PRINCIPLES

OF
REASONING
2022/04/01
T R A D I T I O N A L S QUA R E O F O P P O S I T I O N
WRITTEN ASSIGNMENT 23

• 5.F.1.IV 6, 7, 14, 15, 19, 20;

• 5.F.2.I 8-14
5 . F. 1 . I V

For each of the following questions, you will be told the

truth value of one of the four types of categorical
propositions. From this information you are to determine
the truth values of the other three types of categorical
propositions as you go around the traditional square.
Choose the correct answer: a. True, b. False, or
c. Undetermined.
5 . F. 1 . I V 6

If an A-proposition is false, then you can conclude that

the O-proposition is:
5 . F. 1 . I V 6

If an A-proposition is false, then you can conclude that

the O-proposition is:

a. True.
Since they are contradictories, if one is false, then the
other is true.
5 . F. 1 . I V 7

If an E-proposition is true, then you can conclude that

the A-proposition is:
5 . F. 1 . I V 7

If an E-proposition is true, then you can conclude that

the A-proposition is:

b. False.
Since they are contraries, they cannot both be true at the
same time.
5 . F. 1 . I V 1 4

If an I-proposition is true, then you can conclude that the

E-proposition is:
5 . F. 1 . I V 1 4

If an I-proposition is true, then you can conclude that the

E-proposition is:

b. False.
Since they are contradictories, if one is true, then the
other is false.
5 . F. 1 . I V 1 5

If an I-proposition is true, then you can conclude that the

O-proposition is:
5 . F. 1 . I V 1 5

If an I-proposition is true, then you can conclude that the

O-proposition is:

c. Undetermined.
Since they are subcontraries, they can both be true at the
same time.
5 . F. 1 . I V 1 9

If an O-proposition is true, then you can conclude that

the A-proposition is:
5 . F. 1 . I V 1 9

If an O-proposition is true, then you can conclude that

the A-proposition is:

b. False.
Since they are contradictories, if one is true, then the
other is false.
5 . F. 1 . I V 2 0

If an O-proposition is true, then you can conclude that

the E-proposition is:
5 . F. 1 . I V 2 0

If an O-proposition is true, then you can conclude that

the E-proposition is:

c. Undetermined.
Since these fall under subalternation, if the particular is
true, then the corresponding universal could be either
true or false.
5 . F. 2 8

Some bank loans are low-interest loans. Therefore, some

bank loans are not low-interest loans.
5 . F. 2 8

Some bank loans are low-interest loans.Therefore, some bank loans

are not low-interest loans.

S: bank loans
P: low-interest loans

Some S are P.
Some S are not P.

Invalid
5 . F. 2 9

Some used books are not high-priced items. Therefore,

some used books are high-priced items.
5 . F. 2 9

Some used books are not high-priced items.Therefore, some used

books are high-priced items.

S: used books
P: high-priced books

Some S are not P.

Some S are P.

Invalid
5 . F. 2 1 0

All credit card billing statements are complex items.

Therefore, some credit card billing statements are
complex items.
5 . F. 2 1 0

All credit card billing statements are complex items.Therefore,

some credit card billing statements are complex items.

S: credit card billing statements

P: complex items

All S are P.
Some S are P.

Valid
5 . F. 2 1 1

Some text messages are not interesting pieces of writing.

Therefore, some text messages are interesting pieces of
writing.
5 . F. 2 1 1

Some text messages are not interesting pieces of writing.Therefore,

some text messages are interesting pieces of writing.

S: text messages
P: interesting pieces of writing

Some S are not P.

Some S are P.

Invalid
5 . F. 2 1 2

All dogs are social animals. Therefore, some dogs are

social animals.
5 . F. 2 1 2

All dogs are social animals.Therefore, some dogs are social animals.

S: dogs
P: social animals

All S are P.
Some S are P.

Valid
5 . F. 2 1 3

All soft drinks are acid-based beverages.Therefore, no soft

drinks are acid-based beverages.
5 . F. 2 1 3

All soft drinks are acid-based beverages.Therefore, no soft drinks

are acid-based beverages.

S: soft drinks
P: acid-based beverages

All S are P.
No S are P.

Invalid
5 . F. 2 1 4

No batteries are perfectly efficient devices. Therefore,

some batteries are perfectly efficient devices.
 5 . F. 2 1 4
No batteries are perfectly efficient devices.Therefore, some
batteries are perfectly efficient devices.

S: batteries
P: perfectly efficient devices.

No S are P.
Some S are P.

Invalid
WRITTEN ASSIGNMENT 24

• 5G(p. 229) = 5E.I 19-24 (apply the

traditional interpretation)
• Due 4/04 Monday
• Reading textbook pp. 227-237
CONVERSION IN MODERN
I N T E R P R E TAT I O N
CONVERSION IN TRADITIONAL
I N T E R P R E TAT I O N
• The only difference in conversion between modern and traditional interpretations is for
the A-propositions.
• Conversion by limitation
• Valid by limitation

Convertend
A-proposition: All S are P.
Corresponding particular
I-proposition: Some S are P.
Converse
I-proposition: Some P are S.
C O N V E R S I O N B Y L I M I TAT I O N

• Example
All apples are fruits.
Some fruits are apples.
S = apples
P = fruits

All S are P.
Some P are S.

Valid by limitation
OBVERSION IN MODERN
I N T E R P R E TAT I O N
OBVERSION IN
T R A D I T I O N A L I N T E R P R E TAT I O N
CONTRAPOSITION IN MODERN
I N T E R P R E TAT I O N
CONTRAPOSITION IN TRADITIONAL
I N T E R P R E TAT I O N
• The only difference in contraposition between modern and traditional interpretations is
for the E-propositions.
• Contraposition by limitation
• Valid by limitation

Given proposition
E-proposition: No S are P.
Corresponding particular
O-proposition: Some S are not P.
Contrapositive
O-proposition: Some non-P are not non-S.
CONTRAPOSITION IN TRADITIONAL
I N T E R P R E TAT I O N
• Example
No apples are animals.
Some non-animals are not non-apples.
S = apples
P = animals

No S are P.
Some non-P are not non-S.

Valid by limitation
E X E R C I S E S - VA L I D B Y L I M I T A T I O N

1. All butterflies are living creatures. [ conversion by limitation]

2. All philosophers are miserable people. [ conversion by limitation]
3. All diamonds are expensive items. [ conversion by limitation]
4. All dolphins are intelligent beings. [ conversion by limitation]
5. No philosophers are rich people. [ contraposition by limitation]
6. No philosophers are living creatures. [ contraposition by limitation]
7. No living creatures are expensive items. [ contraposition by limitation]
8. No miserable people are rich people. [ contraposition by limitation]