + dyay+ dzaz

Dffeentioal dislacvent dl= dnaxtdyay t dz az
 Diffcsentia Anect (ds)

ABCD ds dydz ax
BQRC ds -dzdzly

APRB ds dady az

DfAenti wlume

du drdydz (saala
2. cylindaical eooadinatts dg, Pdd, d.z

dp.
P
1
A

P -->dz
R

z
 ercntial displacernent
d dpap + dddad +dzdz.

piffcnential Astea
PABSds Pdhdzap
spAP ds dffdd az

pifcrential volume,
dv sdfdfdz.

3. sphesiccl coordinates. d, ade, A stn9

d
4z
Pdp-n sin e do

don Ade
 Diflsontial displact ment
dt dgaa + Adplot 1sineda
piffesential Anea,
ds ot sined nd a
91 sine dodo da
piffoiential velume
dv dg idg1sin edt
1ssinedadedo
5/2022
NEDNESPAY LINE tNTELIRAL

vA

Path L

g shous Path of inte gaation cf vecbos fleld A

Linc inteqaal of A mecuns tangential compenent of

along thu. path L

b
Adl IAtosedi
fo find the padh of entiu. A d e . i s Aound
CIAula tnn of vtcd. A

SuREACE INTEGRAL

The fluz ot a vectoa field A thsougn sumfaa s

an -Si
suaface S

sut a Integad of vectoz field A o flux of A

thaougn
thaough
the sunface S.

ie, Flur Y
J Al Cose.ds A Cos . is notmal
Componentof vectztfield
A ovea the
suafae S)
A ands
S

A.ds
S

10 ind entiac pah A.ds.

Vo LuME INTERAL

Tot a volune of a
guantty Sdv
 GRADIEN1OPERATOR. OR DEL oPERA1OR OR VECIOR

3n cwltesiaN (Adinates,

d -Ay + _ z
22
V-Del
The 9aadient a scalaa V Waitten as Vv
2 he divengena ot oa vectoa A WAitten as V.A
3. he tunl ot a vectoa A, Waitten as VxA
4. The waitten as v^v
laplacian ot a sualaz,V
CRADIEns OF A SLALAR
. madient of Scalan fleld v is the vectoa that
1ep1esent
botn magnitude and diiection of macimum spae aa
of ina ease of V. and gaadient is the multidimnslonal
acte of change of given funution.
Ghadient k a cmange in quantity WTh Aespect o distonu
Tn cuntesian to0ndinates.

ax +
Uay +2V az
PAoPu ties of gaadient
The majnitde cf V Max. Aqte of change in V
pea unit distante.
) V poitts the diaectpn of Man. Aate of
change in
(il The paojection ok toMponent of yv im he diacre"
o unit vectoa A is VV.A and is called
 diattional denivative of 'V along A
()4f A =VV then v is said to be Scalan paojection ot
A

1Aadient of scalan ba ia culca cylindical ceoadinate

OV
p +Ivv
ap d + Vaz

foa spheaical tooadinate

a+ Ae + . V aA
91sin 20
2/5J2022 Given w ny+ *yz compude vw and dinactional
Thuisduy desivative dw in he given dizection 3uRt4ay+ 122

ct Ce-).

ow ay + w az
Vw
V =Ou_dx +
9

2(iy+ «yz) aa +2.(y* *y) ay +2 (ij+ayg)

( 2 + y z)ax + x 2 y + ) ay + y . az

-(2ay+yz)ar +(2xy +*z)ay + ny.az. .

substitute (2,-\,0 in «.y,2 in u

V (2x2x(-)+ -1xo) a+ (2x 2 x(-1)+ 2xo) ay

+ 2x-)-az
 V +4a* -8 ay -
20z

A 3ar +4ay+ 12az

3an+ 4 ay+ 1202

3++12
3 amt4ay +(2a2

13

a +4ay +12_q2
13

Dinectlond desivative w. ag =

4a 8ay- 2qz) 3a+4ay t120

13
1232
3 13

13

OvERaEnce oFA VEC1oR

Divgene of cuvecoa A at a
lven peint P is the
fun pen unit velume ottw
as the volume
shainkS to zea
div A V.A im S A.ds
Avo
Av
ilustaatiM of the divetgene of a vecb ficld t point PP:

A AN

Positive Negative
divengene divageMLa divagena.

