LOGIC

LOGIC
The study of the principles and techniques of reasoning.
Comes from the Greek word “LOGOS” which means speech and
reasoning.
Ancient Greek were the 1st people to systematically analyze the ways
human think.
Father of Logic – ARISTOTLE
Aristotle organized the study of logic for the first time in a work called
ORGANON.
 PROPOSITION

A declarative statement which is true or false, but not both. Consider

the following.
1. Ice floats in water.
2. Luzon is part of China.
3. 6 + 3 = 7
4. Can you give a cup of water?
5. tan (45) = 1
Note: Questions, commands and exclamation are not propositions.
The year 1973 was a leap year
7 is a prime number.
It is raining.
Statements which are not propositions:
Math is fun.
n is a prime number.
He is the President of the United States.
 PROPOSITION
SIMPLE PROPOSITION
A simple statement
expressing a single
complete thought. We use
lowercase letter to denote
simple proposition.
Example:
1. Jayson was a national
fencer
2. 10 is higher than 7
3. 4+7=15
COMPOUND PROPOSITION
Formed by connecting two or more
proposition or by negating a single
proposition. The words and
phrases used to form compound
propositions are called
CONNECTIVES.
Example:
1. Mark is cute and kind
2. Roses are reds and violets are
blue.
3. Shina is genius or she studies
every night.
4. If Clara is beautiful, then Mara is
also beautiful.
 SYMBOLIZING PROPOSITION

Propositions can be expressed in symbol. The words that are used to

combine propositions are logical connectives.

SYMBOLIC
FORMAL NAME SYMBOL READ
FORM

NEGATION ¬ OR ~ Not ¬p or ~p
CONJUCTION ^ And p^q
DISJUCTION v Or pvq
CONDITIONAL If – then p q
BICONDITIONAL If and only if p q
 TRUTH VALUE OF A PROPOSITION

This is the truthfulness or falsity of the proposition denoted by T(true)

and F(false). The truth value of a proposition can be shown using a
TRUTH TABLE.
Operations on Propositions
A. NEGATION: ¬p or ~p is T if p is F and vice versa
Example:
a. p : Jimmy is a Thai. p ~p
~ p : Jimmy is not a Thai.
 TRUTH VALUE OF A PROPOSITION

NEGATION: ¬p or ~p is T if p is F and vice versa

Example: p ~p
b. p : 6 is a perfect number.
~ p : 6 is not a perfect number.
c. p : 4 is greater than 9 p ~p
~ p : 4 is not greater than 9

NOTE: to write a negation, use the ff. for words like all, none (or no) and some of
what we call the quantifiers.
 TRUTH VALUE OF A PROPOSITION

CONJUCTION: p ^q is T if both p and q are TRUE; it is FALSE otherwise. The

conjunction is generally expressed as “and”. We can also use words like BUT,
HOWEVER, AND, NEVERTHELESS
Example:
a. p : 2 is an even number.
p q p ^q
q : 2 is a prime number
p ^ q : 2 is an even and a prime number
b. p : JB likes fruits
q: JB likes vegetables
p ^ q : JB likes fruits and vegetables
 TRUTH VALUE OF A PROPOSITION

DISJUNCTION: Disjunction is FALSE if both statements are FALSE ; It

is true in all other cases. There are two types of disjunction.
An inclusive disjunction p v q of which a proposition of the form when both
p and q are TRUE, as well as when only one of p and q is TRUE.
An exclusive disjunction p v q is TRUE if either p or q is TRUE.
 TRUTH VALUE OF A PROPOSITION

DISJUNCTION: p v
p q
Example: q
1. p = Roma will go to Korea.
q = Roma will go to Australia.
p v q = Roma will go to Korea or
to Australia
2. p = The concert includes Hi - touch p q p vq
q = The concert includes Photo shoot
p v q = The concert includes either
Hi – touch or photo shoot but not both.
 TRUTH VALUES OF A COMPOUND PROPOSITION

To determine the truth values of the given compound propositions, first

write the simple statements in symbolic form by using non negated
statements
 I am at home and it is raining
The earth is not round 
If it is raining then streets are wet
“Either John or Mary (or both) are going to the store today.”
“John is going to the store today, but Mary isn't.”
“The store is open today, and either John or Mary is going.”
 TRUTH VALUES OF A COMPOUND PROPOSITION

Example:
1. Joyce is not a singer and not a dancer.
Let p : Joyce is a singer
q : Joyce is a dancer
Therefore the compound statement may be written as _______. Use truth table.

p q ~p ~q ~ p^ ~ q
 TRUTH VALUES OF A COMPOUND PROPOSITION

Example:
1. YJ is at home and he is not at his bed, or he is eating.
Let p : YJ is at home
q : YJ is at his bed
r : YJ is eating
Therefore the compound statement may be written as
_________________. Use truth table.
YJ is home and he is not at his bed, or he is eating.
 FORMS OF CONDITIONAL PROPOSITIONS

Allysa is beautiful and kind, but she is not smart.

Show the Truth Table of the compound proposition.
 FORMS OF CONDITIONAL PROPOSITIONS

Jessica is not beautiful and not kind, but she is smart.

Show the Truth Table of the compound proposition.
 FORMS OF CONDITIONAL PROPOSITIONS

In the form of “ if p, then q”

Can be represented by
p is the antecedent or hypothesis or premise.
q is the consequent or conclusion.
Conditional is FALSE if p is TRUE and q is FALSE. And it is true in all
other cases.
p q p q
 From a given conditional, “if p, then q” we can form

CONVERSE
 “If q, then p” or the symbol is
INVERSE
“ if not p, then not q” or the symbol is
CONTRAPOSITIVE
“ if not q, then not p” or the symbol is
BICONDITIONAL
“P if and only if q” or the symbol is
1. If a polygon is pentagon, then it has five
sides.
CONVERSE
If a polygon has five sides, then it is a pentagon
INVERSE
If a polygon is not a pentagon, then it does not have
five sides.
CONTRAPOSITIVE
If a polygon does not have five sides, then it is not a
pentagon.
BICONDITIONAL
A polygon is pentagon if and only if it has five sides.
2. If I will do my homework, then I can get my
allowance

CONVERSE
If I can get my allowance, then I will do my homework
INVERSE
If I will not do my homework, then I can not get my
allowance.
CONTRAPOSITIVE
If I can not get my allowance, then I will not do my
homework
BICONDITIONAL
I will do my homework if and only if I can get my allowance.
3. If an angle is a right angle, then it measures 90
degrees.
CONVERSE
If an angle measures 90 degrees, then it is a right angle.
INVERSE
If an angle is not a right angle, then it does not measure
90 degrees
CONTRAPOSITIVE
 If an angle’s measure is not 90 degrees, then it is not a right
angle.
BICONDITIONAL
An angle is a right angle if and only if it measures 90
degrees.
 RULES

NEGATION - Opposite
CONJUCTION – only T+T = T, then others are F.
DISJUNCTION
INCLUSIVE DISJUNCTION – only F+F = F, others are T.
EXCLUSIVE DISJUNCTION – only T+T = F and F+F = F, others are all
T.
CONDITIONAL – only T+F=F, others are all T.
 TAUTOLOGY

A statement is a TAUTOLOGY if every entry in its truth table is TRUE.

A statement is CONTRADICTION if its truth table is FALSE. And if it is
neither then it is contigency.
[~ p ^(p v q)] q
(( ¬ P) ∨ Q) ∧ ( ¬ R)
(p ∧ q) ∧ (( ¬ p) ∨ ( ¬ q))