LOGIC

Mathematics in the Modern World

Irene Christy M. Bacolod

Instructor
 LEARNING OBJECTIVES

At the end of this discussion, the students are expected to:

1. Analyze information and the relationship between statements

2. Determine the validity of arguments

3. Determine valid conclusions based on given assumptions

 In one word, what is
your understanding in
the word LOGIC?
 • is the study of the principles of correct reasoning, it
helps us to differentiate correct reasoning form poor
reasoning.
Logic • Logic allows us to determine the validity of
arguments in and out of mathematics.

• It illustrates the importance of precision and

conciseness of the language of mathematics.
 LOGIC STATEMENTS

“Is there a test today?” is a question

“Go get the newspaper” is a command

“This is a nice car” is an opinion

“Denver is the capital of Colorado” is a statement of fact

A Statement or Proposition

A statement or proposition is a declarative sentence that

is either true or false, but not both true and false

Manila Zoo is located in Quezon City

 Comprehension Check
Direction: Identify whether each sentence is a
statement or not

1.Cebu is a city in the Philippines

2. How are you?

 Comprehension Check
Direction: Identify whether each sentence is a statement or
not

3.Cielo is beautiful and sexy

4. 99 + 2 is a prime number

5. x + 1 = 5
 SIMPLE STATEMENTS AND
COMPOUND STATEMENTS

A simple statement is a statement that conveys a single

idea.

A compound statement is a statement that conveys two

or more ideas.
 Connecting simple statements with words
and phrases such as:
• and
• or
• If … then
• … if and only if …

For instance:
“I will attend the meeting, or I will go to school.”
 LOGIC CONNECTIVES AND SYMBOLS

Statement Connective Symbolic Form Type of Statement

not p not Negation

p and q and p q Conjunction

p or q or p q Disjunction

If p, then q If … then p Conditional

p if and only if q if and only if p q Biconditional

TRUTH VALUE AND TRUTH TABLES

The truth value of a simple statement is either true (T) or false (F)

The truth value of a compound statement depends on the truth values

of its simple statements and its connectives.

The truth table is a table that shows the truth value of compound
statement for all possible truth values of its simple statement
 Negation of the Statement
Example:

“Today is Friday.” Is this a statement?

“Today is not Friday” Is this a statement?

Therefore, if a statement p is true, its negation p is false, and if a

statement p is false, its negation p is true.
 Example: Write the Negation of a
Statement

a)Ellie Goulding is an opera singer

b)The dog doe does not need to be fed

 Example: Write Compound Statements in
Symbolic Form

• Consider the following simple statements:

p: Today is Friday
q: It is raining
r: I am going to a movie
s: I am not going to the basketball game
 TRANSLATE SYMBOLIC STATEMENTS

• Consider the following statements.

p: The game will be played in Mall of Asia
q: The game will be shown on TV 5
r: The game will not be shown on GMA
s: The Alaska are favored to win