LOGICAL

STATEMENTS
Logical Reasoning
is the process of using a rational, systematic
series of steps based on sound mathematical
procedures and given statements to arrive at a
conclusion.
STATEMENT
Statement
 

A statement or a proposition is a declarative

sentence that is either true or false, but not
both.
Example:
1. x + 3 = 7 is a statement.
It is true for x = 4 and false for any other values of x.
Hence, for any value of x, the statement is either true or false,
but not both.
 

2. Manila is the capital city of the Philippines.

This sentence is true, thus, it is a statement.
 
3. Malou is beautiful.
This sentence is neither true nor false, therefore, it is not a
statement.
 
4. Sit down.
This sentence expresses a command, hence, it is not a
statement.
 
5. x2 + 3 is an integer is a statement.
For any value of x, the statement is either true or false.
Simple Statements and Compound Statements

A simple statement is a statement that conveys a

single idea. A compound statement is a statement
that conveys two or more ideas.
 Simple Statements Compound Statements
a. I will go to school. a. I will go to school or I will attend a
meeting.
b. All birds have feathers. b. All birds have feathers and can fly.

c. Matter is anything that occupies c. Matter is anything that occupies

space. space and has mass.
 Simple statements connected with words and
phrases such as and, or, if ... then, and if and only
if forms a compound statements.

For instance, “I will go to school or I will attend

a meeting” is a compound statement.
It consists of two simple statements, “I will go
to school” and “I will attend a meeting.” The
connective used is or.
Logic Connective and Symbols
Statement Connective Symbolic form Type of
statement
not p not negation
p and q and p ꓥ q conjunction
p or q or p ꓦ q disjunction
If p, then q If … then p → q conditional
p if and only if If and only if p ↔ q biconditional
q
Writing Compound Statements in Symbolic Form
Consider the following simple
statements.
p: I do my homework.
q: Today is Friday.
r: I get my allowance.
s: I am going to a movie.
From simple statement to compound statement
a. Today is Friday and I do my homework.
b. I do my homework or I am going to a
movie.
c. If I do my homework, then I get my
allowance.
d. I am going to a movie if and only if I do my
homework.
e. If I will not do my homework, then I will not
get my allowance.
From compound statement to symbolic from

a. Today is Friday and I do my homework.

b. I do my homework or I am going to a movie.
c. If I do my homework, then I get my allowance.
d. I am going to a movie if and only if I do my homework.
e. If I will not do my homework, then I will not get my allowance.

Solution:
a. q ꓥ p b. p ꓦ s c. p → r d. s ↔ p e. p → r
Translating Symbolic Statements

Let p: I will pass the exam. Write the following symbolic statements
q: I will study hard. as compound statements.
r: I will sleep.
s: I will graduate. a. p ꓥ q b. q ꓦ r c. q → p

Solution:
a. I will pass the exam and I will study hard.
b. I will study hard or I will sleep.
c. If I will study hard, then I will pass the exam.
1 whole, 5-7 sentences
1. What will happen if biodiversity is not preserved? Mention at least 3
effects.

2. What factors affect an area’s biodiversity? Explain how these factors

affect biodiversity.

3. Among the human activities affecting the biodiversity and

ecosystem, why we are still doing the various human activities that is
harmful to our environment?