m Cwltesîan coondinates

a x + 2 a y + 2az
y
A
Anan+Ayayt Azaz
.A (A)+(Ay) + 2_A:)

n indaical cooadinates

VA A+ 2Az
(SA)++2A

In spherical tooadnates:

v.A 2 (1Aa) + 2(Ae sin OA4

92 22 Sin e sine a¢
 DIV ERGENCE THEOREM

Pivengena. heoaem stautes hat the total outuas

flu of vecox field A to the closed suafao utwand
S s
Same as volume. integnal of diveigene of AA

PA.ds
V
V.Adv
Papof

A Axazt Ayay +Azaz

V.A A + 3Ay+3Az
3y 32

v.A A+ Ay+ OAz)

dv JJJ
=.

y dadgdz
da- Ax
Ady Ay
Oy
onz dz Az
D2

Andy dz + Aydedz +
Azdzdy
(Adsat Aydsy + Azdse)
SSAds anta
 V.Adu ha.ds
is veaifled.
Divegene heezonm

Pso pesties of pieigena

i) t paod d s a Salan tield

The diengentc of a scala tuntin B

div B makes no s e n s e .
e
V.A+ V.B
)-(A+8) =

v)V.(VA)
=

V (v.A) + A VV

Zzoz|4E
FRIDAY
CURL OF A VECTOR

The cual ot v e c A Ís an axial CA0tatjonal) vectoA whose

maanitude is the maximum CiACUlation pf A pez unit anca

tends to zeao and nhose duection ts the noamal diaection

cte CUea

cual A VXA -/4slim 9AdlaAn

S4S maa

Jlustaation & a CunR.

P
foa cankesidn cooadnate

ay az
YXA

A As Az

VXA

_Ay A az

Fon
cylindaical. tcoadinae .

ap a az
V XA

As A Az
XA Az- ) a, - Az-AP sa4*
( At
Fa spmeaical to01din te.
0e Asine a
XA
1sine

1Ap sine A¢
 PAopeatles ef cLl

)cuml of ve toa field

ril (unl of scalaitield . ie VxV makes no sense.

id x CA+B- V xA+ Vx B

x (vA) Y(7xA)x A) + v(vxA

)Divtagence Of a cual of a vectoa field vaanishes

V. (xA) - O

) Aadient of a cual of a scala fieid vanishes

x SV =O.

S1O KE S 1H EOREM

The ciaculation ot a vectoa tield A anound a closed path

SMtaa inte gAal of the Cual offA ovex
L is eguad to he
the opern suafacs boundel by the conieua.

A.d (TxA).ds

PACF 2

S
 Lim F.d = cunl, F.
S0

DIvide up the anea 's to h lange no: of smalle ele

2 , 3 . .ete. foa each such elemennt find the line
in tegaal in thediaection amely anticlo
pesitive
seth all such integnads foa all the
elements 1,2
ai sum mec. up the tontalbutions of common
bound
of any tuo adjacent ele ments neutaalize
each ohea
Cs
they ane oppesitely diaected alo ng he common
bounday
Fdk F-d+ F.d+ cF-d&+.
C 2 3

cualnF ds + Cualn F.ds2 + CualnF-dsa

ie egualk summatlon cf noamal stmMat compOnens ot

Cual of F 8VEA bhe sufae s.

Cuala F S.

F.dl ualF.S
Thus stohe's theoAem is veiified.

f R= 1+ J+ 3K Find div () and cual (a).

-ityJi3k
div(a Ax + Ay + Az.
ay
 An Ay y Az 3

. (x) + ) + 2_(2)
y
+ ++| 3

cual (a) VxA

k

(9)i (3-2 () -

(9))
(
oi+9J t0 k 0

2. Deteaminc the Lonstant C such that the vectoa F-%+ay)i

+(ytb j + (x+cz) k. will bt solenoida div. veri

NB A Vectoa F is said io be soleneidal f di veagence of F

is zaO
(y+b))+ (x+ Cz)K.
F (xtay)i+
VF _ ( ) + Fy)+ (Fa)

_(x+ay)_+ .(Y+br) + 2(*tc)

y
( 1 10) + (140) + ( t ) . 2+C
 .F (sine F is solencidal)
2+C O

C-2

NB: f vectoa F is iaaotational. ie (ual of F .

3. Paove he identity diveagance of Cual of F is 0 div(cut e

F Fxi+ Fyj+ fz.k.

cual E) VXF
k

Fx Fy Fe|

i-(x-
ay z.
2 (Fa))j +

2 F*) k
div(culE)) - v. (vx F)

-y (fz -2ra)
F 2Fa

-
o F- Fy F + *F_+
Oz y
X OFy
oyz

divCcual C) -
V. (VxF) =o